Biology Mid-term Review

1. Naming parts of the cell:

Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into or out of the cell Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell; it contains water and nutrients for the cell Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell; it contains chromosomes with the DNA Nuclear Membrane - separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum - moves materials around in the cell Ribosomes - make protein for the cell Golgi Bodies - are used for packaging and secreting of energy Mitochondria - break down food and release energy to the cell

Lysosomes - are chemicals used to digest waste Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell

2. Animal and plant cells:

Plant Cells: have chloroplast use photosynthesis have cell wall one large vacuole are rectangular

Animal Cells: don't have chloroplast no cell wall one small vacuole either circular or have irregular shape

3. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: Eukaryotic cells have organelles including nucleus and are multi-cellular. Prokaryotic cells have no organelles, and the DNA is in the cytoplasm.

4. Three examples of eukaryotic cells:

Animal cell Plant cell Fungal cell

5. Three examples of prokaryotic cells:

Salmonella bacterium E.coli bacterium Bacillus bacteria

6. Mitosis: cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes 7. Meiosis: The type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. 8. Gregor Mendel and his work with pea plants: He found out how genetics work by planting various pea plants by cross-pollinating them and studying the flower color and placement, pea pod shape, and other characteristics. 9. Chromosomes: Structures located in the nucleus of a cell, containing genes. Humans have 23 pairs. 10. Punnett Squares: a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

11. DNA and RNA:

DNA: a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. RNA: RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides, like DNA. RNA molecules are only involved in protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA: messenger, ribosomal and transfer. Messenger RNA: carry instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. Ribosomal: decodes messenger RNA into amino acids and provides preoteins for all living cells. Transfer: transfers amino acids to the ribosome as it is specified in messenger RNA. Three main differences between RNA and DNA: a) The sugar in RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose like in DNA b) RNA is generally single-stranded, and not double stranded like DNA c) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

12. Predation: the act of preying. 13. Commensalism: the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it 14. Mutualism: any interaction between two species that benefits both

15. Parasitism: the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it. 16. Ecosystems: a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.

17. Types of ecosystems:

Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical savanna Desert Temperate grassland Temperate woodland and shrub land Temperate forest Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest Tundra Mountain ranges Polar ice caps

18. Transcription:
RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA DNAmRNA: GACAAGTCCACAATC CUGUUCAGGUGUUAG

19. The language of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code. 20. The language is composed of only four letters (A, U, G, C) that combine to form three-letter words. 21. Codon: Each three-letter word in mRNA 22. Introns: sequences that are not involved in coding for proteins. They go out. 23. Exons: sequences that code for proteins. Go in. 24. Start codon: AUG 25. Stop codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA bioch12-rnaandproteinsyn.pptx The Genetic Code: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2v91YbhDXxU The Genetic Code: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f8HXT52yqw Transcription: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/