EXPERIMENT 1

AIM: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing. THEORY:

Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of discrete time signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing. DSP includes subfields like: audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal processing for communications, control of systems, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, etc. The goal of DSP is usually to measure, filter and/or compress continuous real-world analog signals. The first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, bysampling it using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which turns the analog signal into a stream of numbers. However, often, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which requires a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Even if this process is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range, the application of computational power to digital signal processing allows for many advantages over analog processing in many applications, such as error detection and correction in transmission as well as data compression. DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specialized processors called digital signal processors (DSPs), or on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs). Today there are additional technologies used for digital signal processing including more powerful general purpose microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal controllers (mostly for industrial apps such as motor control), and stream processors, among others.

The block diagram of the DSP system is given below:

ADVANTAGES OF DSP:
Easy to store and use and that is why computers use it. Digital data is designed and artificially created, so it is efficient. DSP is easy to reconfigure as it is made up of hardware as well as software. Flexibility in reconfiguration. Accuracy of signal processing. Ease of storage. Less sensitive to component tolerance and environmental changes. Volume production without need of re-adjustment during construction rearrangement. Amiable to full integration. Multi-rate signal processing. No-loading effect due to cascading. Low frequency processing. Size and reliability.

and

DISADVANTAGES OF DSP:
Digital communications require more bandwidth than analog to transmit the same information. Due to quantization, an error is always there. Complexity. Sample and hold, Analog to digital and digital to analog convertor affect speed of operation. If sampling frequency increases then resolution of the ADC decreases.

APPLICATION OF DSP:
The main applications of DSP are audio signal processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video compression,speech processing, speech recognition, digital communications, RADAR, SONAR, seismology and biomedicine. Specific examples are speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones, room correction of sound in hi-fi and sound reinforcement applications, weather forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control ofindustrial processes, medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, computer graphics, image manipulation, hi-fi loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers.