BE2.

R3: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

APPLICATIONS
Question Papers
July, 2004

January, 2004

July, 2004
Note:

1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.

2. Parts of the same question should be answered together
and in the same sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks:100

1.
a. Explain the factors for the selection of Forward / Backward
reasoning to solve a problem.
b. Define "most general unifier" for two predicate calculus
expressions.
c. Under what condition A* algorithm works as a random
search. Explain.
d. How are fuzzy membership values different from
probabilities?
e. Explain the reasons why sigmoid function is so important
and popular as an activation function in neural networks.
f. How the machine learning is distinguished from general
knowledge acquisition?
g. Describe regression in a backward production system.

(7x4)

2.
a. Consider the following description in natural language:
If AIONICS employees do not belong to any union, then it
is not true that every employee of AIONICS has to pay a
certain amount for union dues.
 Express this statment in predicate calculus and convert it
into clause form.
b. What is nonlinear planning and how it can be
implemented? Explain.
c. Prove that modus ponens is sound for prepositional
calculus.

(8+6+4)

3.
a. Consider the evidence e1 = single, e2 = high income, e3 =
young, supporting the hypothesis h1= high-risk investor or
h2 = low-risk investor, which are mutually exclusive and
exhaustive. Assume that the domain expert estimates the
posterior probabilities as:
P(h1) = 0.3, P(h2) = 0.7, P(e1/h1) = 0.6, P(e1/h2) = 0.3,
P(e2/h1) = 0.2, P(e2/h2) = 0.8, P(e3/h1) = 0.5, P(e3/h2)
= 0.2.
Prove the following
i. If all three evidences are present then the investor is
low-risk investor.
ii. If e1 and e3 are present then the investor is high-
risk investor.
b. Explain the α, β cutoffs in minimax search. Give an
example where it is useful.

(10+8)

4.
a. Construct a semantic network for the following situation:
Mini is a robin; it lives in a nest, which is on a pine tree in
Ms. Kavita's backyard. Robins are birds, they can fly and
they have wings. They are endangered species and they
are protected by government regulations.
b. Create a simple frame based system composed of the
objects employee, manager, technician and secretary.
Explain 'inheritance' in this context.

(9+9)

5.
a. Describe the Hopfield model, the learning rule. Why do we
say lhallhe network performs an associative memory?
 b. A neuron j receives inputs from two neurons whose activity
levels are 0.6 and 0.5. The respective synaptic weights of j
are -0.2 and 0.8. Calculate the output of tthe neuron if the
neuron uses the threshold function as the activation
function. Assume the threshold 0.3.

(10+8)

6.
a. Differentiate between RTN and ATN in the context of
Natural Language understanding.
b. Give CD representation of the following sentence:
c.
d. "ram was killed by excessive smoking."
e.
f. The game nim is played as follows:
Two players alternatively removing one, two or three
pennies from a stack initially containing five pennies. The
player who picks up the last penny loses. Show by drawing
the game graph that the player who has the second move
can always win.

(4+4+10)

7.
a. Write a PROLOG program to determine if a list M is a sub
list of a list N. A list M is a sub list of N if the sequence of
elements in M is a contiguous subsequence of N.
b. Show how means-ends analysis could be used to solve the
problem of getting from one place to anther. Assume that
the available operators are walk, drive, take the bus, take
a cab and fly.
c. Define operator PUSH using STRIPS like precondition, add
and delete conditions.

(6+6+6)

January, 2004
Note:

1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.

 2. Parts of the same question should be answered together
and in the same sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks:100

1.
a. In what context did Turing suggest his well-known test?
Explain the (Turing) test.
b. Find the probability of the event A when it is known that
some event B occurred. From experiments, it has been
determined that P(B|A) =0.84, P(A) = 0.2 and P(B) =
0.34.
c. Discuss some characteristics that a control strategy should
have, in order to be effective, in applying rules of a
production system.
d. Why is it important that an expert system be able to
explain the why and how questions related to a problem
solving session?
e. Let C and L be two fuzzy sets of COMFORTABLE and LARGE
houses respectively. If the member grade of a given house
H being COMFORTABLE is 0.9 and being LARGE is 0.7,
then what is the member grade of the house H being
i. LARGE and COMFORTABLE
ii. LARGE or COMFORTABLE
f. What data structures are used for implementing linear
planning and non-linear planning? Justify your answers. '
Find. a most general unifier (m.g.u.) for
w={P(a,x,f(g(y))), P(z,f(z),f(u))}

(7 x 4)

2.
a. Given below a game tree:
 i. If the first player is a maximizing player then what
move should be chosen under mln-max procedure.
ii. What nodes would not be examined using α-β
pruning procedure?
b. Represent the following facts in predicate logic:

Some patient like all doctors

No patient like any quack.

And show that no doctor is a quack using resolution.

3. ([5+7]+6)
4.
a. For a triangle ABC, it is given that the sum of the interior
angles: LA + LB + LC =180 degrees. Show by resolution
theorem that the exterior angle is the sum of the opposite
interior angles.
b. Describe the various conflict resolution strategies in Rule
Based Expert Systems.

(12+6)

5.
a. Let h' denote the estimate of h (the actual cost of getting
from the current node to a final state node). Explain in
what way the efficiency of A* algorithm and reaching of a
goal state is affected if:
i. h' always underestimates h;
ii. h' always overestimates h.
 b. Using constraint satisfaction algorithm, solve the following
cryptarithmetic:
SEND
+MORE
---------
MONEY
---------

(8+10)

6.
a. What are Perceptrons? Describe how the gradient descent
method is used in c.ontext of perceptrons.
b. Define some good heuristic functions for each of the
following problems:
i. Chess
ii. Travelling Salesman
iii. Tic-Tac-Toe

(9+9)

7.
a. Write a Prolog program to calculate gcd (greatest common
divisor) of two numbers.
b. Write a Prolog program for obtaining a list after deleting all
occurrence of a particular element from a given list.
c. Differentiate between 'green cut' and 'red cut' using
examples.

(6+6+6)

8.
a. Develop a parse tree for the sentence 'Jack slept on the
table' using the following rules:

S -> NP VP
NP -> N
NP -> DET N
VP -> V PP
PP -> Prep NP
N -> jack | table
V -> slept
DET -> the
 PREP -> on

b. Describe briefly the frame based knowiedge representation

by explaining various types of inheritance present In
frame-based systems.