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The Gestalt Theory: 1. The parts of a visual image may be considered, analyzed, and evaluated as distinct components. 2. The whole of a visual image is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt theory can be broken down into five principles: Proximity Similarity Continuance Closure Figure / Ground
proximity
objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups
proximity
nt v b d Xe Dd O m n X b z n r pl bs
Even if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different, they will appear as a group if they are close together
proximity
Even if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different, they will appear as a group if they are close together
proximity
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m X r
d
b
b s
t n X D d
e O n n l
proximity
Proximity and grouping: The way we group letters words, sentences and paragraphs takes advantage of gestalt principles. Especially proximity and grouping. Proximity and grouping: The way we group letters words, sentences and paragraphs takes advantage of gestalt principles. Especially proximity and grouping.
How the objects are grouped is very important
similarity
similarity
similarity
sometimes there are multiple levels of grouping based on similarity. When there are groups within a group a hierarchy can occur.
similarity
sometimes there are multiple levels of grouping based on similarity. When there are groups within a group a hierarchy can occur.
similarity
sometimes there are multiple levels of grouping based on similarity. When there are groups within a group a hierarchy can occur.
continuance
Proximity and similarity can lead to the perception of continuation. Sensations are grouped into directional forms when the receiver reads motion implied by position.
continuance
A viewer is more likely to follow the direction of an established pattern than deviate from it
continuance
A viewer is more likely to follow the direction of an established pattern than deviate from it
continuance
A viewer is more likely to follow the direction of an established pattern than deviate from it
continuance
A viewer is more likely to follow the direction of an established pattern than deviate from it
closure
The mind seeks completion. Sensations are grouped into a complete visual form through the principles of similarity, proximity, and continuance.
closure
Why do we assume that the shapes under the triangle look like this?
closure
and not this? We seek the most predictable, stable solution often based on experience.
closure
The sense of what this objects is comes from the expectation of closure. It is supported here by good continuation.
closure
As with all gestalt effects, closure may be supported by knowledge of the world (the experience-based aspect of perception).
closure
The dress is perfectly apparent despite the fact that the shape is broken in so many places. It has an illusory contour.
closure
What is this?
closure
closure
this?
closure
closure
It is not difficult to tell what this is, despite the low resolution. But how much distortion makes it impossible to acheive closure?
closure
closure
closure
figure ground
Small shapes placed within a large one are more likely to appear on top rather than as a hole.
It is more likely that youll see the smaller black wedges as figures.
figure ground
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Surroundedness. Areas which seem to be surrounded by others tend to be perceived more easily as figures.
figure ground
When figure ground cues or contrasts are evenly balanced it can lead to visual ambiguity (figure ground interchange). We can actually SWITCH from one interpretation to another, but only one at a time.