Lecture 8 Assignment-Textbook Chapter 20 (Urinary system)

20.1 Introduction 1. Explain why the urinary system is necessary for survival. (p. 775) The urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids. It does this by producing urine. 2. Identify the organs of the urinary system and list their general functions. (p. 775) Kidneys Remove substances from the blood, form urine, and help regulate various metabolic processes. Ureters Tubes that transport urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urinary bladder saclike organ that serves as a urine reservoir Urethra tube that transports urine to the outside the body 20.2 Kidneys 4. List the functions of the kidneys. (p. 777) regulate the volume, composition, and the pH of body fluids, remove metabolic wastes from the blood and excrete them, aid control of the rate of red blood cell production by secreting erythropoietin, regulate blood pressure by secreting renin, and Regulate calcium ion absorption by activating vitamin D. 20.3 Urine Formation 11. Which of the following is abundant in blood plasma, but present only in small amounts in glomerular filtrate? (p. 788) d. protein. 12. Define filtration pressure. (p. 788) The net pressure that causes substances to move from the capillaries into the renal tubules. The calculation takes into account glomerular hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure inside the glomerulus), capsular hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure inside the glomerular capsule), and the glomerular osmotic pressure (the amount of force the substances have in the blood to keep water inside). 16. Define autoregulation. (p. 790) Ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow under certain conditions when the arterial blood pressure is changing. 23. Explain how amino acids and proteins are reabsorbed. (p. 792) Amino acids are thought to be reabsorbed by using three different active transport systems in the proximal convoluted tubules. Each active transport system reabsorbs a different group of amino acids with a similar molecular structure. The filtrate is usually free of proteins except albumin. Albumin has a relatively small structure and is reabsorbed by pinocytosis in the microvilli of the proximal convoluted tubules. From there, it is converted by enzymatic actions into amino acids and moved back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries. 30. The major action of ADH on the kidneys is to (p. 796) c. increase water reabsorption by the collecting duct. 31. Explain how urine may become concentrated as it moves through the collecting duct. (p. 796) In response to certain metabolic conditions such as: decreasing blood or fluid volume, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone). In the kidney, ADH causes increased permeability of the epithelial linings of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Lecture 8 Assignment-Textbook Chapter 20 (Urinary system)

o This moves water rapidly out of these segments. Thus, the urine becomes more concentrated because water is conserved by the body.

32. Compare the processes by which urea and uric acid are absorbed. (p. 796) About fifty percent of urea is reabsorbed by passive diffusion in the renal tubule. The rest is secreted in the urine. Uric acid is reabsorbed by active transport. Although all of the uric acid is reabsorbed, about ten percent is secreted in the urine. This seems to be a result of the acid being secreted back into the renal tubule. 33. List the common constituents of urine and their sources. (p. 798) Water excess intake and cellular metabolism Urea a by-product of amino acid catabolism Uric acid a by-product of organic base and nucleic acid metabolism Amino acids protein synthesis or breakdown Electrolytes various body processes 34. List some of the factors that affect the daily urine volume. (p. 798) amount of fluid intake environmental temperature relative humidity of surrounding air the persons emotional condition respiratory rate Body temperature 20.4 Elimination of Urine 35. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. (p. 798) A ureter: tubular organ that extends from each kidney to the urinary bladder. The wall of the ureter has three layers: Mucous coatthe inner layer, it is continuous with the linings of the renal tubules and the urinary bladder. Muscular coatthe middle layer consisting largely of smooth muscle. Fibrous coatthe outer layer, it consists of connective tissue. Function: to pass urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder. 36. Explain how the muscular wall of the ureter helps move urine. (p. 798) Peristaltic waves in the ureter force urine to the urinary bladder 37. Describe what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. (p. 799) Obstruction in the ureter stimulates strong peristaltic waves and a reflex that decreases urine production 38. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. (p. 799) The urinary bladder: distensible organ that stores urine and forces it into the urethra. The bladder wall consists of four layers: a. Mucous coatthe innermost layer, it contains several layers of transitional epithelial cells. b. Submucous coatthe second layer, it consists of connective tissue and elastic fibers. c. Muscular coatthis layer contains coarse bundles of smooth muscle fiber. Together these muscles comprise the detrusor muscle. d. Serous coatthe outermost layer, it is synonymous with the parietal peritoneum. This layer occurs only on the upper surface of the bladder. Elsewhere, the outer coat is comprised of fibrous connective tissue. 39. Define detrusor muscle. (p. 800)

Lecture 8 Assignment-Textbook Chapter 20 (Urinary system)

The muscle layer of the bladder; Part of this muscle surrounds the neck of the bladder and forms the internal urethral sphincter. The sustained contraction of this muscle prevents urine from passing into the urethra until the pressure within the bladder reaches a certain level. 40. Distinguish between the internal and external urethral sphincters. (p. 800) internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter Composed of smooth muscle that surrounds the neck of Part of the urogenital diaphragm and is located the bladder. It is controlled involuntarily about three centimeters below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. It is composed of skeletal muscle tissue and is therefore controlled voluntarily.

41. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male. (p. 800) The urethra conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside. In females, it empties between the labia minora. In the male, it conveys products of reproductive organs as well as urine. The urethra empties at the tip of the penis. It contains three sections: a. Prostatic urethraabout 2.5 cm long, it passes from the bladder through the prostate gland. Ducts from the reproductive structures empty here. b. Membranous urethraabout 2 cm long, it begins just distal to the prostate gland passing through the urogenital diaphragm. It is surrounded by fibers of the external urethral sphincter muscle. c. Penile urethraabout 15 cm long, it passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis and ends at the tip of the penis with the external urethral orifice. 42. Describe the micturition reflex. (p. 802) It involves the contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. When the bladder is sufficiently distended with urine, stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder signal the micturition reflex center in the spinal cord to send a motor impulse along the parasympathetic nerves to the detrusor muscle. 43. Which movement involves skeletal muscle? (p. 802) b. contraction of the external urethral sphincter. 20.5 Life-Span Changes 44. Describe changes in the urinary system with age. (p. 803) Kidneys appear grainy and scarred GFR drops significantly with age as glomeruli atrophy, fill with CT, or unwind Renal tubules accumulate fat on their outsides and become asymmetric. o Reabsorption and secretion may slow or become impaired. o Drugs remain longer in the circulation as a person ages Changes in the CVS slow the rate of processing through the urinary system. o The kidneys slow in their response to changes, and are less efficient at activating vitamin D Urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra lose elasticity, with effects on the urge and timing of urination. Critical Thinking (p.808) 4. Inflammation of the urinary bladder is more common in women than in men. What anatomical differences between the female and the male urethra explain the observation? Female urethra is shorter than that of the male. Result: microorganisms could ascend into the bladder more readily.

Lecture 8 Assignment-Textbook Chapter 20 (Urinary system)

6. If a patient who has had major abdominal surgery receives intravenous fluids equal to the volume of blood lost during surgery, would you expect the volume of urine produced to be greater than or less than normal? Why? The volume of urine produced would be greater than normal. Loss of blood equals loss of plasma proteins, which, in turn, would decrease plasma osmotic pressure. Intravenous fluids would maintain blood volume and blood pressure, but would contain no plasma proteins to oppose hydrostatic pressure, which promotes production of glomerular filtrate and urine.