REDWELL COMPARISON STUDY 2010

Redwell Infrared-Heater in comparison to conventional Heater

REDWELL MANUFAKTUR GmbH is proud to present the results of the Comparison Study developed by the ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI and wants to conrm the results herewith.

General Manager REDWELL MANUFAKTUR GMBH Am kopark 5, A-8230 Hartberg Phone: +43 3332 61105 oce@redwell.com In cooperation with ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Hartberg, Dezember 2010 Copying the report is forbidden. Also the usage of parts of the report , especially in connection with wrong and distorted facts is not allowed. (Version 1.2)

WWW.REDWELL.COM

HELLENIC REPUBLIC

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Professor Dr.-Ing. Agis M.Papadopoulos

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY T HESSALONIKI

Phone: +30 2310 996015 Fax: +30 2310 996012 e-mail: agis@eng.auth.gr URL: http://aix.meng.auth.gr

Thessaloniki, 26/11/10

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENERGY SECTION

Ref. No: 385/10

Aprefacetothestudy Theconstructionbranchaccountsthemostfortheenergyandresourcesconsumptionamongstall otherbranchesinEurope,whilstitproducessignificantamountsofdemolitionwaste,withoutbeing veryefficientinitsreuseandrecycling. A huge potential lies, however, precisely in this situation, as the branch presents the single most importantpotentialforasustainableapproachoftheanthropogenicenvironment. It is of interest to notice, that almost forty years after the first oil crisis, space heating demand of residential buildings remains the most interesting field to save energy. In addition one cannot neglect to consider the issues of thermal comfort and indoor air quality, which are far more important today than they used to be thirty years ago, as they are tightly linked to the energy performanceofbuildingsand,reasonablyenough,totheiroperationalexpenses. Theevaluationofspaceheatingsystems,andthereforealsoofinfraredradiativesystemsis,inthis lineofapproach,anecessity. It is not an easy task, as the evaluation of heating power and efficiency of radiative systems is depending to a much larger extent on parameters like the quality of the building shells thermal insulationanditsthermalstoragecapacity,aswellasonthecontrolandregulationofthesystems, comparedtotheoneofconventional,convectivesystems.ThelackofrespectiveENstandardsdoes notmakethistaskeasier. The research project Evaluation of Redwell Infrared Heating Systems, was carried out in the Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, at the Mechanical Engineering DepartmentoftheAristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,fundedbyRedwellManufakturGmbHandin theperiodbetweenMay2009andJuly2010.Theevaluationwasbasedonalifecycleapproachand onthecomparativeconsiderationofthemostpopularspaceheatingsystems. Consideringtheirenergyefficiency,RedwellInfraredheatingsystemsareefficientandeffective,as one can deduce from the comparison between those and conventional systems. Redwell systems
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING BOX 483 ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-541 24 THESSALONIKI GREECE

rank amongst the leading ones, considering their primary energy demand and their ecoefficiency over the systems life cycle. The same applies with respect to the operational expenses and the feasibilityofthesystemsconsidered,withRedwellsystemsbeinghighlycompetitive. Whenitcomestothermalcomfort,onecannotfailtonoticetheclearadvantageofRedwellsystems, compared to conventional heating systems with convective baseboard heaters, provided that the buildingshelliswellthermallyinsulated. Finally, one can only stress the necessity for a European EN standard on infrared radiative heating systems,withintheumbrellaofthespaceheatingsystemsstandard,inordertobeabletoevaluate these efficient systems correctly and fairly and in a way conforming to the demands set by contemporaryregulationsliketheGermanEnEV2009. Fortheeffectivecooperationwithinthisprojectwewouldliketothankthemanagingdirectorofthe RedwellManufakturGmbHcompany,Mr.MichaelBuschhoff,aswellastheheadofdistributionDI Mr.WernerErhart. For the elaboration of this study I would like to thank the staff members of our Laboratory and in particular: Dipl.Ing.AlexAdam(Mr.) Dr.Ing.DimitriosAnastaselos(Mr.) Dr.Ing.SimosOxizidis(Mr.) DiplIng.IfigeneiaTheodoridou(Ms.) Thessaloniki,November2010

ProfessorDr.Ing.AgisM.Papadopoulos

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING BOX 483 ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-541 24 THESSALONIKI GREECE

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Contents
Contents Task Objectives 1. 2. 3. Objectivelycomparableparameters Comparisontoconventionalheatingsystems RedefinitionofacategoryforREDWELLInfraredHeaters 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 8 8 10 EvaluationofthetestedREDWELLInfraredHeaters Energyevaluation Comprehensiveevaluationofthedifferentheatingsystems Mostimportantoperationalaspects Adjustedutilizationfactorsofthedifferentheatingsystems Primaryenergyuseofthedifferentheatingsystems LifecycleAnalysisandecoefficiency FeasibilityStudy Thermalcomfort 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 19 23 23

Fundamentalsforthecalculation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Results 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Summary Conclusion Normsandregulations MethodologyoftheEnEV ExpenditurefactorforREDWELLInfraredHeaters HeatingSystemsExamined Testobject

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Task
Inthecontextofaresearchproject,ourlaboratorywasaskedbyREDWELLMANUFAKTURGmbHto conductacomprehensiveanalysisandtestthe"REDWELLInfraredHeatingSystems"andcompare themtotraditionalconventionalheatingsystems(directelectrical,oil,gasandheatpumpheating systems).Thisstudyshouldalsobeconsideredasarecommendationtothepoliticaldecisionmakers (ministeroftheenvironment)and/orEuropeanenergyofficestoviewtheREDWELLinfraredheaters, basedontheirexcellentoverallcharacteristics,notasanelectricaldirectheaterbutasadistinctive, redefinedheatingsystem.

Objectives
1. Objectivelycomparableparameters TheevaluationoftheREDWELLinfraredheatersistobemadebasedontheobjectivelycomparable followingparameters: 2. Efficiency (primary energy demand, capacity and performance, GWP (Global Warming Potential)) Costeffectiveness(purchase,installationandrunningcosts) Quality(fabrication,materials,warranties) Thermalcomfort(comparablekeyfigures) Environmentalimpact Comparisontoconventionalheatingsystems

Allparametersanalyzedarecomparedbyusingtheheatingsystemsmentionedbelow: 3. Directelectricalheating Oilfiredheating Gasfiredheating Airtowaterheatpumpandwatertowaterheatpump(combinedwithunderfloorheating) Integratedsystemfeaturinghotwaterpreparationbysolarthermalsystems Integratedsystemfeaturingwithphotovoltaicsystemforpowergeneration RedefinitionofacategoryforREDWELLInfraredHeaters

The laboratory results and practica

Microsoft Office Outlook.lnk

l field trials show the specific

positionoftheREDWELLinfraredheatersandthenecessityofaredefinitionforacompletelynew heatingsystemcategory.

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Fundamentals for the calculation

1. Normsandregulations
The calculations were carried out based on the following norms and regulations, with their most importantboundaryvaluesusedbeingthefollowing: EnEV2009(EnergyConservationRegulation2009)

ThecalculationsweremadeaccordingtotherequirementsoftheEnEV,part4(facilitiesforheating, cooling and room ventilation technology as well as hot water supply) under consideration of the default values as defined inappendix1 (3 and 9) requirements forresidential buildings and 2 (4 and 9) requirements for nonresidential buildings and based on DIN 4701. The most important normsandregulationsoftheEnEVused,are:
DINV18599,part1to10,Energyanalysisofbuildings DINV41086:2003,Calculatingtheannualheatingandannualheatingenergyuse DINV41082:2003,Minimumrequirementsforthermalprotection DINV470110:2003,Energyanalysisofheatingandventilationsystems DINV470112:2004,Energyanalysisofheatingandventilationsystemsinexistingbuildings DINEN832:2003,Calculationoftheheatingenergyuse,residentialbuildings DIN EN ISO 6946:2003, Building components and building elements Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance DINENISO13789:1999,Specifictransmissionheatlosscoefficient DINENISO13370:1998,Heattransferviatheground DINENISO100771:2000,Thermalperformanceofwindows,doorsandshutters EN13790EnergyConservationRegulation13790 ThermalcomfortevaluatedaccordingtoENISO7730andASHRAE55 CalculationsforclimaticconditionsofThessaloniki,Greece SimulationforclimaticconditionsofdifferentEuropeanclimaticregions.

REDWELLInfraredHeater Wall system, 900 W output, 90% emitted by radiation, 10% by convection, temperature differentialof0,5to2C ConvectiveSystems Fueloilfiredsystemwithafeedtemperatureof70Canda20Ctemperaturedrop. Mean annualperformancecoefficient85%

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

2. MethodologyoftheEnEV
ThefollowingdemonstratesthemethodologyoftheEnEV,thenecessityoftheexpenditure factorepandhighlightstheessentialdataused.

Theexpenditurefactor epinfluencesthe primaryenergyuse, viz.: ep=Qp/(Qh+Qw)

Figure1.MethodologyoftheEnEV(EnergyConservationRegulation)

3. ExpenditurefactorforREDWELLInfraredHeaters

The expenditurefactorep isdeterminedaccordingtoDIN470110andisgenerallydeterminable basedonstandardvalues.Themethodsdescribedhereallowaconsiderationofdevicespecifickey valueswhicharementionedintheproductionmanuals. A part of the research project was to determine, that a REDWELL infrared heater can achieve a higher output than theoretically possible, regarding the installed electrical power, and this conformingtoDIN.Thiscanonlybeshownincomparisontoconventionalconvectiveheatingintwo ways: a) b) byevaluatingtheheatingofthebuildingshellandtheinteractingradiationofthewalls. by evaluatingthe better thermal comfort,which leads to areduction of theair temperature andthereforelowerenergyuse. These methods allow a consideration of devicespecific key values, but it is necessary to take into accountthatbothfactorsarebuildingdependent:

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 1. 2. 3. 4. Theydependontheinsulation(Umorkm). Theydependonthesurfacematerials(radiativeemissionandabsorptionfactorsand). Theydependonthethermalinertiaofthebuildingsshell. Theydependontheratioofventilationtotransmissionlosses. Those four relations can principally be determined mathematically as well as experimentally. It is necessary toachieve the highest accuracy, but also toprovide generally applicable resultsand not onesreducedtospecificapplications.Inthissenseacombinationofmeasuresandcalculationshas beenusedwiththeaimtosustaintheintegratedcomparisonofaconventionalconvectiveheating systemandaREDWELLinfraredheaterwithregardtothermalcomfortandenergyuse. i. AspaceheatingwithREDWELLinfraredheatersheatssurfacesofspatialboundariesaswellas the objects in the room and not directly the air of the room. Compared to this, a convective heatingsystemheatsthetotalairoftheroom,whichleadstoahigherinstallationpowerofupto +32%. ii. WithspaceheatingbyREDWELLinfraredheaters,theroomboundarysurfacesareheatedand therebytheheatstoragecapacityofthebuildingelementsareexploitedandtheheatlossesdue toventilationaresignificantlylower.Asaresult,theinstallationpowercapacitycanberatedby upto35%lower,comparedtoconventional,convectiveheatingsystems. iii. Aswallsurfacesgenerallyhaveahighersurfacetemperature,comparablegoodthermalcomfort conditionsoccuratupto3,5Clowerairtemperaturevalues,incomparisontotheconvectional heatingsystems.Ifthereiseffectiveregulationoftheheaterthroughtheairtemperature,the resultisadifferencebetweentheinstallationpowercapacityandtherealrunningtimeofupto 7%. iv. As all of these results are strongly determined by the building dependent factors (1) (4), the conclusion is that the input generation for the room heating ("factor power input" or "factor energy expenditure" in the calculation according to EnEV can only be expressed as their functions. From the arithmetic results one can conclude, that for a typical insulated building accordingtoEnEV2009,withaheatedvolumeperheaterofupto100m(ca.40m),thefactor powerinputorexpenditurefactorepisvalued0,65.Withverywellinsulatedbuildings(k<0,2 W/mK)thereareepvaluesof0,55andlowerachievable.

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 Thesimulationscarriedoutresultedinthearrayofcurvesdepictedinthefollowingfigure2,where the dependence of the energy efficiency value ep on the input generation (correlates with the thermaltransmittanceasrelationoftheinfluenceoftheinsulation)andtheroomsarea(withavery sensitivethermostat)hasbeencalculated.

1,00 0,95 0,90 0,85 Eingangsleistung 0,80 0,75 0,70 0,65 0,60

0,55 0,50 12 15 20 25 30 35 40
2 Beheizte Flaeche pro Heizkoerper [m2] Heated area per heater (m )

Waermdurchgangskoeffizient 0,28 0,3 0,33 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5

Thermal transmissivity

Figure2.Expenditurefactorepindependenceontheheatedsurfaceandthethermal transmittance Inthislineofthoughtthefollowingcalculationsoftheprimaryenergyuseandtheexpenditurefactor forroomheatingwithREDWELLinfraredheaterscanbeapproachedwiththeaforementioned valuesofpowerinput,correspondingtotherequirementsofEnEV,inasoundandreliableway.

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 4. HeatingSystemsExamined Thenexttable(table1)showsthescenariotobeanalyzedforthebuilding(constructionyear1970). Table1.Parametricalanalysisscenarioforthestudyconstructionyear1970
Scenario 0 1 2 3 Basis(oldoilboiler) REDWELLinfrared heaters REDWELLinfrared heater+solarcollectors REDWELLinfrared heater+solarcollector+ PVplant airtowaterheatpump withunderfloorheating watertowaterheat pumpwithunderfloor heating directelectricalheating newoilboiler newoilboiler+solarcoll. newgasboiler newgasboiler+solar collectors Insulation yes EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 Windows yes EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 EnEv09 Conden sing boiler old no no no no no no no no no new RED WELL infrared heaters no yes yes yes no no no no no no no photo voltaic system no no no yes no no no no no no no

solar collectors no no yes yes no no no no yes no yes

4 5

6 7 8 9 10

5. Testobject
Forthelifecycleanalysisofthebuilding,theCML2001method(CML2baselinemethod,2001)was used. The calculations were carried out with the software AKZ Simapro (PR Consultants, 2009) version 7.1 whereby Ecoinvent Software version 2.1 served as databank. The twin family house is situatedinanurbanarea,incentralGermany,inFrankfurtamMain(figure3).Accordingtothis,the climaticdataofFrankfurtamMainhavebeenused(table2). Position"Frankfurtam,Main",[N502'][E836']requiredindoortemperature=19.0C Table2.Dataforthedimensioningoftheheatingsystems Source:"ClimateDesignData2009ASHRAEHandbook"
heatingperiod coolingperiod maximal temperature[oC] 10.5 30.8 day temperature[oC] 0 10.6 windspeed[m/s] 3.2 3.7 winddirection 30 210

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Figure3.Viewsofthetwinfamilyhouseanalyzed Table3.TypicalbuildingcomponentsandtheirUvaluesforabuildingoftheseventies
Construction component externalwall Constructionyear1970 construction(fromoutsidetoinside) plastermortaroflime armedconcrete limeorcementplaster min.impactnoiseinsulation concretepavements,ribbedslaborstealstoneslab limeplaster stealstoneslabtv600/190 limeorcementplaster limeplaster woodfibreboard airlayerventilated supportbatten counterbatten roofing 2paneinsulatingglazingwoodenframewithoutthermalinsulation

Uvalues[W/m2K] 3,69 1,59 2,12

cellarceiling flatroof

inclinedroof

1,51

windows

4,3

LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Results
1. AnalysisofthetestedREDWELLInfraredHeaters Energyevaluation

For the optimization of the REDWELL heaters and for the study of the operational scenarios, the buildingwasdynamicallysimulatedwiththesoftwareEnergyPlus.Inpracticaltestrunsatamean surface temperature of about 95C on the REDWELL infrared heaters, a constant radiation percentage of 90% was measured. This occurred by measuring the electric input power and the resultingdifferencetothecalculatedradiationpowerbasedonmeasuringthesurfacetemperature. Thisdifferencerepresentstheconvectivepartofthesystem. Comprehensiveevaluationofthedifferentheatingsystems

ForthelifecycleanalysisofthebuildingtheCML2001method(CML2baselinemethod,2001)was used.ThecalculationsoccurredwiththesoftwareAKZSimaPro(PRConsultants,2009)version7.1 andEcoinventSoftwareversion2.1servedasdatabank. Themostimportantoperationalaspects

Buildingshell The building shell was recalculated by achieving the reference values of the EnEV for the thermal transmittancewiththehelpofanexternalthermalinsulationcompositesystem(ETICS).Basedon this,theexternalconstructionelementswereinsulated,sothattherequirementsoftheEnEVwere fulfilled. HeatingSystems Ineachofthedifferentvariationstheoldoilfiredboilerwasreplacedbyanewboiler(oilorgasfired one)withbetterefficiency,orbyanelectricaldirectheating,ahotpumpheatingorbyaREDWELL infraredheater. RenewableEnergies To reach thebest result regarding energyand environmental efficiency, the heating systems were combined with renewable energy systems. These are photovoltaic systems to support the generation of power in operating REDWELL infrared heaters and solar thermal collectors for the waterheating.

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 2. Adjustedutilizationdegreesofthedifferentheatingsystems

Theresultsforthebuildingoftheyear1970withregardtotheefficiencyandutilizationdegreesare shownintable4.
Table4.Degreesofefficiencyandutilizationofthesystemsandtheresulting expenditurefactors degreeof degreeof Scenario efficiency utilization 0 Basis(oldoilboiler) 0.85 0.85 1 REDWELLinfraredheater 1.00 1.54 2 REDWELLinfraredheater+solarcollectors 1.00 1.54 3 REDWELLinfraredheater+solarcollectors+ 1.00 1.54 photovoltaicplant 4 airtowaterheatpumpwithfloorheating 2.5(COP) 2.5 5 watertowaterheatpumpwithunderfloor 3.5(COP) 3.5 heating 6 directelectricalheating 1.00 1.00 7 newoilboiler 0.94 0.94 8 newoilboiler+solarcollectors 0.94 0.94 9 newgasboiler 0.95 0.95 10 newgasboiler+solarcollectors 0.95 0.95 expenditure factorep 1.18 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.40 0.29 1.00 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05

3. Primaryenergyuseofthedifferentheatingsystems

Usingthetable5below,onecanseethatonlynewgasoroilfiredboilersystemsachieveabetter totalenergyrequirementthenREDWELLinfraredheaters.Incombinationwithregenerativeenergy systems (solar collectors and photovoltaic) the lowest primary energy use with REDWELL infrared heatersisachieved.Directelectricheatingorairtowaterheatpumpsconsistentlyachievebetween +20to+40%higherprimaryenergyusecomparedtoREDWELLinfraredheaters. Theprimaryenergyfactor,whichdependsoneachcountrysenergymix,hasanimportantinfluence onthecalculationoftheheatandhotwaterrequirements.Interactingbetweenthisprimaryenergy factor and the energy expenditure factor, as well as the utilization degree of the system one gets from the heat demand to the primary energy demand, which is directly comparable between the differentsystems. Qp=(Qh+Qw)*ep.

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 Table5.PrimaryenergyusebasisGermanyforthebuildingof1970.
Scenarios
heatrequire ment QH kWh/m a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2

primary energy factor Germany fp

hotwater requirement Qw kWh/m a

2

primary energy factor Germany fp

primary energy requirement Qp 2 kWh/m a

Basis(oldoilboiler) REDWELLinfraredheater REDWELLinfraredheater+solarcollectors REDWELLinfraredheater+solarcollectors +photovoltaicsystem airtowaterheatpumpwithunderfloor heating watertowaterheatpumpwithunderfloor heating directelectricalheating newoilboiler newoilboilerwithsolarcollectors newgasboiler newgasboilerwithsolarcollectors

327.59 152.64 113.85 41.54 341.72 369.10 133.92 69.51 50.57 67.62 48.38

1.15 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15

12.58 12.28 0.00 0.00 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 0.00 12.28 0.00

2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70

401.4 107.2 74.0 27.0 141.6 110.6 146.2 86.7 53.6 83.9 50.8

4. Lifecycleanalysisandecoefficiency To get a directly comparable result between the different scenarios, the evaluation factors (costs, primary energy use and ecoefficiency) need to be normalised. One can obtain comparable conclusions according to table 6 only with the right corrector factors. These are defined as a non dimensionalvalueperformance(lifecycle)wherethesmallestvaluerepresentstheoverallmost favourable heating system. The calculation of the performance (life cycle) is done with the aforementioned Software AKZ SimaPro (PR Consultants, 2009) version 7.1 and the data bank SoftwareEcoinventversion2.1.Thisonetakesintoconsiderationthewholelifecycleofthesystems usedfromproductionandoperation,tomaintenance,disassemblyanddisposal. Table6.Resultsoftheecoefficiencyforthe1970building
Scenario 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Basis(oldoilboiler) REDWELLinfraredheater REDWELLinfraredheater+solar collectors REDWELLinfraredheater+solar collectors+photovoltaicsystem airtowaterheatpumpwith underfloorheating watertowaterheatpumpwith underfloorheating directelectricalheating Primaryenergyuse kWh/m2a 401.4 107.2 74.0 27.0 141.6 110.6 146.2 86.7 53.6 83.9 50.8 GWP(Global WarmingPotential) kgCO2eq 35,320 8,059 5,570 2,030 8,323 10,654 11,000 Performance (lifecycle) 267.6 89.4 68.1 36.8 92.3 112.6 115.3

7 8
9 10

newoilboiler newoilboilerwithsolar collectors

newgasboiler newgasboilerwithsolarcollectors

8,618 5,124
7,040 4.547

86.1 66.1
74.5 53.0

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 In table 6 it becomes evident that only the gasfiredheating system (new gas boiler) achieves a betterperformancefactorofapprox.5%incomparisontotheREDWELLinfraredheater.Allother heating systems, such as airtowater heat pump, direct electrical heating and oil boiler are definitivelylessfavourablecomparedtotheREDWELLInfraredHeatingSystem.

5. FeasibilityStudy
Based on the tables 7 and 8, in which the costs of the different systems are shown both for a renovationandforanewconstruction,thefeasibilitystudyforthesesystemswascarriedout(fig.4 8). Thefollowingmarginalconditionsrepresentthebaseforthecalculationoffeasibility: Energycostsstatus:April2010,Germany Inflationrate:1.5% Capitalcosts:2.0% Observationperiod:20years(projectionoftheoperativecostsfor20years) Saving always relative to the old oil boiler (no additional insulation measurements considered)

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 Table7.Costdescriptionrenovationscenario(inEUR)
Redwell heater+ solar collectors Redwell heater+ solar collectors+ photovoltaic system

Scenarios watertowater heatpump

Redwell heaters

airtowater heatpump

direct electrical heating

newoil boiler

newoil boiler+solar collectors

newgas boiler

newgas boiler+solar collectors

Investmentcosts (onetime) Heater Conduitfor underfloorheating Installationsolar collectors Installation photovoltaic Totalinvestment costs Runningcosts (ongoing) Plusenergycosts photovoltaicsystem Energycosts Maintenancecosts Total runningcosts Totalover20years

14,500 14,500 14,500 12,000 26,500 14,500 12,000 24,500 51,000 18,000 11,500 29,500 21,000 11,500 32,500 0.193 /kWh 3,132 88,002 0.193/kWh 100/year 2,164 79,649 9,100 0.193/kWh 200/year 6,936 107,467 0.193/kWh 100/year 4,140 129,016 0.193/kWh 100/year 3,234 109,751 0.193 /kWh 4,275 111,828 0.63/l 150/year 3,044 78,972 0.63/l 250/year 1,524 57,634 5,5cent/kWh 150/year 2,904 76,186 5,5cent/kWh 250/year 1,335 53,709 9,500 9,500 4,000 4,000 4,000 12,000 16,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 12,000 16,500

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 Table8.CostdescriptionNewconstructionscenario(inEUR)
Redwell heater Redwell heater+ solar collectors Redwell heater+ solar collectors+ photovoltaic system

airtowater heatpump

newoil boiler

newoil boiler+solar collectors

newgas boiler

newgas boiler+solar collectors

Scenarios waterto direct waterheat electrical pump heating

Investmentcosts (onetime) Heater Conduits Radiator Conduitfor underfloorheating Heatingroom+ chimney Installationofsolar collectors Installation photovoltaic Totalinvestment costs Runningcosts (ongoing) Plusenergycosts photovoltaicsystem Energycosts Maintenancecosts Total runningcosts Totalover20years

14,500 14,500 14,500 12,000 26,500 14,500 12,000 24,500 51,000 18,000 11,500 29,500 21,000 11,500 32,500 0.193 /kWh 2,261 67,577 0.193/kWh 100/year 1,560 65,470 9,100 0.193/kWh 200/year 8,311 139,756 0.193/kWh 100/year 2,500 98,512 0.193/kWh 100/year 2,368 89,429 0.193 /kWh 3,521 92,140 0.63/l 150/year 2,493 84,729 0.63/l 250/year 1,358 73,449 5.5cent/kWh 150/year 2,171 60,477 5.5cent/kWh 250/year 1,128 48,842 9,500 9,500 4,000 8,500 4,200 6,000 22,700 4,000 9,000 4,200 6,000 12,000 36,200 4,500 8,500 4,200 6,000 23,200 4,500 9,000 4,200 6,000 12,000 35,700

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 Inthetables7and8onecanseethatREDWELLinfraredheatersareconsiderablymorecosteffective intherenovationscenariothanheatpumpsordirectelectricalheatingsystems.Hereagainonlyoil and gasfired boilers, running on fossil fuels, are cheaper. In the new construction scenario, REDWELLinfraredheatersarebyfarthecheapesttotalalternative(purchaseandrunningcosts);in interactionwith photovoltaicsonecanachievehightotalreturnsduetotheelectricitysales,much higherthanwithalloftheotherheatingsystems. Theperformancereductionofheatpumps,withincreasinglifetimehasbeenconsidered,aswellas the loss of efficiency of all other studied systems. Therefore another important advantage of REDWELLinfraredheatersbecomesevident:theconstant,maintenancefreeandconstantovertheir lifetimeperformance. Regardingtherunningcostsofthedifferentheatingsystemsforthebuilding,theyareshowninthe followingfigures.Smallervaluescorrespondtobetterperformanceandindicateamorefavourable system(fig.4to7).

Figure 4. View of the total investment costs of the heating systems (building from 1970) including building'sinsulation

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Figure 5. Feasibility calculation of the investment costs of the heating systems (building from 1970) renovationscenario

Figure6.Comprehensivecostoverviewoftheheatingsystems(buildingfrom1970)+runningcosts (20 years)renovationscenario

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Figure7.Feasibilitycalculationoftheinvestmentcostsofheatingsystemsnewconstructionscenario

Figure 8. Comprehensive cost overview of the heating systems + running costs (20 years) newconstructionscenario

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012 6. Thermalcomfort The thermal comfort in a room is significantly determined by the relative humidity. As a hygienic compromiseofthedifferentrequirements,thelimitvaluesof40%and60%applyingeneral. Therebythefollowingrisksareprevented: reductionofsultrinessandatthesametimelowers subjection to infections. reductionofodournuisance increaseddefenceoftheskinagainstmicrobes,avoidanceofelectrostaticchargeand preventionofmouldandfungalgrowth

Toshowtheinteractionbetweenthephysiologicalprocessesinthebodyandthephysicalexchange with the environment, Prof. Povl Ole Fanger [Fanger 1972] developed in 1969 a statistic/mathematical method of objectivised presentation of thermal comfort. Hereby, the fulfilmentofthermalcomfortisbasicallyseenasanenergyservice,whichhastobeprovidedbythe buildinganditstechnology. PredictedMeanVote(PMV)&PredictedPercentageofDissatisfied(PPD) AccordingtoNORMENISO7730[NORMENISO7730:2006],thermalcomfortisdefinedasthe feeling, which expresses satisfaction with the environmental climate. Dissatisfaction can be expressedbydiscomfortofthebodyonthewhole,duetotheimpactofheatorcold. Alreadyinthesixties,FangerdevelopedthesocalledPredictedMeanVotefromthesefactorsand throughlargescalelaboratoryandfieldtrials.Thisisavaluetodeterminethestatisticaveragevote of a human group. The heat balance is taken as a basis, as this is frequently done in the technical sense, and is determined by input meaning heat production and output meaning heat dissipation. TherelationshipbetweenPMVandPPDisthefactthat,ifthisbalanceisequaltozero,thebodyhas tomakenoefforttoachieveabalance.Ifthisdifferencedifferentiatesfromzero,theorganismhasto provideequilibriumandthisisfeltasdiscomfort.Ifthecalculationdivergesintothenegativearea,it meansthatfirstlytheseconditionsarefeltastoocoldandsecondlythatthepredictedpercentageof dissatisfaction increases. The PPD index reacts in the same way, if the PMV index changes to positive,theenvironmentisfeltastoowarm.Figure9presentsthisrelationshipagain,whereby PMV:"PredictedMeamVote"=thepredictedmeanvoteoftheclimate PMV: "PredictedPercentageof Dissatisfied" = predicted percentage of the population dissatisfied withtheclimate. Theoptimum,meansalownumberofdissatisfiedpersons,whichaccordingtoFangerisdefinedby 5%atbest,isachieved,ifthecalculationofthemeanpredictedvoteisequaltozero.

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012
Annotation cold cool slightlycool neutral slightlywarm warm hot FangerSkala 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 percentagedissatisfied 99,1 76,8 26,1 5,0 26,1 76,8 99,1

Figure9.RelationshipPMVandPPDandthecorrespondingfeelingaccordingtoNORM7730 [NORM7730:2006,S.:6]

Betriebszeit

Betriebszeit

Figure10.PMVRate(yearofconstruction1970)

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Betriebszeit

Betriebszeit

Figure11.PPDRate(yearofconstruction1970) In figure 10 of the building of 1970 it is evident that during the heating operation only REDWELL infraredheaterscanbefoundwithinthethermalcomfortlimits,respectivelyasshowninfigure11, REDWELLinfraredheaterscomenearesttotheoptimumofthe0%PPDrate. Criteriaoflocalcomfort Apart from criteria of statistical comfort, further criteria can be determined to define thermal comfort.Inthiscontextthemeanmonthlychangesoftemperatureofcertainsurfaceswereanalysed andshowninfigure12.Thevaluescorrespondtothemeansurfacetemperaturesforallfloorsafter thelatestrenovationmeasuresforthe1970constructedbuilding.

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Figure12.internaltemperaturesofsurfacesofacharacteristiccellarwall (yearofconstruction1970)

One can see that during the operation of the different heating systems, the REDWELL infrared heatersachievesurfacetemperaturesontheinsidewallwhicharegenerallyby0,51,5Chigherthan the surface temperature when heating with a new gasfired boiler. Furthermore, this curve for REDWELLinfraredheatersisvalidforallwallsofaroom,asopposedtothecurvesforthegasfired boilersystem,whichisonlyvalidforthewallareaaroundtheheater.Alltheotherwallsurfacesare still significantly colder. This condition contributes considerably to the improvement of thermal comfortthroughtheoperationofREDWELLinfraredheaters.

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LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI GR-54124 THESSALONIKI TEL. +30 2310 996015 FAX. +30 2310 996012

Summary
Withregardtoenergyuse,REDWELLinfraredheatersareextremelyefficientandeffective,asone canseeinthecomparisontoconventionalheatingsystems.Whenitcomestoprimaryenergyuseas well as to ecoefficiency over the entire life cycle they rank amongst the best solutions. Even in consideringcostsandfeasibility,REDWELLinfraredheatersproduceimpressiveresults,comparedto conventionalheatingsystems Regardingthermalcomfort,REDWELLinfraredheatersprincipallyhavetheedgeonallconventional heating systems with convective heaters, provided the building shell is well insulated. Even when comparing underfloor heating systems with high thermal inertia, the advantages of REDWELL infraredheatersprevail.AlsoconcerningtheirfabricationandtheirresultingdurabilitytheREDWELL infraredheatersareunsurpassed,astheyhavenomovingpartsorfluidworkingmedium,whereby theyhavepracticallyallmodernqualitydistinctionsandtestcertificates. TheuseofREDWELLinfraredheatersinwellinsulatedbuildingsfulfilstheexistingrequirementsof theEnEV2009. AcombinationofREDWELLinfraredheatersandsolarthermalandphotovoltaicsystemsresultsin anenvironmental,economicalandenergeticoptimaloverallsolution,whichoutperformsanyother heating system. Especially in the refurbishment of old buildings, the use of REDWELL infrared heaters is the most economical solution for the building owner. But also in new constructions, REDWELL infrared heaters definitely represent an economically and ecologically reasonable alternativetoconventionalheatingsystems.

Conclusion
The study clearly shows that REDWELL infrared heaters have the absolute edge on other heating systems such as direct electrical heating and airtowater heat pumps, when considering all economicalandecologicalaspects.Furthermore,theycanbeconsideredasfeasiblealternativesto oil and gas heating, as well. This is the reason why we strongly recommend defining a special category for Infrared Heaters within thedifferent heating systems, in order to classify them in the appropriatemannerandinaccordancewiththeirhighperformancecapacityinthesystemicprocess ofEnEV2009.

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