AC TO DC PWM VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER UNDER HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL

Clarissa Giitlan,
Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Technical University of Iasi, Romania Bd. Cop- no. 11, Iasi, RO 6600, tel. 4032142283, fax 40322 11667, e-mail lgatlan@tuiasi.ro
Abstract -Inthis paper a new control in closed loop ,based on hysteresiscurrent control for an ac to dc PWM voltage source converter is presented. In this control for obtained reliable

Leonard Giitlan
Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Technical University of Iasi, Romania Bd. Copou, no. 11, Iasi, RO 6600, tel. 4032142283, fax 4032211667, e-mail lgatlan@tuiasi.ro the current ripple is relatively large and theoretically can reach double the value of the hysteresis band. As a results, the input current contains harmonics that cause additional reactive power demanded fim ac supply. In Fig. 1 is shown the ac to dc PWM single phase converter, voltage source under hysteresis current control.

commutations a lockout circuit i used. T i circnit permits a s hs switching frequency reduction and is suitable for IGBT and thus for high power applications. The hysteresis control presented in this paper can uses a symmetrical or an asymmetrical hysteresis band. The implementing of an asymmetrical hysteresis band permits a good control for output current. Also, the presented study refers to hysteresis control with a fixed band and a variable or sinusoidal band. A single phase ac to de PWM voltage source converter under hysteresis current control have the merits of nearly sinusoidal input current, good power factor and regeneration ability. The study and the performance evaluation are made using PSPICE simulation. An improved model for system level simulation is used. This model is based on the switching signal for the converter devices and is very important in real built np of a converter. I. INTRODUCTION Pulsewidth modulated (PWM) ac to dc voltage source converters, or CCR (current controlled rectifiers), as compared with the widely used phase controlled rectifiers, have the merits of nearly sinusoidal input currents, good power factor and regeneration ability. A significant improvement in converter behavior has been achieved by means of closed loop umtrol techniques. The current control technique can be used to force a current to follow a desired reference waveform. A variety of current control methods have been studied and reported in the literature, but most of them refer to the PWM voltage source inverters [l]. However, the hysteresis control can be used on voltage source ac to dc converters [2,3,4,5].
11. HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL

ia(t)

iaa

Fig.1 Single phase boost type, hysteresis current controlled converter

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The principle of hysteresis current control is very simple. Hysteresis comparators are used to impose a dead band or hysteresis around the reference current. The hysteresis control scheme provides excellent dynamic performance because it acts quickly. Also, an inherent peak current limiting capability is provided. This technique does not need any infixmation on system parameters. But, the conventional current controller with fixed hysteresis band has two main disadvantages: -the switching fkquency is very high and varies during the fundamental period, resulting in irregular operation of the converter;

;is2 Cmvuter operation under hysteresis currentcontrol;a) inductor current; b) switch function; c) dc link side current.

For hysteresis control the input current is fed back to be compared with the reference current. SU and SL operate as switches. Their switching states are described by switching function S, which assume the values of : S,=l when S U - o n ; SL-off Sa=-1 when SU- of ; SL - on Whenever the actual current exceeds the upper band, SU

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is turned off and SL turned on (Fig.l). As a results two possible polarities of the voltage E to be applied to the loop consisting of the elements v, and L and the current starts to decay. Applying Kirchhoff s voltage law around this loop, one has:

over a fimdamental period.

A. Fixed band control

di L a =vs,-sp dt
when: E > v,, in (1) the current gradient diddt has an ascending slope for Sa=-1and a descending slope for S,=l . The ascending and descending families of solutions to (1) are illustrated in Fig2a. The unique solution to (1) depends on the initial condition. In pulse width modulation (PWM), one applies cycle of the alternate switching function Sa=-1for duration Atl and S,=+l for duration A, so that the trajectory i,(t) takes on a zig-zig path based on the two families of solutions as illustrated in Fig.2a. In hysteresis current control, the trajectory i,(t) is made to track a reference current ih(t) within a toleranceband H. As illustrated Fig. 1 this requires the current by the inductor L to be measured and compared with the reference. The control logic to the valves SU and SL is activated at the instants when the measured current by L cross the upper and lower bands defined by iRa(t)+ or O S H , as shown in Fig.2a. Fig.2b illustrated the switching function Sa as ia(t)tracks ib(t) within the tolerance band H in Fig.2a. The current by the dc link side of Fig. 1 is:

In this scheme the hysteresis bands are fixed over the fundamentalperiod. The algorithm for this scheme is: Lff=i,sinot upper band i= i + W2 lower band il = t- W2 where H= hysteresis band limits if i, > V,= -E (Fig. 1) = if i, < il Vab E

B. Variable or sinusoidal band control

In this scheme the hysteresis band vary sinusoidally over a fbndamentalperiod. The upper and lower bands are given as :
iref=* &,,Sincot upper band 4 = (L,+W2) sinwt lower band i,= (ia-H/2) sinwt The algorithm is given as follows: i, > i, vab -E = for &> 0 ia<il V,= E for ld< 0 i,< i, V, = E i,> i, V,=-E The input current i, thus obtained is used to solve the differential equation (1). The power devices such as lGBT and MCT ( or even GTO) have a minimum turn on and off time that limits theirs maximum switching fiequency. The converter switching frequency must therefore be controlled to allow reliable commutations.A lockout circuits are thus employed that restrict the maximum allowable converter switching frequency. This control permits a switching fiequency reduction, maintains good harmonics spectra for the input current (THD-(3-4%)) and has a simple implementation. In Fig.3 is shown the proposed hysteresis controller that permits one hand, the switching frequencyreduction and on other hand it can be held approximately constant.

As shown in Fig.2~'i,,(t) consist of a train of positive and negative pulses of varying durations Atl and AG. One method for quantifying the dc link current ila is to define a local average based on the complete cycle period At, +At2(Fig.2~). It can be shown that:

(3)
when
I

is very brief, it can be shown that

= i,(
lao"

At2-At to)Atl +At2

(4)
Fig. 3 Hysteresis control with lockout circuit for one phase

(5)
Equation (5) is essentially the power balance equation. It is used as the mathematical model of the voltage source converter under bipolar hysteresis current control. The hysteresis current control generates an asymmetrical pulse pattern. The hysteresis band can be fixed or variable

111. PSPICE SIMULATIONAND RESULTS For validate the theoretical results is used a PSPICE system level simulation [6].The converter has modeled as a multiport circuit and the transfer function has implemented using controlled sources available in ABM option on PSPICE [7]. The switching PWM signals are generated in a closed

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loop. The hysteresis control method requires a comparator circuit (CH) to generate the switching functions. The-model for comparator is implemented by means of a voltage source E defined as a lockup table. The hysteresis comparator has a positive feedback obtained with another controlled source E, using the VALUE option. The schematic circuit of comparator is presented in Fig.4a. The hysteresis band is defined by the voltage source VH and it is modified using PARAM. option. Also, with this voltage source VH is possible to implement a symmetrical or asymmetrical hysteresisband. In Fig.4 are shown subcircuit configuration used in PSPICE for hysteresis comparator CH, lockout circuit and the modified macromodel for single phase voltage source acto dc converter [SI.
A. Bipolar hysteresis current control

Fig.6 shows the simulation results for CCR ac to dc PWM, single phase converter under bipolar hysteresis current control. In Fig.6a the hysteresis band is fixed and the lockout circuit is not used. If a lockout circuit is used, the ripple of input current rich (see Fig.6b). Good results have the hysteresis current controller with sinusoidal hysteresis band (Fig.6~). Fig.6d shows the input current waveform for sinusoidal hysteresis band while a lockout circuit is used. The waveforms shows in Fig.6b and d are obtained for a lockout time of 200 ps ( corresponding at a fiequency of 5 KHz). The PWM pulse pattern generate by hysteresis current control with fixed or variable hysteresis band with or without lockout circuit is asymmetrical on quarter cycle period and symmetrical on half cycle. The used hysteresis band in this simulation is 2A.

In Fig.5 the schematic circuit for single phase CCR under bipolar hysteresis current control is presented. In bipolar hysteresis control the converter power circuit impresses a closed pass through the source in either positive or negative direction. The simple hysteresis controller develops the necessary driving signals to activate either of the two diagonal pairs S1-S3 and S2-S4 to apply a positive or negative voltage across the converter terminals.

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I

Fig.5 Schematic circuit for single phase CCR under hysteresis current control

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-V(CSOUT,CSIN)+1000
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Fig.6 Simulation resuIts of singe phase ac to dc voltage source Converter under bipolar hysteresis current control

Fig.4 Subcircuit Conliguration used i PSPICE; a) hysteresis n Comparator; b) current sensor; c) lockout circuit; d) converter macromodel.

The showing spectra in Fig.7 for the corresponding waveforms in Fig.6 stress the features of the proposed hysteresis control f a acto dc F W M power converters. Good results are obtained with sinusoidal hysteresis band, but the switching fiequency is very high, and the switching losses are increased. The maximum reduction of switching frequency in this case is of 3,3 KHz because over this frequency the THD of input current is more than 5 % ~ If the hysteresis band is asymmetrical then the output P W M current can be controlled in a large wide than in the case of symmetrical hysteresis band [9].

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No

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SKHX

Fig.8.Unipolar asymmetrical hysteresis control circuit configuration

The simulation, in this case uses a ideal switch. The switching signals are obtained in a closed loop using a modified controller structure as shown Fig. 8.

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lo

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4
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1 0-

g7 Harmonic spectra for the mespcndmgwavefotms i Fig6 n

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B. Unipolar hysteresis control

In this control the pair of power devices S1, S2 and S3 , S4 can be driven independently. During the positive half period the input terminal will be switched between +E and 0 according to the generated pattern by the hysteresis n controller. I a similar manner for the negative period the input terminal voltage is switched between -E and O.The unipolar hysteresis control the reduction of switching frequency permits. Furthermore, with a modified unipolar hysteresis control or asymmetric controlled converter the switching losses can be more diminished. In this control S1 and S2 are switched once per input period, and S3, S4 are modulated at high frequency by hysteresis control. The schematic circuit configuration for asymmetrically controlled with unipolar hysteresis method is shown in Fig.8. The results of simulation, in the same conditions as in the case ofbipolar hysteresis control, are given in Fig.9 for 2A fixed (see Fig.9a) and sinusoidal hysteresis band (Fig.9b). This control provide good performances for ac to dc P W M converters, a Unity power factor and lower switching losses.

10-

311 01

Fig9 The characteristics waveforms for the input current in unipolar asymmetrical hysteresis current controk a) fixed 2A band control without lockout Circuit; b) sinusoidal 2A band without lockout circuit; c) fixed 2A band with lockout fkquency of 5KHz:d) sinusoidal 2A band with lockout fkequency of 5KHz.

The wavefms of input current given in Fig.9 ans itp harmonic spectra demonstrated that the unipolar hysteresis control have reducing switching frequency but a harmonic content poor than the bipolar control. Although, the unipolar control can have the same features as the bipolar control, if the input inductance is reducing. This is, in fact an another advantage of this control. Furthermore, if the two slow switched in unipolar asymmetrical schema are replaced by devices with much lower switching speed, which usually have low conduction
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losses compared to the &er switches with the same ratings, this control can have the lowest total losses.

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-the output voltage have a low ripple content, -very simple implementation; -using a reasonable lockout fiequency (e.g IOKHZ) IGBT can be used and the level of the converter power can be increased. -unfortunately in the single phase ac to dc voltage source converter the output current a ripple at twice the line frequency have. This drawback in three phase ac to d converters is not done. Because the harmonics generated with the hysteresis control scheme are not easily predictable, no quantitative study has been made as to the sizing of input L and output C in the design. Some conments of a qualitative nature concerning tradeo& are as follows: - Desirable, the switching fiwp"eq (fs) should be high as the switching losses and the devices capabilities permit. A rule of thumb for fs is : fs 'Vref / LH ; -For a small tolerance H, IL is increased to prevent the switching lkquency fiom being excessive. Apart fiom cost, L should be kept as low as possible. - C filters the output voltage so that this voltage is very smooth. C is reduced for higlh switching fiequency fs.

V. REFERENCES:

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5KHz

5KHz

g.10 The harmonics spectra for the w a v e h showing i Fig.9 n

IV.CONCLUSIONS
A new hysteresis current control for a voltage ac to dc PWM source converter is presented. The proposed method is verified by simulation. The results are carried out by PSPICE, 6.0, simulation using a macromodel for converter based on [6,8] and a system level simulation. The proposed method is used here on a single phase converter but, it can be applied and on the three phase converters. This control method is characterized by: -allowing the reduction of the maximum and average switching frequency; - held approximatelyconstant the switching fiequency; -the input current is near sinusoidal and it have a very good harmonic distribution; -allows the output current control in wide range if the used hysteresis band is asymmetrically; -if the unipolar asymmetrical control is used, then the switching losses are much diminished

J. Holtz - Pusewidth modulation - A Survey,ZEEE Transactionon Z&trial Electronics, vo1.39, no.5, D-ber 1992, pp. 410-420, C.T.Pan,T.Yu.Chang - An Improved Hysteresis Current Controller for Reducing Switching Frequency, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vo1.9, no. 1,January 1994, pp.97-104. L.J.Borle, C.V.Naysur - Simulation and Evaluation of Currat control Techniques for Threephase ACDC Power Converters, Z . C S - T U , Montreal Canada, 1993, pp. 415-420. L.J.Borle, C.V.Nayar - Zen, Average Current Error Controlled Power Flow for AC-DC Power Converters, ZEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 10, no.6, Novemlber 1995, pp.725-732. Rusong Wu, ... - Analysis of a PWM ac to dc Voltage Source Converter under the Predicted Current Control with a Fixed Switching Frequency, IEEE Transactions on Zndustry Applications, vo1.27,n0.4, JulyIAugust 1991, pp.756-764. L.Salazar, G Joos PSPICE Simulation of ThreePhase Inverters by Means of Switching Functions, ZEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vo1.9, no. 1 ,January 1994, pp.35-42. * * * - The Design Center - Version 6.0, Ue' srs Guide, Microsim Corporation, January 1994. Clarissa Gatlan, L. Gatlan - Level System PSPICE Simulation for AC t 1 DC PWM Converters under o Hysteresis Control, .In Proceedink of BEC'96, Tallinn Technical 1University, Estonia,October 1996, pp.217-220. M.Azifllr Rahman,, A.RD Esmail, M.A. Choudhury-Analysisof Delta PWM Static AC DC Converters, IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, vol. 10, no.4, July 1995,pp.494-503.

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