By:

Supervisor:

Moh.FifikSyafiudin

National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL), Indonesia

Dr.RSChatterjee

Geosciences Division IIRS, Dehradun, India

MAPPING LAND SUBSIDENCE PHENOMENON IN BANDUNG BASIN INDONESIA USING SPACEBORNE ASIN, DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (D(D-InSAR) TECHNIQUE
M.Tech Research Project

Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP) (Affiliated to the United Nations)

Indian I tit t f R I di Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), National Remote Sensing C t (NRSC) t S i (IIRS) N ti lR t S i Centre Department of Space, Government of India Dehra Dun, INDIA 2009

Background
g, g , It is cost-effective tool for land subsidence monitoring, e.g., due to groundwater over-extraction, over a large area (e.g., 100 km x 100 km) Among various aerial- and space techniques available to d l d h l bl date, D-InSAR S appears to be an efficient technique for measuring spatially continuous land subsidence It can be used as a complementary technique to the conventional surveying techniques

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Groundwater extraction in Bandung Basin during 1900 - 2006

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Rakyat HU Pikiran Rakyat, 23 November 2007

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HU Pikiran Rakyat, 18 Desember 2007 Rakyat

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Land Subsidence
It is defined as the vertical surface movement due to the removal of pp subsurface support It is due to man-made activities such as extraction of groundwater, oil, gas or b underground mining as well as natural h by d d i i ll l hazards such as d h compaction of sediments or earthquake Sinking or settlement of the land surface, due to any of several processes. As commonly used, the term relates to the vertical downward movement of natural surfaces although small-scale horizontal components may be present (Poland et al , 1972) (Poland, al.

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Research Objectives
Detection of land subsidence phenomenon and delineation of subsiding areas. Measuring the rate of land subsidence at cm to sub-centimeter level. Assessment and estimation of potential land subsidence due to the decline in piezometric level. Validation of D-InSAR based land subsidence results with high precision GPS measurements measurements.

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Study Area : Bandung Basin (West Java Province) INDONESIA

Jakarta
Leveling: 6-10 cm (1991-1997) InSAR: 10 cm (1993-1995) GPS: 4-6 cm (1997-1999)

Jakarta

Semarang

Semarang
Leveling: 17 cm/year (1996-2001) Surabaya / Porong (Sidoarjo) GPS: 1.053 m (1 bulan) InSAR: 1.58 m (1.5 bulan)

Surabaya

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3D Perspective view of Bandung Basin and its surrounding area

Mt. Gede, 2958 m Mt. Pangrango, 3019 m Tangkuban Perahu Volcano 2084 m Tampomas Volcano 1684 m

Bandung City
Malabar Volcano 2343 m Galunggung Volcano 2168 m Papandayan Volcano 2665 m

(Source: SRTM 30mx30m DEM)

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Description of the data used data

Type Date Quantity
Satellite Data (Optical and SAR) SPOT-5 JERS-1 ENVISAT ASAR ALOS PALSAR July, 2004 1994, 1995, & 1998 2004, 2004 2005 & 2006 2007 & 2008 1 3 pairs with 1 pair having fairly good coherence 3 pairs with 2 pair having fairly good coherence 6 pairs with 2 pair having fairly good coherence Topographic Data SRTM DEM (30m res) Topographic Map opog ap c ap 1:25.000 February, 2000 2000 Ancillary Data GPS Survey Piezometric level Sub-surface geology 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 & 2005 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005 1989 20 points, distributed over the entire area 40-60 points, distributed over the entire area i di ib d h i 14 points, distributed over the entire area Validation of D-InSAR based land subsidence Potential land subsidence measurement due to aquifer compression Potential land subsidence measurement P i l l d b id due to aquifer compression 1 12 Topographic phase removal in D-InSAR processing Image-georeferencing I f i Precise localisation of the subsiding e s areas Differential interferogram generation and subsidence measurement Differential interferogram generation and subsidence measurement Differential interferogram generation and subsidence measurement

Purpose

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InSAR Data Specifications Specifications

JERSJERS-1 No 1 2 3 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 No 1 2 3 Master 18/09/1994 18/09/1994 / / 28/01/1995 Master 02/12/2007 02/12/2007 02/12/2007 17/01/2008 17/01/2008 03/03/2008 Master 15/06/2004 15/06/2004 13/09/2005 Slave 28/01/1995 09/09/1998 / / 09/09/1998 ALOS PALSAR Slave 17/01/2008 03/03/2008 18/04/2008 03/03/2008 18/04/2008 18/04/2008 ENVISAT ASAR Slave 13/09/2005 20/06/2006 20/06/2006 Bn(m) 377.436 109.598 268.392 T (days) 456 736 281 -V2K-M.Tech2009 V2K-M.Tech2009 Bn(m) 102.480 11588.499 11588.499 172.312 11656.958 142.525 142 525 76894.521 T (days) 47 93 93 139 47 93 93 47 Bn(m) 1144.60 -542.51 -1686.40 T (days) 132 1452 1320

Softwares used

EVInSAR and SARscape InSAR software tool ERDAS IMAGINE and ENVI for standard image processing ArcGIS for GIS-based analysis and map composition

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Methodology
Optical multispectral data InSAR data pairs Piezometry-based sediment compression measurement GPS Survey Dual-frequency Geodetic GPS receivers i

Pre-processing Visual image analysis Multispectral image classification

DInSAR processing

Preparation of layers Subsurface lithotypes Lithotype thickness Piezometric change

Point measurement and computation (X,Y,h) & h (standard deviation)

Thematic maps

Subsidence areas & rate

Potential subsidence correlation validation

Point-based subsidence rate

Land Subsidence Map

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D-InSAR data processing

SARdata1 SARdata2 DEM

z
B

A2

A1

Real Interferogram

Synthetic Interferogram

Differential Differential Interferogram

h H(x,y) y
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Identificationand Measurementof Landsubsidence Land subsidence

JERS- (LJERS-1 (L-band) data processing

Fringes centre location of differential interferogram g g of JERS-1 data pair (18/09/1994 and 28/01/1995) of Bandung Basin

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Extended view of the deformation fringes with fringe centre locations in differential interferogram of JERS-1 differential JERSdata pair (18/09/1994 and 28/01/1995) of Bandung Basin

Colour scheme: I/B/C/G/Y/O/R F1: = 11/7(2) F1: = 4/7(2) F1: = 7/7(2) F2: = 7/7(2) F3: F3 = 5/7(2 ) 5/7(2) ; h = -18.46 cm ; h = - 6 71 cm 6.71 ; h = -11.75 cm ; h = -11.75 cm ; h = - 8 39 cm 8.39
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ALOS PALSAR (L-band) (Ldata d t processing i

Differential interferogram of ALOS PALSAR data pair (02/12/2007 and 03/03/2008) of Bandung Basin
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ENVISAT ASAR (C-band) data processing

Fringes centre location of differential interferogram of ENVISAT ASAR data pair (13 September 2005 and 20 June 2006) of Bandung Basin

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ENVISAT ASAR (C-band) data processing

Colour scheme: I/B/C/G/Y/O/R C l h E1: = 31/7(2) ; h = -12.40 cm E2: E2 = 21/ ( ) ; h = - 8 cm 21/7(2) h 8.40 E3: = 15/7(2) ; h = - 6.00 cm E4: = 11/7(2) ; h = + 4.40 cm

Extended view of the deformation fringes with fringe centre locations in differential interferogram of ENVISAT ASAR data pair (13/09/2005 and 20/06/2006) of Bandung Basin
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ENVISAT ASAR (C-band) data processing

Fringes centre location of differential interferogram of ENVISAT ASAR data pair (15 June 2004 and 20 June 2006) of Bandung Basin

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ENVISAT ASAR (C-band) data processing

Colour scheme: I/B/C/G/Y/O/R G1: = 51/7(2) ; h = -20.40 cm ( ) G2: = 53/7(2) ; h = -21.20 cm G3: = 35/7(2) ; h = -14.00 cm

Extended view of the deformation fringes with fringe centre locations in differential interferogram of ENVISAT ASAR data pair (15/06/2004 and 20/06/2006) of Bandung Basin
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Flow diagram of piezometric-based piezometricland subsidence measurement

DATA SOURCE

Compressibility Coefficient (w/Ec)

Subsurface Geology (Drilling Points)

Piezometric Data (Boreholes)

Thickness of Confining Layers (m)

Decline in Piezometric Level (h)

LAND SUBSIDENCE m ( /E = ( w/ c) m h

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Piezometric fluctuation during 2000-2005 close to 2000D-InSAR f i SA fringe centres and nearby drilling point locations i i i i
No N 1 2 3 4 Piezometric Point ID BR04 BR14 BR16 SR06 Drilling Point ID DDBP4 BT 26/690 DD45 DD15 Decline in piezometric level (m) 2000-2001 -0.75 -0 23 0.23 -4.24 2001-2002 -0.01 -0 76 0.76 -1.22 -0.85 2002-2003 -0 57 0.57 -2.44 -2.47 2003-2004 -15.14 2004-2005 -21.66

Piezometric points + Drilling points

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Subsurface geological profile above the marker aquifer layer

No 1 2 Piezometric Point ID BR04 BR14 Drilling Point ID DDBP4 BT 26/690 Litho type layers Stiff to hard sandy clay and silt with sandy intercalations Gravelly sand to sandy gravel with scoria and very little fine Clay and organic lacustrine deposits Stiff to hard sandy clay and silt with sandy intercalations Gravelly sand to sandy gravel with scoria and very little fine Gravelly sand to sandy gravel with scoria and very little fine Sand, fine silty to coarse gravelly, poorly sorted with silt and clay intercalations, loose to dense Conglomerates and breccias in a clayey/sandy matrix, dense to consolidated Stiff to hard sandy clay and silt with sandy intercalations Soft organic silty clay and clayey silts Peat and peaty clay Gravelly sand to sandy gravel with scoria and y yg very little fine Sand, fine silty to coarse gravelly, poorly sorted with silt and clay intercalations, loose to dense Thickness (m) 5.000 28.090 7.450 18.395 18 395 5.000 21.250 9.375 6.250 11.305 23.479 1.304 25.564 25 564 w/Ec (1/m) 10.99 x 10-4 7.54 x 10-5 11.45 x 10-3
4 10.99 10 99 x 10-4

19.19 x 10-4 7.54 x 10-5 1.66 x 10-4 7.54 x 10-5 10.99 x 10-4 19.19 x 10-4 11.45 x 10-3 7.54 7 54 x 10-5

BR16

DD45

SR06

DD15

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PiezometryPiezometry-based land subsidence of Bandung Basin during 2000 t 2005 B d B i d i to

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Piezometric Point ID BC06 BR03 BR04 BR14 BR16 BR17 BR25 BR27 SR06 Int-DD I t DD I

Drilling Point ID DD10 VRS42 DDBP4 BT 26/690 DD45 DD56 DD58 GTL 5/667 DD15 DD I

Land subsidence rate (cm)

2000-2001 2000 2001 2001-2002 2001 2002 2002-2003 2002 2003 2003-2004 2003 2004 2004-2005 2004 2005

Average A -1.24 -1.62 -4.04 -4.44 -6.12 6 12 -2.44 -6.61 -2.68 -25.75 -6.46 6 46

-0.35 -0.57 -1.96 -1.4 14

-2.41 -1.83 -7.51 -6.48 -4.08 4 08 -2.28 -31.83 -0.85 0 85

-0.96 -1.39 -4.86 -8.16 8 16 -2.61 -19.67 -2.36 2 36

-6.61 -2.68 6.33 6 33

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PiezometryPiezometry-based land subsidence of Bandung Basin during 2000 t 2005 B d B i d i to

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Principle of land subsidence measurement using repeated GPS surveys

HEIGHT DIFFERENCE

LAND SUBSIDENCE AND

LAND SUBSIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION

GPS Network covering study area

Coordinate from survey#1

Coordinate from survey#2

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PointPoint-based Land Subsidence Measurements during 2000-200 f i 2000-2005 from GPS survey i Bandung Basin G S in i

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Potential and actual land subsidence measurements as obtained p g groundq from different spaceborne and ground-based techniques at or near the corresponding points in Bandung Basin

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Integrated land subsidence measurements as obtained from three different techniques at/near the corresponding points in Bandung Basin

Land Subsidence Rate (cm)

D-InSAR (ENVISAT ASAR)
15/06/200420/06/2006 13/09/200520/06/2006

GPS Total
(2000-2005)

PIEZOMETRIC Average Point ID

(per-year)

Average Point ID
(per-year)

Total -8.08
(2000-2002)

Average
(per-year)

-20.4 -21.2 -14

-12.4 -8.4 -6

-11.3 -9.5 -6.2

CMHI KPO1 BM13L RCK2

-75.1 -8.8 -26.2 -57.0

-18.77 -4.4 -13.1 -14.25

DDBP4 DD45 DD15 BT26/690

-4.04 -6.12 -25.75 -4.44

-12.24 -12 24
(2001-2003)

-51.5
(2001-2003) ( )

-13.3
(2000-2003)

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Potential and actual land subsidence areas obtained from spaceborne and ground based techniques (overlain on LU/LC map, derived from SPOT-5 data) SPOT-

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Conclussions
In Bandung Basin, land subsidence has been occurring primarily due to g ground water over extraction to meet the water demand of rapidly growing p yg g urban population in general and fast-growing industrilization in particular p , g pp g q In the present work, an integrated approach using three different techniques namely, piezometry-based layer compression estimation, space-borne DInSAR, and multi-epoch GPS survey, was attempted to address land subsidence measurement and monitoring i and around B d b id t d it i in d d Bandung city and it d industrial hubs in Bandung Basin S Space-borne D I SAR t h i b D-InSAR technique provides spatially continuous actual id ti ll ti t l deformation measurement of the study area whereas Piezometry-based technique gives an estimate of potential land subsidence due to q g p compression of the layers as a result of Piezometric decline of the aquifers, and multi-epoch high precision GPS survey gives point-based actual subsidence measurements at th observation points b id t t the b ti i t
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Moh.FifikSyafiudin
fifik@bakosurtanal.go.id fifik@bakosurtanal go id syafifik@yahoo.com

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