DS Bennie

16740262 MAGNETISM

Introduction: A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space (in addition to the electric field) The magnetic field exerts a force F on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. When you split a magnet you will get two new magnets not an isolated north and south pole. Motion of a charged particle in a Magnetic field:

Magnets: NB!!! A stationary charge near a magnet experiences NO NET FORCE! Magnets interact through a magnetic field

like magnetic poles repel, while opposite magnetic poles attract. *rstern and Ampre discovered that a charged particle will deflect when moving through a magnetic field. the magnitude of this force is given by:

behaviour in a field If the velocity of a charged particle is at an angle to the magnetic field then you spilt it into a parallel and a perpendicular component: parallel component: perpendicular component:

The direction of the force can be determined by the righthand rule:

coming out

and going into

the page

where m is the mass of the particle and R is the radius of a circular orbit in a magnetic field. Angular speed: Period:

where is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field. *If the velocity is parallel to the magnetic field then the magnetic force is zero. *If the velocity is perpendicular to the B-field then the particle rotates around the B-field, and FB is now the centripetal force. Motion of a charged particle in a Magnetic field continued: Frequency: number of revolutions per unit time

note: the magnetic field does NO work on the particle, so its speed and kinetic energy remains constant.

Pitch of a helix: distance travelled along the helix per revolution. Acceleration of the particle:

DS Bennie

16740262 MAGNETISM

Force on a Current-Carrying Wire: A straight wire, carrying current I in a magnetic field B, will experience a FB (provided the wire makes a non-zero angle with the field.

Mechanical Torque:

for an electric motor:

The direction of the current will determine the force. The Magnetic Dipole: The current circulating within a loop is often encounter in the physical world: a) Electrons moving in a electric motor. b) Electron revolving around in an atom. c) Nucleus revolving around its centre (NMR).A circulating current can be described by a single vector known as the magnetic dipole moment. =magnetic dipole moment=IA also for a solenoid with N turns thus: where A is the area between the loops. Mass Spectrometer: Mass spectrometers are used to measure the mass of ions. Mass More inertia Less deflection.

and

DS Bennie

16740262 MAGNETISM

Currents in a magnetic field: Current = moving charges Moving charge + perpendicular magnetic field = magnetic force A compass in a magnetic field:

Biot-Savart Law: The magnetic field is given as for segments of a wire: where (permeability constant for free space) *the magnitude of the contribution to the field is: where FB was perpendicular to B, so too is B perpendicular to the current which caused it. For a straight wire:

always points north to south. Compasses placed around a wire producing a magnetic field due to the current flowing through it will point in a circle:

if the current is reversed the needles will point in the opposite direction, a 180 flip. As the current increases the deflection of the needle will increase. (For a fixed distance from the wire) For an electric field due to charge:

every current element in the upper half of the wire has a corresponding element in the lower half causing the same field at P. For a current carrying coil:

the source of the magnetic field is current. The magnetic field lines circulate around the current conducting wire. For a circular wire:

we only need to consider dBx as the perpendicular components dBy = 0 the wire is not a continuous circle. Between two parallel currents:

For a coil with N turns we have a magnetic dipole =NiA Thus the formula is the same as the expression for the electric field along the axis of an electric dipole.

The current loop produces a magnetic field like that of a bar magnet and thus has north and south poles. (direction determined by the right hand curled fingers rule)

Fba=Fab and are thus an action-reaction pair if the currents are parallel they attract, if they are antiparallel they will repel. The currents produce fields that act on one another.

DS Bennie

16740262 MAGNETISM

Amperes Law: Amperes Law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed (Amperian) loop to the net amount of current which is enclosed by loop. (Gaus law for magnetism)

Magnetic field outside a long, straight conductor:

which gives us the same equation we had before for a straight wire:

Magnetic field of a solenoid:

Faradays law of induction: The induced emf in a closed loop equals the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop

n=amount of turns. This is the magnitude of the magnetic filed inside a infinitely long solenoid, it only applies for real solenoids and only when it is applied to the interior points well away from the ends. Eddy Currents: Circulating currents (whirl pools). Circulating Eddy are produced when a sheet of metal is passed through a magnetic field.

Lenzs law: The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the cause of effect.

Mutual Inductance and Transformers: this causes the sheet of metal to slow down even though the metal is not magnetic.

Self-Inductance:

From Lenzs law: From Lenzs law:

flux through N loops

DS Bennie

16740262 MAGNETISM

AC currents and Transformers: Through mutual inductance an ac voltage can be stepped up (increased) or stepped down (decreased)

Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerating charges i.e. changing current. Changing current (Electric field) produces a changing magnetic field.

Induced emf:

Flux through both loops:

Changing magnetic field induces a changing electric field, directed perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Assuming that all the energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary coil: Power(primary) = Power(secondary) Electric Power = IV V= EMF

Changing electric field produces a changing magnetic field, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum:

Where:

To tune a radio:

Electromagnetic waves are characterized according to their frequencies (wavelengths)

Hoofstukke 27 30 (31 + 32 Lees) LOS UIT Afdelings: 27.8; 27.9; 28.8; 29.4; 29.5; 29.7; 29.8; 30.3-30.6;