Sunteți pe pagina 1din 6

EVOLUTION OF PROCESSOR

Submitted by: Nohay, John Ashley B. BSIT II D Submitted to: Mr. Joselito Dolot

Evolution of Processor
The evolution of the computer processor began with the understanding of the principles of electricity. Although there were ideas on how this technology could be implemented for much of the 1900s, it was not until the 1960s and early 1970s that scientists were able to put those ideas into practice. Intel Challenged by AMD The 1990s were largely a period where competition consisted of increasing clock speeds and larger cache sizes. During the late 1990s Intel was seriously challenged by AMD, and indeed AMD delivered some processors, like the K6, which performed better than Intel's processors in many situations. It was not until 2005, however, that processors began to change drastically from the formula of ever-higher clock speeds which reigned during the 1990s. In 2005 Intel and AMD both released dual-core processor designs. Intel released the Pentium D, and AMD released the Athlon X2. Since 2005, CPU design has taken a rather abrupt and dramatic turn. Intel and AMD now both offer native quad-core CPU designs, and both have plans of offering six-core processor designs as early as mid-2010. The Seventies The seventies were a good time for intel, mostly because they were the first players in the game. Motorola jumped in rapidly thereafter, however, and brought out the ubiquitous 6800 and later the even more important 68000 during the same timeframe. Even today, however, 808x CPUs are more popular in embedded systems than the more powerful Motorola 68000, if for no other reason than inertia. Intel got there first, and got the ball rolling. A great deal of their installed base comes from the fact that the IBM PC and every clone of it thereafter carried an intel CPU.IBM also invented the first RISC CPU during this decade (barely). They began work on it way back in 1975. That chip was never released but concepts in its design made it all the way into the PowerPC by way of ROMP and then POWER. 1971: 4004 (intel) Used in the Busicom calculator. First microprocessor. 4 bits, 2300 transistors,740 kHz, 0.06 MIPS. 1972: 8008 (intel) Used in the Mark-8. 1974: 8080 (intel) Used in the Altair. 1974: MC6800 (Motorola) Easier to implement than intel 8080 as it needs only one voltage and no support chips to operate. Mostly sold for peripheral and industrial

control. 1976: 8085 (intel) Improved version of the 8080; uses only +5V, where 8080 needs several voltages, and with additional instructions as well. 1978: 8086 (intel) Used (later) in the IBM PC. Also, the complementary 8087 math coprocessor. 1979: 8088 (intel) Cost reduced 8086, with an 8 bit bus instead of 16 bit. 1979: MC68000 (Motorola) 16 bit processor with 24 bit addressing.

The Eighties
The 1980s, the digital age. This is the time when everything exploded. All the chips we love (and love to hate) were born here -- the 286 (possibly intel's most crippled chip in its time); the 68020 which was not only a big step forward from the 68000 for its instruction set, but also for being the first 32 bit processor; The ARM CPUs (including the first marketed RISC processor); The 386 and 486 which brought PCs into the 32 bit era; As well as RISC products from Sun (Sparc), MIPS (R3000), and IBM (ROMP).The beginning of this decade is also when the first clones of intel CPUs began to appear; NEC brought out the V20 and V30, which are drop-in replacements. The prior Zilog Z80 (1976) executed intel 8080 instructions but was not a direct replacement for the 8080. 1981: 80186 and 80188 (Intel) x86-compatible, primarily used in embedded systems as they contain DMA and timer circuits. 1982: 80286 (intel) Used in the IBM PC-AT. (February 1, 1982) 1982: MC68010 (Motorola) Update of MC68000. 1984: MC68020 (Motorola) The world's first true 32-bit microprocessor. 1986: 80386 (intel). x86 goes 32 bit. 1987: MC68030 (Motorola) 32 bit processor with 32 bit address bus, used in Macintosh, Sun, and Amiga computers (among many others.) 1988: 80386SX (Intel) Cheaper alternative to the 386DX, it uses a 16 bit timemultiplexed bus to perform 32 bit data transfers (in two cycles) at a cost in memory bandwidth. (June 16, 1988) 1989: 80486 (intel) New 32 bit processor, and the last Intel-made x86 processor that is not internally RISC. (April 10, 1989) 1989: i860 (intel) System-on-a-chip with a 32 bit RISC processor with 64 bit data types and an integrated graphics accelerator (today known as a GPU) which performed texturing and shading. The original target for Windows NT and in fact the place from which that operating system derived its name.

The Nineties
This is where home computers began to really have the "juice" to wow people. The MIPS R4000 fueled high-end Unix workstations which were busy making movies. IBM and Motorola got together and with input from Apple began work on and realized their new PowerPC architecture. Intel brought out the Pentium followed by the Pentium MMX, Pentium 2, and the Pentium 3, and all were huge hits.AMD got into the highpower game with several RISC CPUs which would interpret x86 instructions: K5, K6, and Athlon. The Athlon got them into a serious battle with intel over CPU supremacy, which pretty much brings us to our current situation - Everyone making a significant CPU today has enough power to stay in the race. 1990: Motorola MC68040, the successor to the MC68030. 1991: Am386 (AMD) Breaks the intel 32 bit x86 monopoly. 1991: 486SX (Intel) 486 processor with no onboard FPU. Introduced as a low-cost budget processor; originals are actually remarked 486DX chips with faulty FPUs disabled. (April 22, 1991) 1992: MCP601 (IBM) First-generation PowerPC chip, aka Motorola PPC601. Motorola will make them in 1993. 1993: Pentium P54C (intel) Intel begins to use some RISC style processing. First superscalar x86-family processor. 1993: Am486 (AMD) 1993: PowerPC 603 (IBM and Motorola) Drops some POWER architecture features in the 601, runs significantly faster. 1994: R8000 (MIPS) First superscalar MIPS design. 1994: 68060 (Motorola) Last entry in the 680x0 line, a very RISC-ish 32 bit processor with "2 to 3 times the performance capability of the 68040 at the same clockrate."15 1995: Pentium Pro (intel) A great deal of added cache. Sets the stage for the Pentium 2 (whose design is largely based on the PPro) and Pentium MMX (P55C). 1996: K5 (AMD) AMD's first Internally-RISC x86-compatible processor. Basically a 486 on steroids, and intended to compete with the Pentium. (March 27, 1996) 1997: Pentium MMX P55C (Intel) Pentium with MMX added. 1997: Pentium 2 (Intel) Based on the Pentium Pro, and carrying the MMX features of the P55C. First x86 processor on a module, with L2 cache on the PC board. (All former x86 CPUs utilize L2 cache on the motherboard.) 1997: K6 (AMD) First Pentium 2 competitor, based on a RISC design with an x86 translation layer. Suffers due to slow and incompatible (24 as opposed to 32 bit) FPU. (April 2, 1997) 1998: Pentium 2 Xeon (Intel) Where the P2's L2 cache runs at half speed, the Xeon's runs at full speed, and is available from 512kb to 8mb. 1998: Pentium 2 Deschutes (Intel) Process shrink to .25m. 1998: PowerPC 750 (AKA G3) (Apple, IBM and Motorola) 1998: K6-2 (AMD) Updated version of K6 CPU with multimedia functions ("3DNow!") and a 32-bit FPU. (May 28, 1998) 1999: Celeron (Intel) Bargain version of the Pentium 2. Early versions have no L2 cache; Later versions have a reduced amount of L2 (128kb) which runs at full speed

rather than the P2's half speed. 1999: Pentium 3 (Intel) Based on the P2's design, new core. Substantially faster than P2. Adds additional SIMD extensions beyond MMX. 1999: Athlon (AMD) AMD's competitor to Pentium 2. Features 100MHz DDR bus for three times the bus bandwidth of intel CPUs (compared to then-current 66MHz Pentium 2 bus.) Intel Pentium chipsets later feature 100MHz bus (non-DDR.) 1999: PowerPC 7xxx line (AKA G4) (IBM and Motorola)

The Oughts
Now, in the 21st century, the race continues. AMD and intel have essentially equivalent juggernauts which for the first time (Beginning in the 90s with the coexistence of Pentium 3 and Athlon) compete directly and strongly with one another. Meanwhile, both companies have 64 bit designs with instruction sets based on x86, and the outcome of that match is as unclear as the outcome of Pentium 4 vs. Athlon XP.Meanwhile everyone else has already gone 64 bit (MIPS, Sparc) or is about to go 64 bit (PowerPC). It looks like the 21st century will be the age of the quad word. 2000: Pentium 4 (Intel) Less efficient than P3 cycle for cycle, with a harsher penalty for incorrect branch prediction (due to a longer pipeline), but supports much higher clock rates (mostly due to the longer pipeline.) Bus speeds increase to as much as 533MHz in order to compete with AMD's Athlons. 2000: Athlon XP and Athlon MP (AMD) Full speed L2 cache, and a new 133MHz DDR bus (equivalent to 266MHz.) MP is "designed" for multiprocessor use. 2001: itanium (Intel) Intel's first 64 bit CPU. Low clock rates (through 2002) but true 64 bit. Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC). Uses a new instruction set, IA-64, which not is based on x86. Extremely poor at emulating x86. 2002: itanium 2 (Intel) Supports higher clock rates than itanium and has a shorter pipeline to reduce the cost of a bad branch prediction. 2002: XScale (Intel) StrongARM II. Tight, fast embedded processor which uses the ARM instruction set. Based on StrongARM, which was purchased from Compaq after they acquired Digital, who made the chip in conjunction with Acorn. (See StrongARM, above.) 2003: Opteron/Athlon 64 (AMD) AMD's x86-64 processors, collectively code named "Hammer". Opteron has more cache and two hypertransport (HT) links per CPU, allowing for glue-less SMP; Athlon 64 has one. A mobile (low power) version is also available. There are a number of revisions, starting with "ClawHammer" (130nm) Memory controller is on-die, so hypertransport only has to handle communication with peripherals, and memory attached to other CPUs. (NUMA architecture.) 2003: PowerPC 9xx/G5 (IBM) 64 bit PowerPC processor. The G5 in the Power Macintosh is the 970. 2003: Pentium M (Intel) See also: Centrino. Formerly code-named Banias, this is an advanced low-power rehash of the Pentium 3 processor, more efficient than Pentium 4. Intel announced that multi-core Pentium M processors would take over for the P4, whose scalability is running out.

2003: V-Dragon (China, IBM) 32 bit RISC chip designed at the Chinese Academy of Science with help from IBM clocked at around 200-260MHz intended to break China's dependence on foreign processors. Targeted at embedded systems (and low-power desktops with Midori Linux.) 2004: POWER5 (IBM) 64 bit POWER processor. 2004: Athlon XP-M (AMD) Low-power version of the Athlon XP processor, the slowest (2700+) part draws 35W with 512kB L2 cache. 2005: Athlon 64 X2 (AMD) First dual-core 64 bit x86-compatible processor.

The Near Future It is clear that the future of the CPU is parallel processing. After decades of existence as a single unit meant to perform a single task and then begin another, modern CPUs are departing significantly and instead focusing on performance under multi-threaded work loads. Increased integration with GPU design is also becoming a focus, and Intel, Nvida, and AMD are all working in that direction. As a result, the history of the CPU can be expected to further evolve in the next decade. http://www.brighthub.com/computing/hardware/articles/62215.aspx#ixzz1RwT3V0Np The Evolution of the Computer Processor | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_6067219_evolution-computerprocessor.html#ixzz1RwRZhR8r http://everything2.com/title/CPU+history%253A+A+timeline+of+microprocessors

S-ar putea să vă placă și