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STOCK MARKET DICTIONARY..

A-Z
"A group shares"
*stocks having very high liquidity.
*company having large equity base and large public holding.
*company having consistantly good performance over the years

B1 GROUP SHARES
*shares having high liquidity
*company having an equity above Rs.30million
*company having fundamentals and financial parameters in line with
the industry.

B2 GROUP SHARES
*shares having low trading volume at the EXCHANGES indicating low
investor intrest
*shares trading below par value(face value)
*company having an equity below Rs.30million
*company's chares being not widely held
*company having surveillance measure initiated against it by the
EXCHANGES for suspected price manipulations.

A-D INDEX OR ADVANCE-DECLINE INDEX

a useful tool for detecting bullish or bearish trend in stock market in


which one divides the number of traded shares which have risen in
price by those which have fallen...
eg)if 200 shares have advanced and 100 declined on a particular day
the A-D INDEX is 2..number more than 1 indicates a bull trend and
less than 1 a bear trend.

ALPHA FACTOR
concept which measures the inherent volatility of share.Ashare with
alpha factor of 1.5 is slated to rise in prise by 50% in a year on its
inherent strength,such as growth in eps,regardless of the behavior of
the market.

ANNUALIZED YEILD
The calculation:
(NAV-face value+divident paid)/(Face value*number of years)

ARBITRAGE
profiting from differences in peice of the same share traded on two or
more stock exchanges.An arbtrageur makes money by buying in lower
market and immediately thereafter selling in the higher market,or vice
versa,thereby making a profit.

ASPIRIN COUNT THEORY


A lighthearted approach to the market behavior which posits that if
aspirin consumption rises in the country,about a year later the market
will fall and vice versa.....

ASSET VALUE OR NAV


term used by mutual funds and other investment trusts,to indicate the
net tangible asset value of each share,calculated by taking the total
value of an investment portfolio on market rates on a certain date and
dividing it by the number of outstanding shares.the net asset value of
a mutual fund indicates how well or badly the fund managers have
played the stock market.

ASSIMILATION
complete absorption of a new issue(IPO) by the market,i.e. with no
shares unsubscribed

BAROMETER STOCK
A share, usually a blue chip,whose price is taken to show the state of
the share market.it is a widely held,frequently traded share with a
stable price record.its BETA COEFFICIENT is 1

BASE MARKET VALUE


Average market price of a group of shares at a given time.Used for
plotting changes in market indexing.

BASIS POINT
.o1% of yeild of a fixed intrest bond.Thus with the fluctuation of price
of a bond,if the yeild increases from 14.27% to 15.31%,there has
been increase of 104 basis points.

BETA FACTOR
A measure of performance of a perticular share in relaton to the
general movement of the market.if a share has a beta of 1 its rise and
fall corresponds exactly with the market.with a beta factor of 2 its rise
and fall is double.with beta of 0.5 the perticular share will rise only 55
if the market rises 10% and falls 5% if the market falls by 10%.shares
with negative betas are contrarian shares.

BIGGER FOOL THEORY


you may have been foolish enough to buy an overpriced stock,but you
believe that there is an even bigger fool who will buy it from you at
higher price..

BLACK KNIGHT
An unwelcome takeover bidder

BLOCK TRADE
Trading large blocks of shares,usually by mutual funds or institutional
investors.there are specialiat brokers who carry out the trade
discreetly,without unduly affecting the price movement of the shares.

BOOK CLOSURE
before a company declares a dividend or issues bonus or rights
shares,it closes its register of members for a certain period,from
1week to 1 month,during which no transfer of shares is
registered.after book closure shares are quoted ex-divident,ex-bonus
or ex-rights prices.

BOOK VALUE
1)the value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet.since the
asset is subjected to depreciation,the book value is lower every
year.cost minus accumulated depreciation will thus show the book
value ok an asset.
2)the net asset value(NAV)of a company's share.take the total assets
of a company and deduct current liabilities,long term liabilities,and
preferance shares.what remains is shareholders fund,divide this by the
number of shares issued.the result is the book value of a share.
NOTE: A GOOD COMPANY SHOULD FOCUS ON INCREASING ITS BOOK
VALUE(ASSET) YEAR AFTER YEAR.

BRAND EQUITY
Abrand is a promise of quality,and brand equity is a value addition to a product or a
company.

BUY ORDER
An order to the stockbroker to buy shares either at the BEST price or within a price
limit(LIMIT ORDER)

CAPITAL EMPLOYED
net assets used in a business to make profits

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
expenditure on acuring fixed,rather than liquid assets
CAPITAL GEARING
the ratio of fixed interest loan and preference shares to the ordinary share capital of a
company.
LOW GEARED:more share capital than loan.
HIGHLY GEARED: more loan than share capital.

CAPITAL ISSUE
the issue of shares by a company,whether new issue or premium issue or rights issue.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF COMPANIES


the capital of a new company consists of issued and subscribed equity shares,redeemable
preferance shares,and secured and unsecured loans.when the company is making
profits,that part of the profits remaining undistributed among the shareholders is
transfered to reserves and becomes part of the capital structure.

CAPITAL SURPLUS
the difference between the nominal or face value of the shares sold by a company to the
public and the sum realised by selling them as a premium issue.

CAPITAL TURNOVER
annual sales divided by paid up equity.studies over a period,it shows the extent to whicha
company can grow without additional capital investment.

CAPITALIZATION
conversion of free reserves of a limited company into capital by issuing bonus shares.

CAPTIVE FUND
venture capital fund wholly owned by a larger body than individual entrepreneurs.

CASH FLOW
it is the amount earned by a company before depreciation and other deductions which do
not require any cash outlay.it is also called cash earnings per share.

CUM-BONUS
shares with bonus entitlement.buyer of such shares receive the bonus shares distributed
by a company on registration on their shares before the rocord date.

CUM-DIVIDEND
the buyer of the share is entitled to the dividend if he buys the share before the closure of
the company's books.these shares are sold at a slightly higher price than the ex-dividend
shares.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
a system to curb excesive speculation in the stock market,applied by the stock
exchange.when the index spurts or plunges more than a % decided by the authorities,then
the trading is then suspended for some time to let the market cool.
NOTE:THIS HAPPENED DURING THE CRASH IN 2006 MAY...TRADING WAS
SUSPENDED FOR 1 HR TO STOP THE FREE FALL OF THE MARKET.

CONSOLIDATION
a continued upward or downward trend,within a narrow range,of share prices of a
company,or in general,indicating an imminent breakout in the same direction.

CONTRARIAN SHARES
shares which behave in a fashion contrary to the general stock market trend, i.e.,which fll
in rishing market and rise in falling market.

COOKING THE BOOK


falsifying the financial accounts of a company to keep the share holders happy and to
attract investors with the lure of high profit.a high level accounting skill combines with
low level cunning to achieve this end.certain expences are omitted,liabilities are
concealed,write-offs delayed,valuation reserves not provided for,and other shuch
fraudulent practices are followed to present a false picture.

COST OF CAPITAL
the return that an investment could earn if another,alternative investment with equal
risk,were chosen.also called the opportunity cost.

CURRENT RATIO
the ratio of current assets to current liabilities.if it is more than 1,the company's operation
are in a healthy state.

DAY ORDER
an order,which is only good for the day it is placed,to a stockbroker to buy or sell
particular shares.if the order is to be held till it can be executed,its called a GOOD-TILL-
CANCELLED order

DEBT-EQUITY RATIO
1)the total liabilities of a company divided by the shareholders equity.
2)the total long term debt divided by shareholders equity.
3)the total long term debt plus the par value(face value) of preferance shares divided by
the par value(face value) of the equity shares.
*this ratio measure a company's solvency.

DEFLATION
opposite to inflation,it is a reduction in national income and output,accompanied by a
general fall in prices.it can be brought about by reduced imports,higher taxation,and high
intrest rates,among other measures.during a deflation period the stock market usually
suffers from depression.
DEGEARING
replacing fixed intrest loan by issuing equity shares of a comparable value.this is done to
lower the company's capital gearing or leverage.

DELTA STOCKS
the least liquid shares of a stock exchange.

DEMAND -PULL INFLATION


inflation caused by the increase in demand in excess of the industry's capacity to supply.

DEPRECIATED COST
the net book value of an asset after accumulated depreciation has been deducted from the
original cost.

DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW


evaluation of discounted future cash flow in terms of their present value.

DIVIDEND
payment made to shareholders,usually once or twice a year out of a company's profit after
tax.dividend payments do not distribute the entire net profit of a copany,a part or
substantial part of which is held back as reserves for the company's expansion.dividend is
declared on the face value of a share,and not on its market price.

DIVIDEND YIELD
dividend per share divided by its market price,multiplied by 100.
eg.,50% dividend on a share of 230,face value rs.10 is (5/230)*100=2.17%

DOLLAR COST AVERAGING


rather than buying a large number of shares all at once,at one price,the strategy of
dividing the investible amount into a number of equal parts and buying at different
intervals,to take advantage of lower prices.useful strategy during bear phase when the
lowest price of a share cannot be known.

EARNINGS TO EQUITY RATIO


profit after tax minus dividend on preference shares divided by equity share capital plus
reserves, and the sum multiplied by a hundred.this ratio indicates how profitable the
company is making use of its capital.

ELLIOTT WAVE THEORY


a theory of recognition of market trend which postulates that the market follows a pattern
of five waves up and three waves down to form a cycle of eight waves and that moves in
shoet and long cycles.

EARNINGS PER SHARE


one of the most wildly used indicators of the worth of a share.
eps=PAT/no of shares.
EXACT INTEREST
interest calculated on 365 days a year,as against 360 days of ordinary interest.

EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING


any general meeting other than the annual general meeting,called to obtain shareholders
consent to urgent decisions.

FILL OR KILL ORDER


an order to a stockbroker to buy or sell a particular share immediately.if the order is not
executed at once,it should be treated as cancel.

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE
distinguished from capital structure of a company which includes only long term debt
debt and equity.the financial structure is influenced by the growth and stability of
sales,market competition,the quantumof profits,the attitude of short-term lenders,and the
efficiency of the company's management.the financial structure helps take leverage
decisions.

FLOATING STOCK
the number of shares of a company that is traded on the stock exchange;usually a fraction
of the total number issued and outstanding.

FLOTATION
raising the necessary capital for a new company by an open offer to the public to
subscribe shares or through private placement.when the company is already in existance
as a private company,but wishes to expand and go public,flotation is the process by which
it goes to a merchant bank or any financial institution which then offers shares to the
public.

FREE CAPITAL
cash.also shares of a company available to the public,i.e.those not held by the controlling
share holders or those not on firm allotment to institutions.

FULLY DILUTED EPS


EPS after accounting for all rights,bonuses,and issue of convertable debentures during a
period.

FULLY PAID SHARE CAPITAL


share capital whose full value has been realized from the investors,as against partly paid
up share capital where investors have yet to pay one or more calls.

FULLY VALUED
a share which has attained a price that has taken into full consideration the fundamental
strength of the company.if the price futher increases the share will become overvalued;if
it decreases the share will be undervalued.
GAMMA STOCKS
shares of small companies which are traded infrequently.

GDP
gross domestic product.

GILT-EDGED
government securities and bonds,usually with an unattractive interest rate,these are
nevertheless very safe assets to hold,as the government is responisble for the payment of
interest and refund originally such certificates were edged with gold.

GOLDEN SHARE
a share that controls 51% or more of the voting rights of a company.

GOOD-TILL-CANCELLED ORDER (GTC)


a client's order to buy or sell shares,usually at a specific price, which remains valid till
executed.different from a day order or a fill or kill order.

GREEN SHOE OPTION


a provision in an agreement with the underwriters of an issue which states that in event of
exceptional investor interest the issuer will authorise additional share for distribution.

GROSS BLOCK
value of a company's fixed assets before depreciation,the gross assets of a company
include land,buildings,machinery and office equipment.

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT


the total value in money of all finished goods and services produced in an economy in
one full year,and all net properly income from abroad.the GNP growth rate is one of the
most important economic indicators of a country's health.

GROSS PROFIT
net sales minus the cost of production,but without deduction of interest,depreciation,and
taxes.

GROSS SALES
total sales at the full value of a commodity,before commissions and discounts are
deducted.

GROWTH RATE
the growth rate is measured by the increased earning of a company over its previous
achievement,expressed in percentage.

HAIRCUT
the difference between the buying price and selling price of a market maker.
HEAD AND SHOULDER
a pattern in a share price chart with two short bulges on either side and a large one in the
middle,resembling the head and shoulder of a person.as the price moves down from the
head to the right shoulder,we see this as a signal for aa further fall in prices and vice
versa.

HEDGING AGAINST INFLATION


protecting one's savings from loss of value through inflation by investing in such items
whose price rises with the general rise in prices.historically,the stock market has always
kept pace with inflation.

HIDDEN RESERVES
funds held by a company but not disclosed in the balance sheet.this may be done by not
disclosing an asset or deliberately undervaluing it to reduce taxation.

HIGH GRADE BOND


a loan instrument graded triple A or double A by CRISIL.

HYPERINFLATION
swiftly rising prices at the rate of 50% or more a month.

HYPOTHECATION
pledging assets against a loan.the owner of the asset or the income from the asset is not
transfered,expect that in default of repayment of the loan the asset may be sold to realize
its value.brokers will accept shares as collateral for loans to finance purchase of shares or
to cover short sales.

INCOME SHARES
shares with low p/e and low price.gives good dividend,somethimes equalling or excelling
the rate from fixed deposit.the companies follow a policy of high payouts.

INCOME TAX REBATE


the varies opportunities for gaining rebates are now curtailed.under section 80L interest
and dividend income up to rs7000 is exempted from income.under section 80
investements in approves schemes like the NSS,NSC,PFF,LIC schemes,etc.will qualify
for a 20% rebate on the gross tax up yo a savings limit of rs 60000.

INDEX FUND
mutual fund whose portfolio of shares is identical to a well known index,such as sensex
or nifty.such an investment policy reflects the brief that trying to beat the market index
over the long term is futile,and it is best to keep up with the market.

INDEXATION
the practice of relating economic variables such as wages,taxes,annuities,dearness
allowness,and pensions to changes in the general price level,which offers some relief
against inflation,but leaves savers and lenders worse off.

INFLATION ACCOUNTING
supplementing traditional financial statements by showing the effects of inflation on the
items contained in them,and adjusting profit and loss accordingly.

INFLATION AND THE RUPEE


under the pressure of varing rates of inflation,the value of a rupee against today's
purchasing power is worked out.

INFLATION HEDGE
an asset whose market price keeps ahead of the rate of inflation,so that the owner of the
asset suffers no loss od purchasing power.

INSIDER TRADING
an illegal activity in which persons in a company having confidential information,such as
expansion plans,financial results,takeover bids,etc., take advantage of such information to
make a profit on the stock exchange by buying or selling shares.

INSOLVENCY
if a company is unable to pay its creditors because it doesn't have liquid funds,it is
techiically insolvent.if a creditor presses for payment and the comapny cannot pay within
a short period,the creditor can sue the company and it may have to sell off some assets to
meet the obligation.if the company's assets fall below its liabilities,it is insolvent in the
sense of bankruptcy.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS
unseen and non-physical assets of a company which are of value to it and also perhaps a
cash value.these increase the value of a company in the market.such assets are
trademarks,copyright,franchise,permits,etc.

INTEREST COVER
the ratio of a company's earnings to interest due.the interest is for the loan capital of the
company.

INTEREST RATE RISK


with rise and fall of interest rates,announced by the RBI from time to time,the fortunes of
the bond and stock markets are closely tied.highly leveraged companies suffer if the
interest rate rises,as they have to pay more for their borrowing.this reduces their
profitability.

INTERIM DIVIDEND
an advance instalment of the dividend finally declared.more often one,but sometimes tow
such payments are made.the final dividend is often at least equal,and sometimes more.the
interim dividend is a fair indication of a company's profitability,during the working year.

INTRINSIC VALUE
the intrinsic value of a share,as against its market driven prices,is its fundamental strength
and potential measured by data like sales,operating profit,book value,debt
structure,market share,future potential,etc..

INVENTORY TURNOVER
annual sales divided by the average cost of the inventory gives the ratio of inventory
turnover.higher the ratio,the more prosperous the company.

ISSUES CAPITAL
the amount of authorised capital issued by a company.a part of the authorised capital may
be withheld for subsequent issue,at par or at a premium.

JOINT VENTURE
collaboration,usually both collaborators have equity stakes in the company.

LAY OFF
selling off unsubscribed portions of a rights offer by the issuer to the underwriter at the
offer price.

LEASE -BACK
an arrangement under which a company,in order to raise cash,sells a piece of
equipment,land, or building on condition that the buyer will lease it back to the seller for
an agreed rental, for a fixed term.

LEVERAGED BUYOUT
taking over a company,using borrowed funds.

LEVERAGED COMPANY
a company with borrowed funds in its capital structure.if the debt component is more
than a third of the capitalization,its called a highly leveraged company.

LIQUIDATION
the winding up of the business of a company,either through bankruptcy or through a
resolution passed by the shareholders when the purpose of the company has been
fulfilled.

LOAD
additional charge to cover expenses,usually administrative.this is usually deducted from
the NAV of a mutual fund unit at the time of repurchase by the fund.

MARGIN
the difference in prices at which a jobber will buy and sell.also called a HAIRCUT
MARGIN ACCOUNT
an account with a brokerage firm which will allow the client to buy shares with money
borrowed from the broker.margin requirements can be met with a deposit in cash or
shares.

MARKET CAPITALIZATION
the total market value,at the current stock exchange list price,of the total number of
equity shares issued by a company.

MARKET SHARE
the percentage of an individual company's sale of a product in relation to the total sales of
that product by all companies.

MINIMUM LENDING RATE


the rate of interest charged by the central bank of a country to a discount approved bills of
exchange or make short-term loans.it is the rate which determines the domestic interest
rates charged by banks.

MOU
memorandum of understanding,setting out terms of a contract,for technical collaboration.

OPERATING PROFIT OR LOSS


profit or loss arising out of the principal business of a company.

OPERATING RATIOS
these measure a company's operating efficency by comparing various income and
expenditure figures from the balance sheet and profit and loss account.some of these
ratios are sales to cost of goods sold,operating income to operating expense,net profit to
gross income,net income to net worth.these are compared with the company's previous
results,and the industry averages

PAID UP CAPITAL
capital acquired by selling shares to investors,as distinguished from capital accumulatated
from earnings or from secured or unsecured loans.

PAYOUT RATIO
this is dividend per share divided by earnings per share and the sum multiplied by 100.if
the payour ratio is 40%,it means that 40% of the company's profits after tax have been
distributedd as dividend and 60% transfered to reserves.a very high payout may not be
healthy,as it will slow down the building up of an adequate reserve.

P/D RATIO
price-dividend ratio;price /last dividend;measures the value of an investment.
PSU
public sector undertaking,run by government

PUBLIC OFFERING
offering shares to the investing public,as distinguished from rights offering to existing
shareholders.

QUICK ASSETS
these are liquid or near-liquid asssets,such as cash,money in bank,gold,etc.

RATE OF TURNOVER
total annual sales divided by the average inventory shows the speed with which stock has
been turned over.

RETURN ON EQUITY
net income of a company as a percentage of its equity capital.

REVENUE ITEMS
these are expenses incurred,and income earned in the course of carrying on a business
and are shown in the income statement of a company as revenue account.

RIGHTS ISSUE
issue of shares at par or at a premium by an existing company to its share holders in a
certain proportion to their holdings,as a matter of their right to receive preferential
treatment.

RULE OF 72
a most useful formula for calculating the number of years an investment will take at a
compound rate of interest to double.divide 72 by the compound rate of interest and you
get the period of time.or again,if you know the period of tme it takes an investment to
double,divide 72 by the number of years and you will get the coumpound interest rate.

SHARE OPTION
a reward sometimes ofered to the employees of a company to buy shares at a favourable
price or on a preferential basis.

V -FORMATION
a chart pattern in techinical analysis which forms a V,in which indicates that the share
price has bottomed out and is on an upward course,a reverse V will indicate the opposite
trend.

W-FORMATION
chart pattern,forming a W,showing that a share's price has hit the support level twice,and
is now likely to move up.

YIELD
divedend divided by market price multiplied by 100.
BOOKS WHICH WILL HELP
*INTELLIGENT INVESTOR
*HOW TO PICK STOCKS LIKE WARREN BUFFET
*THE REAL WARREN BUFFET
*BEATING THE STREET
*ONE UP ON WALL STREET
*WARREN BUFFET SPEAKS
*WARREN BUFFET WAY

HOW TO READ ANNUAL REPORTS AND BALANCE SHEETS-RAGHU


R.PALAT

Trading cycle
1. We accumulate trading information - buying books, going to seminars and researching.
2. We begin to trade with our 'new' knowledge.
3. We consistently 'donate' and then realize we may need more knowledge or information.
4. We accumulate more information.
5. We switch the commodities we are currently following.
6. We go back into the market and trade with our 'updated' knowledge.
7. We get 'beat up' again and begin to lose some of our confidence. Fear starts setting in.
8. We start to listen to 'outside news' & other traders.
9. We go back into the market and continue to donate.
10. We switch commodities again.
11. We search for more trading information.
12. We go back into the market and continue to donate.
13. We get 'overconfident' & market humbles us.
14. We start to understand that trading success fully is going to take more time and more
knowledge then we anticipated.

many Traders Will Give up at this Point as they Realize Work is Involved

15. We get serious and start concentrating on learning a 'real' methodology.


16. We trade our methodology with some success, but realize that something is missing.
17. We begin to understand the need for having rules to apply our methodology.
18. We take a sabbatical from trading to develop and research our trading rules.
19. We start trading again, this time with rules and find some success, but overall we still
hesitate when it comes time to execute. We start trading again, this time with rules and
find some success, but overall we still hesitate when it comes time to execute.
20. We add, subtract and modify rules as we see a need to be more proficient with our
rules.
21. We go back into the market and continue to donate. We go back into the market and
continue to donate.
22. We start to take responsibility for our trading results as we understand that our
success is in us, not the trade methodology.
23. We continue to trade and become more proficient with our methodology and our
rules.
24. As we trade we still have a tendency to violate our rules and our results are erratic.
25. We know we are close.
26. We go back and research our rules.
27. We build the confidence in our rules and go back into the market and trade.
28. Our trading results are getting better, but we are still hesitating in executing our rules.
29. We now see the importance of following our rules as we see the results of our trades
when we don't follow them.
30. We begin to see that our lack of success is within us (a lack of discipline in following
the rules because of some kind of fear) and we begin to work on knowing ourselves
better.
31. We continue to trade and the market teaches us more and more about ourselves.
32. We master our methodology and trading rules.
33. We begin to consistently make money. We begin to consistently make money.
34. We get a little overconfident and the market humbles us.
35. We continue to learn our lessons.
36. We stop thinking and allow our rules to trade for us (trading becomes boring, but
successful) and our trading account continues to grow as we increase our contract size.
37. We are making more money then we ever dreamed to be possible.
38. We go on with our lives and accomplish many of the goals we had always dreamed
of.

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