Lecture #6 Within the capsid of the viruses (along side the nucleic acid) there might be some enzymes

help in the virus replication. The virus must have an attachment proteins which are present on the capsule (or enveloped if it's enveloped), to attach to the cell bearing the appropriate receptor.
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Oncoviruses are a kind of temperate viruses.

There are dormant genes called protooncogenes that is usually normal under normal circumstances, but if a virus integrates itself near such a proto-oncogene , this proto-oncogene will be activated, producing proteins and enzymes that change the behavior of the cell or the virus itself. The process of neutralizing the virus is done by the binding of specific antibodies to the specific attachment proteins of the virus preventing it from attachment of the host cell. Poxviruses have a diameter of 0.3 micrometer. Herpes means TO CREEP

There are up to 8 herpes viruses, herpes virus 8 causes kaposi's sarcoma seen in HIV patients. Adenoviruses: the name comes from adenoid tissue in the throat. Arboviruses are arthropods born.

Bacteriophages by their ability to inject their nucleic material into the bacteria can add up new

virulent factors to the bacteria that weren't there before. For example, Corynebacterium diphtheriae , its toxin in the disease diphtheria- comes from a bacteriophage that infects it. The penetration stage of enveloped animal virus involves the fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane of the host cell, which means that there is now new proteins (were located in the viral envelope) found on the cell membrane of the cell make it more susceptible for more viruses to bind. Viropexis is the process by which different classes of viruses enter the host cell. Knowing the process of virus replication will able us to interfere with it, and this is the basis of antiviral drugs. For example the antiviral agents used against influenza viruse, remantadin and amantadine , interfere with the penetration, uncoating of the virus, and biosynthesis. Retroviruses: the name comes from the fact that they contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Helper T cells are the most important cells in the immune system, they secretes Interleukins(a cytokines that modulate the immune system and help in inflammation process). Gp120 ( attachment protein on the surface of the HIV virus) binds to a specific receptor called (CD4) present on helper T cells and macrophages, it replicates on these cells and interferes with their functions.(in CH4 under fig 4-13)

HIV virus has the ability to integrate itself in the host cell chromosomes, so it will remain permanent in the cell. The capsid of HIV virus is formed of structural proteins called (P24 and P18), these proteins are important in the diagnosis of AIDS by identifying antibodies against them. The enzyme reverse transcriptase changes the RNA of the virus to DNA then by a certain mechanism to double stranded DNA that will be incorporated in the host cell's DNA. So AIDS patients are immune compromised, so now opportunistic and pathogenic microbes may kill them, Ex. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare that normally doesn't cause any disease, and Pneumocustis Carinii. Hexamers means group of six, Pentameres means group of five. The capsomeres inside the capsid of mimiviruses are triangle either hexameres or pentameres, and are composed of glycoproteins called peplomeres. Vibrio is a genus of gram negative bacteria has a curved rod shape (spiral shape). There are some bacteria with an intermediate shape called coccobacillus, Ex. H.influenzae. Streptococcus pyogen is the cause of pharyngitis ( strep throat). S.pyogenes lead children to develop severe tonsillitis and pus will be formed so it will be called follicular tonsillitis (very bad smell comes from the mouth).

S.pyogenes group A beta-hemolytic streptococci causes rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases. Micrococcus luteus ( normal microflora in the skin) is arranged in tetrads. Sarcina Ventriculi is arranged in octets.

Borrelia burgdorferi the cause of lyme disease is spiral in shape. (The doctor mentioned the whole process of staining that we took in the lab) Iodine in gram stain procedure is used as a dormant. The crystal violet iodine complex is formed when we add iodine to the already crystal violet stained slide in gram stain procedure.

Lecture #7 Treponema pallidum the cause of syphilis doesn't take the gram stain. The difference between mycoplasma and L-form bacteria is that mycoplasma naturally does not have cell walls, while the L- form is a result of chemicals (enzymes, antibiotics) that they have been exposed to. Spheroplast is a cell from which the cell wall is almost completely removed. Fusobacteria is the bacteria that has tapered end (sharp), like fusobacterium nucleatum in the oral cavity that causes dental plaque.
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Actinomycosis is a disease caused by a branching bacteria from actinomyces species ( some of them is part of normal flora in the mouth). The acid alcohol decolorizer is 97% alcohol and 3% hydrochloric acid. After adding the decolorizer in the fast stain we add a counter stain usually methylene blue or malachite green. Spirochetes (like treponema pallidum) are Gram Negative in their structure but don't take the gram stain, so we used dark field microscopy to see it.
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Methabamine silver is used to stain flagella as it precipitate on them making them thick enough to be seen.
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Negative (indirect) stains are used for staining the capsule. Sometimes bacteria have weird type of motility (In the semisolid agar motility test), like sliding motility and Umbrella- like motility. Slow growing bacteria like brucella and bordetella pertussis.
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Staphylococcus aureus is facultative anaerobic.

Niesseria gonorrhea requires chocolate agar to grow. Rudimentary bacteria are an unusual type of bacteria (unique, like rekettsia). Algae are the largest contributors to oxygen in the atmosphere. Algae have an eye sensing organ called the stigma.

Diatoms are used as filters.

The cell membrane of protozoa is mostly cholesterol. Rhizopoda are protozoa that have pseudopodia (amoeba). -

Balantidium Coli is the largest protozoa. Protozoa have cytosomes: cellular mouth.

Giardia lamblia a protozoa causing giardiasis looks like a face under the microscope. Lecture # 8 This lecture was done depending on what I recalled in the lecture, and this was because I wanted to finish them early and give you the opportunity to study them before the exam, so I didn't wait the lecture to be written. Prototheca (a kind of algae) produces phykotoxins that causes the disease protothecosis. Acantameba (protozoa) causes eye infections like keratitis (Inflammation of the cornea). Sporozoa is a protozoa that reproduce sexually(ex. Plasmodium the causes malaria).
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Toxoplasma a protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis: Toxo means arch ( ,) toxoplasmosis ( .)

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The significance of knowing these information about microbes their morphology reproduction and feature is to diagnose diseases caused by them.
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Fungi are the most common saprophyte in soil.

Fungi cell membrane differ from othe organisms by the presence of ergosterol. Ergosterols are target for many antifungal agents. Anytime we discover a patient with a fungi growing on them we consider them immune compromised (AIDS, immuno suppressant) until proven otherwise.
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The color of the mycelium is used for diagnosis.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the baker's yeast used in baking. -

Rhizoids like roots of plants.

Any Fungus which can be in two forms yeast and moulds according to the appropriate condition is called Dimorphic. -

Dimorphism is important in diagnosis. Albicans and cryptoccoccus are yeast form. Aspergillus and penecellium are mould form.

Ascomycotina produce sexuall spore bearing sacs (or cells) called Ascus or ascospre. Deuteromycotina are imperfect fugi (asexually reproduce) and are associated with diseases. Yeasts multiply by budding and has a very big capsules. Pneumocystis jirovicii is the cause of pneumocystic pneumonia, which is closely associated with AIDS.

I apologize for any mistake, and you may find a few information here that's also in the book and that's because I tried my best to deliver them as fast as possible to be available quickly . So I apologize again and thanks for your interest.

Done By: Emad Ababneh