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add forces to the diagram below to produce a free-body force diagram for the trolley.
(3)
what evidence is there that the trolley is moving with constant velocity?
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(1)
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(1)
what does the value of the acceleration indicate about the forces acting on the trolley?
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(1)
(total 6 marks)
2. this question rewarded those candidates who understood the use of labelled free-body force
diagrams as well as those who understood the relationship between the resultant force and
acceleration of a body. many candidates gained all six marks, but some omitted all labels on the
diagram whilst others thought the acceleration down the slope at constant velocity was equal to
g.
v /m s –1
0 t/s
0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5
– 5 .0
at what time does the graph show the ball in contact with the ground for the third time?
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(1)
the downward sloping lines on the graph are straight and parallel with each other. why?
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(2)
show that the height from which the ball was dropped is about 1.2 m.
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(2)
sketch a displacement-time curve on the axes below for the first second of the motion.
D is p la c e m e n t /m
0 t/s
0 .5 1 .0
(3)
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(1)
(total 9 marks)
0 t/s
0 .5 1 .0
5.
palaeontologists are able to deduce much about the behaviour of dinosaurs from the study of
fossilised footprints.
the tracks below show the path of a tyrannosaurus rex as it attacks a stationary triceratops.
10 m
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(2)
tyrannosaurus rex is believed to have attacked its prey by charging and locking its jaws on the
prey. tyrannosaurus rex would be at its maximum speed when it hit the stationary prey.
this tyrannosaurus rex has a mass of 7000 kg. calculate its momentum just before it hits the
triceratops.
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momentum =…………………………………………………
(2)
triceratops has a mass of 5000 kg. calculate their combined speed immediately after the
collision.
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the skull of tyrannosaurus rex is heavily reinforced to withstand the force produced in such a
collision.
calculate the force exerted on the tyrannosaurus rex if the time taken to reach their combined
speed after the collision is 0.30 s.
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force =…………………………………………………
(3)
(total 10 marks)
A
B
complete the diagram to show an experimental arrangement you could use to determine how the
trolley’s position varies with time.
(2)
the data is used to produce a velocity-time graph for the trolley. below is the graph for the
motion from point a to point b. time is taken to be zero as the trolley passes a, and the trolley
passes b 0.70 s later.
2 .0
V e lo c ity
v / m s –1
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 0 .1 0 0 .2 0 0 .3 0 0 .4 0 0 .5 0 0 .6 0 0 .7 0
T im e t/s
u = ..................................................
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a = ..................................................
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(3)
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ab = ...............................................................
(3)
on the axes below sketch a graph to show how the displacement x of the trolley from point a
varies with time t. add a scale to each axis.
x / m
t / s
(3)
(total 11 marks)
4 Ô9. a ball is dropped from a high window onto a concrete floor. the velocity–time graph for part of
its motion is shown.
v /m s –1
A
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 t/s
–10
–20
–30
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gradient = .................................................
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(3)
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(1)
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height = ....................................................
(3)
(total 7 marks)
10. gradient
use a gradient or use of υ = u + at (1)
–2
10 (either no unit or m s ) (1)
[a bare answer of 9.8 gets no marks; a bare answer of 10 gets 2 marks]
significance
it is the acceleration (due to gravity) or close to g (1) 3
ball at point a
it hit the floor/bounces/(idea of collision with floor) (1) 1
calculation of height of window above ground
an area / quote an equation of motion (1)
put in relevant numbers for large triangle / correct substitution
[ecf from first part, or use of 9.8] (1)
45 m [accept 44 to 46] (1) 3
[7]
v /m s –1
24
20
16
12
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
t/s
calculate
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distance = ...............................................
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Va H o riz o n ta l
A
Vb
45°
B T
(a) the initial velocity of ball a is va and that of ball b is vb. explain why the magnitude of vb
must be greater than that of va.
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(b) the paths at and bt have different lengths. however, balls a and b take the same time to
reach the target t. explain how this is possible. you may be awarded a mark for the clarity
of your answer.
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(total 5 marks)
(i) ( ii)
D is p la c e m e n t V e lo c ity
T im e T im e
( iii) ( iv )
M o m e n tu m W o rk d o n e
T im e T im e
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(total 4 marks)
17. a cricketer bowls a ball from a height of 2.3 m. the ball leaves the hand horizontally with a
velocity u. after bouncing once, it passes just over the stumps at the top of its bounce. the stumps
are 0.71 m high and are situated 20 m from where the bowler releases the ball.
2 .3 m
0 .7 1 m
S tu m p s
20 m
(a) show that from the moment it is released, the ball takes about 0.7 s to fall 2.3 m.
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(2)
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time = …………………………………….
(3)
(c) use your answers to parts (a) and (b) to calculate the initial horizontal velocity u of the
ball. you may assume that the horizontal velocity has remained constant.
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velocity = …………………………………….
(2)
(d) in reality the horizontal velocity would not be constant. state one reason why.
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(1)
(total 8 marks)
v= 20m
0.68s + 0.38s
–1 –1
= 18.86 m s [18.18 m s if 1.1 s used]
(d) why horizontal velocity would not be constant
friction/drag/air resistance/inelastic collision at bounce or impact (1) 1
/ transfer or loss of ke (to thermal and sound) at bounce or impact
(would continuously reduce the velocity/ kinetic energy).
[also allow ‘friction between ball and surface when it bounces
(will reduce velocity/kinetic energy)’].
[any reference to gravitational force loses this mark.
a specific force must be mentioned, eg resistive forces is not enough.]
[8]