MISN-0-407

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION OF VECTORS AND MOTION

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION OF VECTORS AND MOTION by F. Reif, G. Brackett and J. Larkin

`
^ y v
CONTENTS

` `
a=g

parabola

A. Component Vectors B. Numerical Components of Vectors

C. Components Relative to a Coordinate System

^ x

D. Utility of Component Descriptions E. Projectile Motion F. Summary G. Problems

Project PHYSNET Physics Bldg. Michigan State University East Lansing, MI

ID Sheet: MISN-0-407 THIS IS A DEVELOPMENTAL-STAGE PUBLICATION OF PROJECT PHYSNET The goal of our project is to assist a network of educators and scientists in transferring physics from one person to another. We support manuscript processing and distribution, along with communication and information systems. We also work with employers to identify basic scientic skills as well as physics topics that are needed in science and technology. A number of our publications are aimed at assisting users in acquiring such skills. Our publications are designed: (i) to be updated quickly in response to eld tests and new scientic developments; (ii) to be used in both classroom and professional settings; (iii) to show the prerequisite dependencies existing among the various chunks of physics knowledge and skill, as a guide both to mental organization and to use of the materials; and (iv) to be adapted quickly to specic user needs ranging from single-skill instruction to complete custom textbooks. New authors, reviewers and eld testers are welcome. PROJECT STAFF Andrew Schnepp Eugene Kales Peter Signell Webmaster Graphics Project Director

Title: Component Description of Vectors and Motion Author: F. Reif, G. Brackett, and J. Larkin, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley. Version: 4/30/2002 Length: 1 hr; 60 pages Input Skills: 1. Vocabulary: unit vector (MISN-0-405). 2. Dene addition of two vectors and illustrate with a sketch (MISN0-405). 3. Calculate the position or velocity of a particle subject only to gravitational interaction with the earth (MISN-0-406). Output Skills (Knowledge): K1. Vocabulary: component vector, numerical component of a vector. K2. Given a vector drawn on a graph which also shows x- and y-axes, write the vector in terms of its components along those axes. K3. Dene the equality of vectors and their components. K4. Describe projectile motion using vector components. Output Skills (Problem Solving): S1. Using an arrow to represent a vector, construct its component vectors parallel and perpendicular to a specied direction. S2. Given a vector, calculate its components parallel and perpendicular to a specied direction. S3. Describe any vector in terms of: (a) its magnitude and direction; (b) the sum of its component vectors; (c) its numerical components. S4. Given two particles moving near the earths surface, subject only to gravitational interaction and starting with the same height and vertical component of velocity, describe the motion of one particle using information about the motion of the other. Evaluation: Stage 0

ADVISORY COMMITTEE D. Alan Bromley E. Leonard Jossem A. A. Strassenburg Yale University The Ohio State University S. U. N. Y., Stony Brook

Views expressed in a module are those of the module author(s) and are not necessarily those of other project participants. c 2002, Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET, Physics-Astronomy Bldg., Mich. State Univ., E. Lansing, MI 48824; (517) 355-3784. For our liberal use policies see: http://www.physnet.org/home/modules/license.html.

MISN-0-407 SECT.

A-1

A
MISN-0-407
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION OF VECTORS AND MOTION
A. Component Vectors B. Numerical Components of Vectors C. Components Relative to a Coordinate System D. Utility of Component Descriptions E. Projectile Motion F. Summary G. Problems

COMPONENT VECTORS

In many situations there are certain directions which are specially signicant (e.g., the northern direction, the downward direction, or the downstream direction of a river). How then can various vectors be described relative to such a special direction without a cumbersome specication of angles? An answer to this question is suggested by the familiar way of specifying relative positions on the surface of the earth. For example, although we might say that Boston is 210 miles in a direction 35 east of north from New York, it is easier to specify that Boston is 172 miles north and 120 miles east of New York. This last statement describes the displacement from New York to Boston by specifying two mutually perpendicular displacements, without the need to mention any angles. Consider then any vector A and some special direction specied by the unit vector x. The preceding example then suggests that A can be expressed (as indicated in Fig. A-1) as the vector sum of a vector A parallel to x and another vector A perpendicular to x so that A = A + A (A-1)

Abstract: In discussing motion and many other problems, we shall often have to deal with various vectors (such as velocities and accelerations) which have complicated directions relative to each other. Such problems can usually be greatly simplied by decomposing the vectors into convenient parts, handling these parts separately in all necessary calculations, and nally recombining the parts to obtain the desired results. Such methods for decomposing and recombining vectors are of enormous utility in physics and related sciences. Accordingly, we shall use the present unit to introduce these methods and to apply them to some familiar kinds of motion.

The vector A is called the component vector of A parallel to x and the vector A the component vector of A perpendicular to x. Here we have introduced this denition: Def. Component vectors: The component vectors of a vector A relative to some direction are the vectors, parallel and perpendicular to this direction, whose sum is equal to A. (A-2)

^ x

` A ` All

` A_ l
Fig. A-1: Component vectors of a vector A parallel and perpendicular to some direction x.

MISN-0-407

A-2

MISN-0-407

A-3

(a)

(b)

^ x ` A ` A" ` A ll P

` B"

` B

^ x

` A
^ x ` A" = 0

` A
^ x` ` ` All = 0 A" = A
Fig. A-3: Component vectors of A in special cases. (a) A has a direction along x. (b) A is perpendicular to x.

` ` A ll = A

` Bll

Fig. A-2: Construction of component vectors parallel and perpendicular to x for two vectors A and B.

Constructing Component Vectors (Cap. 1) Draw arrows representing the horizontal vector H and the unit vector x shown in Fig. A-4. Construct and label arrows represent ing the component vectors H and H of H parallel and perpendicular to x. Is the component vector H parallel to H, parallel to x, or perpendic ular to x? In the right triangle formed by H and its component vectors, which vector forms the hypotenuse? (Answer: 101) (Suggestion: [s-13])

A-1

The component vectors of a vector A relative to some direction x can be found by the following procedure: Draw the arrows representing the vector A and the direction specied by x. (See Fig. A-2.) Through the tail of A draw a line parallel to x and through the tip of A draw a line perpendicular to x. These lines then intersect at some point P . The arrow drawn from the tail of A to P then represents the component vector of A parallel to x; similarly, the arrow drawn from P to the tip of A represents the component vector of A perpendicular to x. (Note that the vector A itself is always the side opposite to the right angle in the triangle formed by these vectors.) SPECIAL CASES By writing A = A +A , we have decomposed the vector A into a part A parallel and another part A perpendicular to x. This decomposition becomes especially simple when the vector A is itself either parallel or perpendicular to x. For example, suppose that A has a direction along x, as illustrated in Fig. A-3a. Then A itself is entirely along x and has no part perpendicular to x. Thus A = A and A = 0. On the other hand, suppose that A is perpendicular to x, as illustrated in Fig. A-3b. Then A itself is entirely perpendicular to x and has no part parallel to x. Thus A = A and A = 0.

(a) Suppose a ball is thrown vertically upward with the velocity v of magnitude 2 m/s indicated in Fig. A-5. Use the unit vectors x and y to express the following component vectors. What are the com ponent vectors v and v of v parallel and perpendicular to y ? (b) If a second ball has a horizontal velocity v of magnitude 3 m/s, what is its component v parallel to y ? (Answer: 104) (Suggestion: [s-1])

A-2

A boy in a sailboat wishes to travel along the southeast path indicated in Fig. A-6. As he maneuvers the boat in the wind, it travels through the series of displacements A, B, C, and D. Draw the component vectors of each displacement parallel and perpendicular to the desired direction of travel. (Indicate zero vectors by dots.) (Answer: 107) (Suggestion: [s-5])

A-3

^ y ^ x ` H
Fig. A-4. Fig. A-5.

^ x

` v

MISN-0-407

A-4

MISN-0-407 SECT.

B-1

` A

` B

` C ` D

B
southeast

NUMERICAL COMPONENTS OF VECTORS

southeast
Fig. A-6.

southeast

southeast

Consider the component vector A of A parallel to a direction specied by the unit vector x. As we observed in text section C of Unit 405, any such vector parallel to x can always be expressed as a multiple of x. Thus we can write A = Ax x (B-1)

More practice for this Capability: [p-1]

where Ax is some number which is called the numerical component (or simply the component) of A along x. Here we have introduced this denition: Numerical component of a vector: The numerical component of A along a direction x is the number whose magnitude is equal to that of the component vector of A parallel to x, and whose sign is positive or negative depending on whether the direction of this component vector is along or opposite to x.

Def.

(B-2)

Example B-1: Numerical component of a velocity A jumping rabbit leaves the ground with a velocity v of 6 meter/sec in a direction 60 from the upward vertical as indicated in Fig. B-1a). What then is the numerical component vx of this velocity along the unit vector x specifying the downward direction of the gravitational acceleration? (This value vx determines the height reached by the jumping rabbit.) Figure B-1b shows the component vectors of v parallel and perpendicular to x. The magnitude v of the component vector parallel

(a) ^ x 60 ` v

(b) ^ x ` vll 60 ` v" ` v

Fig. B-1: Components of a velocity. (a) Velocity v of a jumping rabbit. (b) Component vectors of this velocity.

v = 6 meter/sec

v = 6 meter/sec

10

MISN-0-407

B-2

MISN-0-407

B-3

^ x

(a) ` A ` B ` C 1 meter ` v 60

^ y

(b) ^ y 60 (c) ` v

` A ` B ` C ` D 1 meter ^ y

Fig. B-2. to x is then related to the magnitude v of the velocity by the relation cos 60 = v /v, so that v = v cos 60 . Furthermore, the direction of v is seen to be opposite to x. Hence we can write because v = 6 meter/sec and cos 60 = 0.5. Since v = vx x, the numerical component of v along x is then just vx = v cos 60 = 3 meter/sec Now: Go to tutorial section B. Understanding the Denition of a Numerical Component (Cap. 2) Example and comparison: (a) Carry out the following steps illustrating a general procedure for nding numerical components. Use a grid to draw arrows representing the vector A and the unit vector x shown in Fig. B-2. Construct arrows representing the component vectors of A parallel and perpendicular to x. Express the component vector A parallel to x as a multiple of x. Use this expression to nd the numeri cal component Ax of A along x. (b) Repeat the procedure described in part (a) for the vectors B and C. (c) Compare the vectors A and B by stating whether A = B, and whether Ax = Bx . (d) Does B = C? Does Bx = Cx ? (Answer: 110) (B-4) vp arallel = (v cos 60 ) = (3 meter/sec) x x (B-3)

^ y mountain
Fig. B-3.

` v

Fig. B-4.

of the velocities shown has a magnitude of 50 meter/sec. For each value of v, nd the numerical component of v along y . (Answer: 102) Dependence: The vectors A, B, C, and D in Fig. B-4 all have the same magnitude. Thus their numerical components along y depend on their directions relative to y . (a) What is the numerical component along y of each vector? (b) What is the sign of the numerical component along y of any vector if this vector is directed roughly along y (like D)? If this vector is directed roughly opposite to y like A? (c) Suppose two vectors have the same magnitude, but one is directed roughly along y (like D) and one is roughly perpendicular to y (like C). Which vector has the larger numerical component along y ? (Answer: 105)

B-3

B-1

Interpretation: The numerical component of a planes velocity v along the unit vector y shown in Fig. B-3 indicates how rapidly the plane is receding from or approaching the mountainside below. Each

B-2

11

12

MISN-0-407 SECT.

C-1

MISN-0-407

C-2

COMPONENTS RELATIVE TO A COORDINATE SYSTEM

^ y

Consider a coordinate system specied by two mutually perpendicular unit vectors x and y . (See Fig. C-1.) Then any vector A parallel to the plane containing x and y can be expressed in terms of its component vectors parallel and perpendicular to x (or equivalently, parallel to x and parallel to y ). Thus we can write: A = Ax x + Ay y (C-1)

1 meter/sec

` v vy ^ y q ^ vx x 1 meter/sec

`' v

^ x

Fig. C-2: Specication of velocities in terms of their components.

v = (2 meter/sec) = 0 (2 meter/sec) y x y so that vx = 0 and vy = 2 meter/sec If we know the magnitude of a vector and the angle specifying its direction, we can easily nd its numerical components relative to some coordinate system. Example C-2: Finding the numerical components of a vector Consider the velocity v having a magnitude v = 8.0 meter/sec and a direction making an angle of 30 with the x direction, as shown in Fig. C-3. What are the numerical components vx and vy of this velocity? We draw the component vectors of v, as indicated in Fig. C-3. The magnitude of the component vector vx x parallel to x can then be found from the magnitude v of the velocity v and the denition of the cosine. x Thus vx x = (v cos 30 ). Similarly, the magnitude of the component vector vy x parallel to y can be found from v and the denition of the sine. Thus vy y = (v sin 30 ) where the minus sign indicates that the y direction of this component vector is opposite to y .

where we have used the conventional symbols Ax and Ay to denote the numerical components of A along the x and y directions of a coordinate system. * In general, a vector A in space can similarly be expressed in terms of a three-dimensional coordinate system by writing A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z . Example C-1: Description of a vector in terms of its components The velocity v in Fig. C-2 can be expressed as v = (4 meter/sec) + (3 meter/sec) x y so that vx = 4 meter/sec and vy = 3 meter/sec Similarly, the velocity v in Fig. C-2 can be expressed as

` A ^ y Ax ^ x

^ vx x ^ Ay y ^ y ^ x
Fig. C-1: Components of a vector A relative to a coordinate system.
30

` v ^ x

vy ^ y
Fig. C-3: Calculation of the components of a velocity v.

v = 8.0 meter/sec

13

14

MISN-0-407 Hence we nd vx = v cos 30 = (8.0 meter/sec)(0.866) = 6.9 meter/sec

C-3

MISN-0-407

C-4

^ y
vy = v sin 30 = (8.0 meter/sec)(0.500) = 4.0 meter/sec Conversely, if we know the numerical components (or component vectors) of a vector relative to some coordinate system, we can readily nd the magnitude of this vector and the angles specifying its direction. For example, the perpendicular sides of the right triangle in Fig. C-1 have magnitudes |Ax | and |Ay |. Hence we can nd the magnitude A of the side opposite the right angle by the Pythagorean theorem. Thus: A2 = |Ax |2 + |Ay |2 = A2 + A2 x y (C-2)

` a ^ x

` S 27

^ y

1 meter/sec2
Fig. C-4. so that = 37

` C
Fig. C-5.

^ x

Hence the angle between v and the x direction is 180 = 143 . The specication of a vector in terms of its components is usually much simpler than its specication in terms of its magnitude and direction. We shall illustrate the simplicity and utility of such a component description in the next two sections. Finding Component Expressions for Vectors (Cap. 3) (a) Using a grid, draw an arrow representing the acceleration a shown in Fig. C-4, and construct arrows representing its component vectors parallel to the coordinate directions x and y . (b) Express a as a sum of these component vectors (i.e., as a sum of multiples of x and y ). (c) What are the numerical components ax and ay of a relative to these coordinate directions? (Answer: 108)

The last step is justied even if Ax or Ay is negative since the square of a negative number is equal to the square of its magnitude. [For example, (5)2 = (5)(5) = 52 .] * * In three dimensions, where one can write A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z a generalization of Eq. (C-2) leads to the result A2 = A2 + A 2 + A 2 . x y z Example C-3: Finding a vector from its numerical components Consider a velocity v whose numerical components relative to the directions x and y of a coordinate system are vx = 4 meter/sec and vy = 3 meter/sec. What is the magnitude v of this velocity and what is the angle between v and the x direction? We can use the numerical components of v to draw its component vectors and hence also v itself, as shown in Fig. C-2. We can then calculate v from the right triangle in this gure. Thus v 2 = (4 meter/sec)2 + (3 meter/sec)2 = 25 meter2 /sec2 so that v = 5 meter/sec Furthermore, the angle in Fig. C-2 is such that tan = |vy | 3 meter/sec = = 0.75 |vx | 4 meter/sec
15

C-1

Figure C-5 shows the arrangement of sodium atoms (dots) and chlorine atoms (open circles) in a sodium chloride crystal. Positions of such atoms are commonly specied by numerical components of their position vectors. (a) If the position vectors C and S have magnitudes C = 5.3 , and S = 6.0 , express each vector as a sum of its component A A A vectors relative to the coordinate system shown. (The symbol stands for angstrom = 1010 meter.) (b) What are the numerical components of C and S relative to this coordinate system? (Answer: 111) (Suggestion: [s-2])

C-2

More practice for this Capability: [p-3]

16

MISN-0-407

C-5

MISN-0-407 SECT.

D-1

Finding Vectors From Their Component Expressions (Cap. 3) The displacement D from New York to Washington, D.C. has the components Dx = 160 km and Dy = 120 km relative to coordinate directions east and north (specied by unit vectors x and y respectively). (a) Express D as a sum of its component vectors (i.e., as a sum of multiples of x and y ). (b) Draw a diagram showing x and y , and these component vectors. Then add the component vectors to construct an arrow representing D. (c) What is the magnitude D of the distance from New York to Washington? Is the direction of D roughly northeast, northwest, southeast, or southwest? (Answer: 114)

C-3

UTILITY OF COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS

Relative to the coordinate directions east and north (specied by unit vectors x and y ), the velocity v of a light plane has the numerical components: vx = 60 m/s (due to the planets motion relative to the air) and vy = 25 m/s (due to the motion of the air relative to the ground). (a) Draw arrows representing the component vectors of v along these directions, and then construct an arrow representing v. (b) What is the magnitude of v? Is the direction of v roughly northeast, northwest, southeast, or southwest? (Answer: 103)

C-4

Problems involving vectors can usually be decomposed into easily handled parts by this procedure: (1) Decompose all vectors by expressing them in terms of their component vectors relative to some conveniently chosen coordinate system. (2) Make all calculations by using these component vectors or their corresponding numerical components. (Such calculations are easy since numerical components are merely numbers). (3) Recombine the component vectors obtained in the calculation to nd all vectors of interest. By following this procedure, even complex geometrical problems can be handled by simple arithmetic and algebra, without any need for visualizing geometrical relationships. Example D-1: Subtracting vectors by using components Consider two velocities v and v expressed in terms of their component vectors so that v = vx x + vy y and v = vx x + vy y . The vector dierence v v is then v v = (vx x + vy y ) (vx x + vy y ) We can then rearrange the terms on the right side, corresponding to x and y by writing v v = v x x vx x + vy y vy y Hence x y v v = (vx vx ) + (vy vy ) (D-1)

More practice for this Capability: [p-4]

a result which expresses the vector dierence (v v) directly in terms of its numerical components. Note that our calculation involved only simple algebra and required neither diagrams nor a concern with angles. The geometrical signicance of Eq. (D-1) is illustrated in Fig. D-1 which shows the two vectors v = (5 + 2) meter/sec and v = (6 + x y x 5) meter/sec. The dierence (v v) of these vectors, indicated by the y vector drawn from the tip of v to the tip of v , is then seen to be equal to ( + 3) meter/sec. This result is indeed the same as that obtained by x y Eq. (D-1).

17

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MISN-0-407

D-2

MISN-0-407

D-3

^ y 3 5 2

unit = meter/sec ` v' ` v 5 6 1 ^ x

Fig. D-1: Subtraction of two vectors.

Example D-2: Relation between components of velocity and acceleration Consider an equation such as the denition of the acceleration

` ` ( v' - v )

dv (D-5) dt Here dv denotes the small velocity change, during the small time dt, between some original velocity v and some slightly changed velocity v . But our previous result Eq. (D-1) implies that dv = dvx x + dvy y , where dvx = vx vx and dvy = vy vy . If both a and v are expressed in terms of their numerical components, the Eq. (D-5) then becomes a= dvx dvy x+ y (D-6) dt dt The equality of the corresponding numerical components on both sides of this equation then implies that ax x + a y y = ax = dvx dvy and ay = dt dt (D-7)

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN VECTOR AND COMPONENT RELATIONS The addition of vectors in terms of their numerical components can be carried out in a manner completely analogous to that illustrated in the preceding example for the subtraction of vectors. Hence the result Eq. (D-1) leads to this conclusion: Every numerical component of the sum (or dierence) of two vectors is equal to the sum (or dierence) of the corresponding numerical components of these vectors.

Using Component Vectors to Solve Problems (Cap. 3) (D-2) Suppose we wish to nd a value for the vector D = B A shown in Fig. D-2. We might make a larger, very accurate drawing of these vectors, using a protractor and ruler to measure D, or we could use trigonometry. But the following component method is often most useful. (a) Express A and B as sums of their components vectors parallel to x and y . (b) Subtract these expressions to obtain an expression for D as a sum of its component vectors. (c) Use arrows representing the two component vectors of D to construct an arrow representing D. What is the magnitude D? (Answer: 106)

D-1

Suppose that two vectors are equal so that they have the same magnitude and the same direction. Then each of these vectors must also have the same component vector parallel to any specied direction. Thus we arrive at this useful conclusion: If two vectors are equal, their component vectors parallel to any direction (and hence also their numerical components along any direction) are equal. For example, if A = B, Ax = Bx and Ay = By (D-4)

(D-3)

The elasticity of polymer substances (e.g., some plastics, and silicone rubber) results from long molecules (polymers) forming tangled coils which straighten as the substance stretches. For example, the four-atom polymer segments shown in Fig. D-3 can either be stretched as in (a) or coiled as in (b). We call the distance between atoms 1 and 4 the length of a polymer segment. Thus the stretched segment has a length equal to the magnitude of L = P + Q + R, and the coiled segment has a length equal to the magnitude of L = P + Q + R . Use the following procedure to nd these lengths (a) What are the

D-2

19

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MISN-0-407

D-4

MISN-0-407 SECT.

E-1

te me

` B ` D ^ y ^ x
Fig. D-2.

PROJECTILE MOTION

30 ` A 4 meter

Consider the motion of some particle, such as a baseball or some other projectile, which has been launched near the surface of the earth. (See Fig. E-1.) After the initial launching process, the particle is subject only to the gravitational interaction with the earth (if we neglect the interaction of the particle with the surrounding air). Then we know from text section E of Unit 406 that the particle moves with a constant downward acceleration a=g (E-1)

numerical components of P , Q, and R relative to the coordinate system shown? (b) What are the numerical components Lx and Ly of L? What is the length L of the stretched segment? (c) What are the components Rx and Ry of the vector R ? (d) What are the components Lx and Ly of the vector L = P + Q + R ? What is the length L of the coiled segment? (Answer: 109) (Suggestion: [s-6])

where the gravitational acceleration g is independent of all properties of the particle and has a magnitude g 10 meter/sec2 . How can we use this information to predict how the velocity and position of the particle change with time, or to determine along what kind of curved path (or trajectory) the particle travels during its ight? At rst glance this question seems complicated because the particle moves along a curved path so that its velocity v continually changes direction relative to its downward acceleration g. But by decomposing all relevant vectors into convenient components, the problem can be discussed quite easily. To describe the motion of the particle, we choose a convenient coordinate system, one of whose directions (say the y direction) is parallel to the vertical direction of the constant acceleration g of the particle. To be specic, let us choose y to be vertically upward and x to be horizontal, as illustrated in Fig. E-1. The position vector r of the particle may then be written as r = x + y y (where x

(a) ` P
27

2 ` Q
27

` R
27

(b) ` P
27

2 ` Q
27

the numerical components x and y of r are called the position coordinates of the particle). Similarly, the velocity v of the particle can be

1 ^ y ^ x

` v ^ y 4 O ` ` a=g
Fig. E-1: Motion of a particle subject solely to the gravitational interaction with the earth.

` R' P = Q = R = R' = 2.2 ngstrom

Fig. D-3.

parabola

^ x

21

22

MISN-0-407 written as v = vx x + vy y and its acceleration as a = ax x + ay y .

E-2

MISN-0-407

E-3

Since g is directed downward (i.e., opposite to y ) we can write g = g y . Hence our basic relation a = g in Eq. (E-1) is equivalent to ax x + ay y = g y (E-2)

^ y ^ x
0 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

t = 0 sec t = 1 sec
parabola

But this equality between vectors implies that their corresponding numerical components along x and y must also be equal, i.e., that along x, along y , ax = 0 ay = g (E-3)

20 30

t = 2 sec (c) t = 3 sec

(a)

(b)

(E-4)

40 50

The separation of the original vector equation a = g into the two equivalent component Eqs. (E-3) and (E-4) simplies the discussion of the motion enormously since the motion along the x and y directions can now be discussed separately. Horizontal motion: Since ax = 0, the horizontal acceleration ax x of the particle is zero. Correspondingly Eq. (D-7) implies that dvx /dt = 0 so that the horizontal velocity vx x of the particle remains unchanged. Hence the horizontal motion of the particle is one with constant velocity vx x. All these statements are true irrespective of the motion of the particle along the vertical y direction. Vertical motion: Since ay = g, the particle has a constant acceleration ay y = g y of magnitude g along the downward direction (i.e., opposite to y ). Hence the vertical motion of the particle is exactly the same as that of a particle which moves entirely vertically after starting with the same initial vertical velocity from the same height. This statement is true irrespective of the motion of the particle along the horizontal x direction. The preceding comments are illustrated by Fig. E-2 which shows the paths of several particles projected from the same point with dierent initial horizontal velocities vA . In each case, the particle moves then with a constant horizontal velocity vx x equal to its initial value vA . The vertical motion of each particle is exactly the same since each particle starts with zero initial vertical velocity (because vA is horizontal) and since each moves with the same downward acceleration g y . Thus the vertical motion of each particle (i.e., its height and vertical velocity at any time) is the same as that of a particle which starts from rest and falls
23

Fig. E-2: Path of a particle moving under the inuence of gravity near the surface of the earth after being projected with a horizontal velocity vA . The dots indicate successive positions of the particle. (a) vA = 0 (b) vA = (10 meter/sec) (c) vA = (30 meter/sec). x x purely vertically. The only dierence between the particles in Fig. E-2 is that the horizontal distance traveled by a particle is proportionately larger if it starts with a larger initial horizontal velocity. Similar comments can be made about Fig. E-1, which illustrates the motion of a baseball thrown from the ground. The horizontal motion of the ball proceeds with constant velocity, while its vertical motion is exactly the same as that of a ball thrown vertically upward from the ground with the same initial vertical velocity. The combination of these two motions results in the parabolic trajectory illustrated in Fig. E-1. QUANTITATIVE DISCUSSION Since Eq. (E-3) and Eq. (E-4) show that the motion of a projected particle can be separated into motions with constant acceleration along each of these directions, the result Relation (D-9) of Unit 406 1 r = vA t + a(t)2 (E-5) 2 is applicable to motion along each of these directions. For example, along the x direction, r = x, vA = vAx x, and a = ax x = 0. Hence Eq. (E-5) x
24

MISN-0-407 implies that x = vAx t

E-4

MISN-0-407

E-5

(E-6)

Along the y direction, r = y y , vA = vAy y , and a = g y . Hence Eq. (E-5) implies 1 y = vA yt g(t)2 (E-7) 2 The displacement of the particle is then simply r = x + y y . The x particle paths shown in Fig. E-2 are consistent with these equations in the case where vAy = 0. Now: Go to tutorial section E. Comparing Particle Motion near the Earths Surface (Cap. 4) For the precision desired here, you may assume that the objects described in the following problems move subject only to gravitational interaction with the earth. A rabbit pursued by hounds jumps o a vertical cli with an initial velocity of magnitude 5.0 meter/sec. As the rabbit leaves the cli, it dislodges a pebble which falls vertically downward striking the ground below the cli 1.4 sec later. For both the rabbit and the pebble, the initial vertical components of velocity are zero. At what time after leaving the cli does the rabbit land on the horizontal ground below? What is the rabbits horizontal distance from the base of the cli at the time it lands? (Answer: 116)

E-1

parabolas

C
Fig. E-3.

A boy throws three water balloons each with the same initial vertical components of position and velocity, but with diering horizontal components of velocity. The three balloons follow the paths indicated in Fig. E-3, striking the horizontal ground surface below: (a) Which balloon strikes the ground after the smallest time interval (or do all three strike after the same interval)? (b) Which balloons vertical component of velocity has the largest magnitude at the time it strikes the ground (or is this component equal for all balloons)? (c) Do all balloons strike the ground with the same velocity? (Answer: 112)

E-2

A very large man and a very small woman leave the surface of a trampoline with the same upward velocity. Which person reaches the greater height before falling back to the trampoline surface? (Answer: 117) ([s-10], [p-5])

E-3

25

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MISN-0-407 SECT.

F-1

MISN-0-407

F-2

SUMMARY

DEFINITIONS component vectors; Def. (A-2) numerical component of a vector; Def. (B-2) IMPORTANT RESULTS Decomposition of a vector into components: Eq. (C-1), Eq. (C-2) A = Ax x + Ay y , where A2 = A2 + A2 x y

(4) If two particles move near the earths surface, subject only to gravitational interaction, and starting with the same height and vertical component of velocity, describe the motion of one particle using information about the motion of the other. (Sec. E, [p-5])

Ax^ x ^ y ^ x ` A ^ Ayy

Equality of vectors and of their components: Rule (D-3) If two vectors are equal, their component vectors parallel to any direction (and hence also their numerical components along any direction) are equal. Projectile motion: (Sec. E) The motion along the horizontal and vertical directions can be discussed separately. The horizontal motion proceeds with constant velocity, the vertical motion is the same as that of a particle moving entirely vertically (after starting with the same vertical velocity from the same height.) NEW CAPABILITIES (1) Use an arrow representing a vector to construct its component vectors parallel and perpendicular to a specied direction, and to nd its numerical component along that direction. (Sec. A, [p-1]) (2) Understand the denition of the numerical component of a vector. (Sec. B, [p-2]) (3) Use interchangeably the following descriptions of a vector: (a) its magnitude and direction, (b) the sum of its component vectors, (c) its numerical components. (Sec. C, [p-3], [p-4])

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MISN-0-407 SECT.

G-1

MISN-0-407

G-2

G
G-1

PROBLEMS

Using components to describe a river crossing: A girl heads her rowboat directly across a river of width 0.5 mile and rows (relative to the water) with a constant speed of 1 mile/hour. Her boat is carried downstream by the river current with a velocity (4 mile/hour). The y boat then has a velocity (relative to the banks) of V = (1 mile/hour) x + (4 mile/hour), where x and y are the unit vectors shown in Fig. G-1. y The equation V = D/T relates the velocity V to the time T required to cross the river and the displacement D from the boats initial position on one bank to its nal position on the opposite bank. (a) Write two equations relating the numerical components of the boats displacement and velocity along x and y . (b) Use one of these component relations to nd the time T required for crossing the river. (c) Use this value of T to nd the distance Dy which the boat travels downstream (along y ) during the crossing. (Answer: 115) (Suggestion: [s-7]) Describing Particle Motion near the Earths Surface For the precision desired here, the objects described in the following problems are particles moving subject only to gravitational interaction with the earth. The range of a projected particle: The range of a particle, such as a thrown baseball or a bullet from a gun, is the horizontal distance |x| it travels from its initial position before striking the horizontal

ground surface. Consider such a particle which has an initial position at the ground, and an initial velocity with horizontal and vertical components vAx and vAy . After a time t the particle strikes the ground a horizontal distance |x| from its initial position. What is the vertical component y of the particles displacement from its initial position after time t? Use the Eqs. (E-6) and (E-7) to nd an expression for the range |x| in terms of the initial components of velocity and known quantities, including the magnitude g of the gravitational acceleration. A golf ball is hit at an angle of 45 from the horizontal so that vAx = vAy = 30 m/s. What is the range of the golf ball? (Answer: 113) Athletic performance and the value of g: In the 1968 Olympics Robert Beaman of the US broke the previous running broad jump record by jumping 8.25 meter at Mexico City where the gravitational acceleration has a magnitude g = 9.786 m/s2 . Suppose instead these games had been held in Munich where g = 9.809 m/s2 . If Beaman had begun his jump in exactly the same way (with the same initial velocity) what would be the ratio |x |/|x| of the distance jumped in Munich to the distance jumped in Mexico city? Express the ratio in terms of g and g . In which location does he jump farther? (Answer: 120) (Suggestion: [s-9])

G-3

G-2

Fire ghting by airplane: A re-ghting airplane approaching a spot re has a constant horizontal velocity of magnitude v, and ies at an altitude of |y| above the horizontal ground surface. At what horizontal distance |x| from the re should the pilot release a canister of re-extinguishing chemicals so that it will land in the re? The initial velocity of the canister as it is released is the same as the velocity of the plane. Express your answer in terms of |y|, g, and v0 . If the planes speed is 40 meter/sec, and its altitude 500 meter, what is this distance |x|? (Answer: 118) (Suggestion: [s-11])

G-4

^ x ^ y

Note: Tutorial section G includes problems on biological applications of component descriptions.

0.5 mile

Fig. G-1.

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MISN-0-407 a =( ay = ( ) y

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TUTORIAL FOR B
UNDERSTANDING THE DEFINITION OF NUMERICAL COMPONENT (Cap. 2) b-1 EXAMPLE: As the rst step towards acquiring an understanding of the denition of numerical component, we apply it to a simple example. Because this denition describes a procedure, such an example is the most useful summary of the relation. Consider a ball moving near the earths surface and inuenced only by gravity. The acceleration a of the ball is always along the downward unit vector y , but its velocity v and its position vector r may have any direction. Find the numerical component of r along y by using the following proce dure: (1) Draw arrows representing the component vectors of r parallel and perpendicular to y . (Use dots to indicate zero vectors.) (2) Express the component vector r parallel to y as a multiple of y . (3) Use this expression to nd the numerical component ry . Repeat this procedure to nd the numerical components of v and a along y.

Check your work by making sure that each component vector equals the corresponding numerical component multiplied by y . (Answer: 10) (Practice: text problem B-1.) b-2 STATEMENT: Having worked a simple example, let us summarize in words how to nd the numerical component of a vector V along a direction x. The rst step is to construct component vectors of V parallel and perpendicular to x. Construct these component vectors: -

` V

^ x
Briey describe how to use this diagram to nd the numerical component Vx of V along x. -

^ y ` r ` v 1 meter

^ y ` a

^ y

1 meter/sec

2 meter/sec2
(Answer: 13)

- r =( ry = ( v =( vy = (

) y ) ) y )

b-3 PROPERTIES: Consider a vector V , its magnitude, its component vector parallel to a direction x, and its numerical component along x. Complete the following chart summarizing the simple properties of these quantities

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MISN-0-407 -

Tutorial Supplement vector magnitude component vector

btu-3 numerical component

MISN-0-407

Tutorial Supplement

btu-4

(Answer: 11) (Suggestion: [s-3].) (Practice: text problem B-2.) b-5 MEANING OF COMPONENT VECTORS: Applying the denition of numerical component requires rst constructing correct component vectors. To help yourself avoid commonly made mistakes, consider the following incorrect constructions which can not be used to nd numerical components. Construct correct component vectors of A, B, and C parallel and perpendicular to x. Then briey describe why each construction shown at the right is incorrect. - (1)

Vector or number? Possible signs? (for numbers only) Common algebraic symbols? Suppose the vector V is a velocity with units of meter/sec. What are the units of the other quantities? meter/sec (Answer: 2) b-4 INTERPRETATION: Applying the denition of numerical component often requires using trigonometry to interpret information provided as angles. The following example illustrates this interpretation. The work of the heart consists in part of lifting blood from the lower extremities. Thus the strain on a weakened heart can be reduced by reducing the vertical distance of the feet below the heart. If D is the displacement from the heart to the feet, this distance is the magnitude of the numerical component Dy along the downward unit vector y . For each of these positions of a heart patient, nd the numerical component Dy .

^ x ` A" ` A
Incorrect because: (2)

` A ll

^ x

` A

^ x D = 1.2 meter 30 ` D ^ y D = 1.4 meter ` D 10 (2)

Incorrect because: - 1. Dy = 2. Dy =
33

` B"

` B

^ x

` B ` B ll

(1)

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MISN-0-407 (3)

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btu-5

MISN-0-407 -

Tutorial Supplement

btu-6

` C"

(3) What is the horizontal component vector of D?

` C ` C ll

Check carefully the signs of these quantities, and make sure that directions are specied for vector quantities.

^ x

` C

^ x

(Answer: 8) b-7 DEPENDENCE: If two vectors have the same magnitude, their numerical components along a given direction depend on the direction of each vector relative to the given direction. For example, a hiker wishing to reach a road wants to travel along the direction indicated by x in the following drawing. However, due to obstacles in the terrain, he might travel through one of the displacements W , X, Y , or Z, all of which have the same magnitude. Answer each of these questions by indicating one or more of these vectors:

Incorrect because:

(Answer: 5) b-6 COMPARISON OF QUANTITIES: The numerical component of a vector along a direction is closely related to the vector itself, to its magnitude, and to one of its component vectors. Because care must be taken to distinguish between these quantities, we have compared their simple properties in tutorial frame [b-3]. We now consider an example which requires nding all these quantities without confusion. A hiker climbs up a slope, traveling through the displacement D indicated in the following diagram. (The vectors x and y are unit vectors.)

` X

` Y

^ x

roa d

` D 1.0 x 10 meter
3

3.0 x

^ y

10 3m

eter

^ x

` W

` Z

2.8 x 103 meter

(1) Which of these vectors has the largest numerical component along x? - W , X, Y , Z

(1) What is the numerical component of D along y ? (2) What is the magnitude of the displacement D?

(2) Which has the smallest numerical component along x? - W , X, Y , Z (3) Which vector has the numerical component along x which is most nearly equal to zero?
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MISN-0-407 - W , X, Y , Z

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MISN-0-407

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TUTORIAL FOR E
COMPARING PARTICLE MOTION NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE (Cap. 4) e-1 A METHOD FOR COMPARING MOTION NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE: To help you develop the capability of comparing the motion of two particles inuenced only by the earths gravity, this tutorial section describes and illustrates a systematic method for making such comparisons. This method includes these steps: Description Describe the problem, listing the known and desired information, and drawing a picture showing the paths of both particles. Solution On your picture, indicate the position of each particle at each of the times of interest. You may then be able to nd the desired information. If not, use one of the following descriptions of motion for a particle inuenced only by the earths gravity. (1) The horizontal component of such a particles velocity is constant. Thus the horizontal distance traveled during a time interval is just the magnitude of this component multiplied by the time interval. (2) If two such particles initially have the same vertical components of velocity and position, then their vertical motion thereafter is identical. Thus, after any given time interval, the two particles have the same height, and the same vertical component of velocity. e-2 ILLUSTRATION OF THE METHOD: We illustrate the method outlined in the preceding frame by applying it to this problem: An inexperienced baseball player hits a ball vertically upward so that it reaches its maximum height of 20 meter at a time 2 sec after being hit, and strikes the horizontal ground surface 4 sec after being hit. He then hits a second ball from the same vertical position and with the same vertical component of velocity. But this ball has an initial horizontal component of velocity with magnitude 15 m/s. Use the description of the rst ball to answer the following questions about the second ball. At what time after being hit does this ball reach its maximum height? What is its maximum height? At what horizontal distance from the batter does this ball strike the ground surface?

(Answer: 14) (Suggestion: [s-8].) b-8 DEPENDENCE QUIZ: The preceding example illustrates that the numerical component of any vector along a direction x depends on the di rection of this vector relative to x (i.e., whether it is directed roughly along x (like Y and Z), roughly opposite to x (like W ), or roughly perpendicular to x (like X)). Summarize this dependence by completing these statements with positive, negative, or nearly zero. - If a vector V is directed roughly perpendicular to a direction x, then the numerical component Vx is If V is directed roughly along x, Vx is If V is directed roughly opposite to x, Vx is (Answer: 3) (Practice: text problem B-3.) b-9 SUMMARY: To nd the numerical component Vx of any vector V along a direction x, rst construct the component vector V and express V as a number times x. This number is the numerical component Vx . Thus Vx can be positive, negative, or zero, depending on whether V and x have roughly the same, roughly opposite, or perpendicular directions. Now: Go to text problem B-1.

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MISN-0-407 DESCRIPTION - Known

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etu-2

MISN-0-407

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etu-3

Ball 1: Maximum height is 20 meter. Reaches maximum height after 2 sec. Strikes ground after 4 sec. Ball 2: Initial vertical components of position and velocity are the same as those of ball 1. Initial horizontal component of velocity has magnitude 15 m/s. - Desired At what time after being hit does ball 2 reach its maximum height? What is its maximum height? - time of maximum height: maximum height: To nd the distance from the batter at which ball 2 strikes the ground, remember that the horizontal component of this balls velocity has a constant magnitude of 15 meter/sec during the 4 sec before it strikes the ground. What is the horizontal distance from the batter at which ball 2 strikes the ground? - horizontal distance: (Answer: 17)

Time for ball 2 to reach maximum height Maximum height of ball 2 Horizontal distance ball 2 travels from the batter

2 sec

Now: Go to text problem E-1.

parabola

4 sec Ball 1
SOLUTION Use the preceding drawing to indicate the positions of ball 2 2 sec and 4 sec after being hit. Label these positions by the corresponding times.

Ball 2

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TUTORIAL FOR G
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS g-1 RELATING MOTION TO CHANGE IN MUSCLE LENGTH: Motion of a limb can be produced rapidly if it involves only a small change in muscle length. For example, a small change d in the length of the biceps muscle produces the 37 folding of the forearm indicated in the following drawing. The change d is equal to the dierence between the initial and nal muscle lengths M and M . To nd this dierence, consider the displacements M and M from the upper to the lower end of the biceps for the two forearm positions. The vectors M and M are related known displacements A, B, and B , from the elbow to the muscle endpoints. (a) Express M in terms of A and B, and M in terms of A and B .

of carbon compounds. To nd this angle, we use component descriptions of vectors relative to the coordinate system shown, which has its origin O at the center of the equilateral triangle formed by atoms 1, 2, and 3. The coordinate directions are: z upward from O through atom 4, x horizontal from O through atom 1, and y horizontal and perpendicular to x and z . The vectors P , Q, R, and S are the position vectors of the four hydrogen atoms relative to the origin O. Part b of the following drawing shows the triangle with a right angle at the origin O and vertices at the hydrogen atoms 1 and 4. We shall nd the angle by using the magnitudes S and P to nd the angle in the isosceles triangle formed by atoms 1, 4, and C. Then we can nd by using + = 180 .

(a) ^ z 4 ` S C

(b)

4 f S q C

a ^ y b' b O` B b ` A ` M ^ x ` A

A = 30 cm B = B' = 5.0 cm 1 b' 37 ^ y 2 ^ x ` P

` O B'

O ` Q

` R

f O P

To nd the change d = M M , we need the magnitudes M and M , which can be found using component descriptions. (b) Express A, B,and B as sums of their component vectors relative to the coordinate system shown. (c) Use the expressions found in part (b) and the equations found in part (a) to write expressions for M and M in terms of their component vectors relative to this coordinate system. (d) What are the magnitudes M and M ? (e) What is the change d in the length of the biceps required to produce the motion shown in the preceding drawing? (Answer: 15) (Suggestion: [s-4]) g-2 THE STRUCTURE OF METHANE: The structure of methane (shown in the following drawings) is completely symmetric, so that there is an equal distance between any pair of the four hydrogen atoms (1, 2, 3, and 4) surrounding the carbon atom (C). The angle between any two of the carbon-hydrogen bonds is useful in determining the structure
41

Suppose the position vectors P , Q, and R all have magnitude 2.0 . Since A the distance between any pair of hydrogen atoms is the same, the distance |D| = |P Q| between 1 and 2 is equal to the distance |D | = |P S| between 1 and 4. (a) Express P , Q, and S as sums of their component vectors, expressing S in terms of its magnitude S. (b) Find the value of |D|, and express |D | in terms of S. (Write your answers as square roots.) (c) Use the relation |D = |D | to nd the magnitude of S. (d) Use the right triangle in part b of the preceding drawing to nd the angle . (e) What is the angle ? (Answer: 16) (Suggestion: [s-12])

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MISN-0-407

Additional Problems Supplement

pp-1

MISN-0-407

Additional Problems Supplement

pp-2

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(a)
p-1 CONSTRUCTING COMPONENT VECTORS (CAP. 1): Navigating a plane in the wind requires calculating the eect of the airs motion relative to the ground. This is most easily done by decomposing the velocity V of the air (or wind) relative to the ground into component vectors parallel and perpendicular to the desired direction of travel. Suppose a plane is to y northeast along the unit vector y in these diagrams:

(b) ^ y ^ x ^ y ^ x ` V

(c) ^ y 45 ` V ^ x

` V

30

(a) ` V ^ y

(b)

^ y

(c) ` V

^ y

Express each v as a sum of its component vectors relative to these coordinate directions, and then state the components vx and vy of v along x and y . (Answer: 6) (Suggestion: review your work in text problems C-1 and C-2.) p-4 FINDING VECTORS FROM THEIR COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS (CAP. 3): The velocity of a star (relative to the center of our galaxy) is found from numerical components along directions x and y parallel and perpendicular to a line joining the star and the earth. The numerical component vy along y is found by observing a change in the position of the star in photographs taken several years apart. The numerical component vx along x can be inferred from measurements of the light emitted from the star. Relative to the coordinate directions in this drawing: the star Herculis has a velocity v with numerical components: vx = 18 km/sec and vy = 24 km/sec. What is the magnitude v of this stars velocity? Draw an arrow roughly indicating the direction of v on this drawing: (Answer: 12) (Suggestion: review your work in text problems C-3 and C-4.)

` V

For each of the wind velocities V shown in these diagrams, construct the component vectors V and V of V parallel and perpendicular to y . (Answer: 7) Now: Return to text problem A-1 and make sure your work is correct. p-2 UNDERSTANDING THE DEFINITION OF NUMERICAL COMPONENT (CAP. 2): For practice on this capability, use text problems B-1 through B-3. p-3 FINDING COMPONENT EXPRESSIONS FOR VECTORS (CAP. 3): In order to describe the motion of a sailboat, it is convenient to use coordinate directions x and y parallel and perpendicular to the wind direction. The sailboat velocities shown in the following diagrams each have the magnitude 10 m/s.

^ y ^ x earth star

p-5 COMPARING MOTION NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE (CAP. 4): Three boys run o a high diving board, falling into the pool below as shown in this drawing:

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pp-3

MISN-0-407

Suggestions Supplement

su-1

SUGGESTIONS
s-1 (Text problem A-2): Part (a): We wish to decompose v into parts parallel and perpendicular to y . But since v is parallel to y , it has no part perpendicular to y , i.e., v = 0. Correspondingly, the part of v parallel to y is just v itself. Part (b): Draw a diagram showing v and y . Then use the same reasoning applied to part (a). s-2 (Text problem C-2): Both of the following sketched diagrams show the component vectors of the position vector S relative to the coordinate system provided.

P
Tom just steps o the board, so that his initial velocity (as he leaves the board) is zero, and he falls vertically downward striking the water after a time of 1 sec. Dick runs o the board so that he has an initial horizontal velocity of magnitude 2.0 meter/sec. Harry runs o the board so that his initial velocity is horizontal, but with a magnitude of 4.0 meter/sec. (a) At what time after leaving the diving board do Dick and Harry strike the water? (b) At what horizontal distance from the point P below the end of the diving board do Dick and Harry enter the water? (Answer: 1) (Suggestion: review your work in text problems E-1, E-2, and E-3.)

` S

^ y ^ x
6.0

` S
6.0

^ y ^ x 27

63
Using either diagram, express each component vector as a number times x or y . These numbers (which can be found using trigonometry) are just the numerical components of S along x and y . (If you need further help, review your work in tutorial frame [b-4].) s-3 (Tutorial frame [b-4]): Let us illustrate with the rst example how to use trigonometry to nd numerical components. We rst sketch arrows representing D and its component vectors parallel and perpendicular to y.

60

30

` Dll

1.2

^ y
me ter

` D

` D"
To nd the desired magnitude of |D |, use the denition:

45

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MISN-0-407

Suggestions Supplement cos 60 =

su-2

MISN-0-407

Suggestions Supplement

su-3

|D | |D|

^ Dyy ` D

Dx ^ x

Thus: |D | = |D| cos 60 . Since D and y have the same direction, Dy is positive. If you need further help, review your work in tutorial frame [b-1]. s-4 (Tutorial frame [g-1]): Part (c): Use the expressions for M and M from part (a) and substitute values found in part (b). For example:

^ x ^ y

But according to this drawing, Dx is just the width of the river. Write an equation relating Dx and Vx . Then nd T . s-8 (Tutorial frame [b-7]): The following diagrams show the component vector parallel to x for each of the vectors described in tutorial frame [b-7].

M = B A = [(4 cm) + (3 cm)] [(30 cm)] = (4 cm) + (27unitcm) x y y x y Part (d): Sketch diagrams showing the component vectors of M and M [e.g., (4 cm) and (27 cm)], and add them to construct arrows reprex y senting M and M . Use the Pythagorean theorem to nd the magnitudes M and M . s-5 (Text problem A-3): Follow the same procedure you used in problems A-1 and A-2. For example, through the tail of A, draw a line parallel to the direction southeast, and through the tip of A draw a line perpendicular to this direction. If you need help with vectors B or D, review your work in problem A-2, reading suggestion [s-1] if necessary. s-6 (Text problem D-2): Part (a): Draw each vector individually and construct its component vectors along the coordinate directions. Part (b): First add the numerical components found in part (a) to nd Lx and Ly . Then make a drawing showing the component vectors Lx x and Ly y , and add these vectors to nd L. Use the Pythagorean theorem to nd the magnitude |L|. s-7 (Text problem G-1): Part (a): As discussed in text section D, if two vectors are equal (V = D/T ), then their numerical components are equal: Vx = Dx /T and Vy = Dy /T . Part (b): The following sketch roughly indicates the boats displacement D and component vectors of D parallel to x and y .

^ x ` W ` Wll ` X ` Xll ^ x

` Y ` Yll

^ x ` Zll

^ x

` Z

(1) Determine the sign of each of these numerical components along x: - Wx : , Xx : , Yx : , Zx :

(2) Which of these numerical components has the smallest magnitude? - Wx , X x , Y x , Z x (3) Which numerical component has the smallest value? (Remember that negative numbers are smaller than positive numbers.) - Wx , Xx , Yx , Zx (Answer: 9) Now: Return to tutorial frame [b-7]. s-9 (Text problem G-3): We consider the broad jumper as a particle projected from the ground surface. Use the results of text problem G-2 to write an expression for his range |x| in terms of the numerical components vAx and vAy of his initial velocity and the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration.
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su-4

MISN-0-407

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su-5

parabola

3 |Dx| 120 ` 1 P O ^ x ^ y 120 120 ` Q 2 ` R

s-10 (Text problem E-3): Consider any two particles moving subject only to gravitational interaction with the earth. If these particles have the same initial vertical components of position and velocity, then their subsequent vertical motion is identical. If these particles have the same initial horizontal components of position and velocity, then their subsequent horizontal motion is identical. This is true even if the particles have very dierent masses, because the gravitational acceleration g is independent of all particle properties. s-11 (Text problem G-4): The horizontal component of the canisters velocity has the constant magnitude v0 . Thus the horizontal distance |x| traveled by the canister during the time t before it strikes the ground is just |x| = v0 (t). The vertical distance |y| traveled by the canister during the time t is just the same as if the canister had been released with an initial velocity of zero. Thus |y| = |(g/2)(t)2 |. Combine these equations to eliminate the unknown time t, and then solve for |x|.
parabola

s-13 (Text problem A-1): Let us systematically carry out the procedure described in the text for constructing component vectors. (1) Through the tail of H on the following diagram, draw a line parallel to x. Then through the tip of H draw a line perpendicular to x. Extend these lines to intersect in a right angle at a point R. (2) Draw and label the component vector H which begins at the tail of H and ends at the intersection R. Draw and label H which begins at the tip of H and ends at the tip of H. -

lDyl lDxl
s-12 (Tutorial frame [g-2]): The following drawing shows the plane containing the origin O and the three hydrogen atoms 1, 2, and 3. Using this drawing you should be able to express the vectors P and Q as sums of their component vectors parallel to x and y .

^ x

` H

Check your work by making sure that: (1) The original vector H is the hypotenuse (longest side) of the right triangle formed by H and its component vectors. (2) The vector H is parallel to x, and H is perpendicular to x. (Answer: 4) Now: Now: Go to practice problem [p-1].

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MISN-0-407 7.

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ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
1. a. after 1 sec for both b. 2.0 m for Dick, 4.0 m for Harry 2. vector Vector or number? Possible signs: Algebraic symbol: Unit: vector V m/s magnitude number +, 0 V, |V | m/s component vector vector V m/s numerical component number +, 0, Vx m/s

(a) ` V" ` V ` V ll ^ y

(b) ` V ll ^ y ` V" ` V

(c)

` V ` V" ` V ll ^ y

8. (1) 1.0 103 meter; (2) 3.0 103 meter; (3) (2.8 103 meter) x 9. (1) Wx : , Xx : +, Yx : +, Zx + (2) Xx (3) Wx 10.

3. nearly zero, positive, negative. 4.

` H ^ x ` H ll R
5. Correct constructions:

` r" ` r ll ` r

` H"

^ y

` V ll

^ y ` V ` V"

` a"

^ y

` ` a = a ll 2 meter/sec2
=

(1) ` A" ` A ` A ll

^ x

(2) ` B ` B"

^ x

(3) ` C ll ` C

1 meter ^ x

1 meter/sec

` B ll

r = (4 m), ry = 4 m, v y y (10 m/s2 ), ay = 10 m/s2 11. (1) 0.60 meter (2) 0.24 meter

= (2 m/s), vy = 2 m/s, a y

` C"

12. v = 30 kilometer/sec

` V ^ y ^ x earth star

Given constructions are incorrect because: (1) A is not perpendicu lar to x; (2) B and B are not parallel and perpendicular to x; (3) C is not the sum of C and C . 6. a. v = (5.0 m/s) + (8.7 m/s), vx = 5.0 m/s, vy = 8.7 m/s x y b. v = (10 m/s), vx = 0, vy = 10 m/s y c. v = (7.1 m/s) + (7.1 m/s), vx = 7.1 m/s, vy = 7.1 m/s x y
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an-3

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Answers Supplement

an-4

time of maximum height: 2 s; maximum height: 20 m; horizontal distance: 60 m.

` V ` V ll

` V"

101.

` H ^ x ` Hll ` H"

^ x

Either of the following: (1) Vx has the same magnitude as V , and Vx is positive or negative according to whether V has the same or opposite direction as x. (2) Express V as a number times x. Then that number is the numerical component Vx . 14. (1) Y and Z (2) W (3) X 15. a. M = B A, M = B A

H is parallel to x. H is the hypotenuse. 102. a. 25 m/s b. 25 m/s c. 0 103. a. v has component vectors 60 m/s east and 25 m/s south. b. 65 m/s, southeast y x 104. a. v = v = (2 m/s), v = 0 b. v = 0 y 105. a. Ay = 3 meter, By = 1 meter, Cy = 1 meter, Dy = 3 meter b. positive, negative c. The vector roughly along y 106. a. A = (4 meter), B = (7 meter) + (4 meter) x x y b. D = (3 meter) + (4 meter) x y c. D = 5 meter 107.

b. A = (30 cm), B = (5 cm), B = (4 cm) + (3 cm) y x x y

c. M = (5 cm) + (30 cm), M = (4 cm) + (27 cm) x y x y d. M = 925 cm) 30 cm, M = 745 cm) 27 cm e. d = 3 cm 16. a. P = (2.0 ), Q = (1.0 ) + (1.7 ), S = S z Ax Ax Ay A A b. |D| = (3.0 )2 + (1.7 )2 = 12 , |D | = (2.0 )2 + S 2 = A A 4.0 + S 2 A c. S = 12 4.0 = 2.8 A A e. = 108 17.

d. tan = P/S = 2.0/2.8, = 36

2 sec

2 sec
parabola

` A ` All 4 sec ` A" ` Bll

` B" ` B

` C" ` Cll

` C ` Dll

` D" ` D

4 sec Ball 1 Ball 2

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MISN-0-407 108. a.

Answers Supplement

an-5

MISN-0-407 b. Same

Answers Supplement

an-6

c. No. Velocities have dierent horizontal components.

ax^ x ^ y ^ x ^ ayy ` a 1 meter/sec2

b. a = (5 m/s ) + (3 m/s ) x y c. ax = 5 m/s2 , ay = 3 m/s2 109. a. Px = Qx = Rx = 2 , Py = 1.0 , Qy = 1.0 , Ry = 1.0 A A A A b. Lx = 6.0 , Ly = 1.0 , |L| = 37 6.1 A A A A c. Rx = 0, Ry = 2.2 A A A A A d. Lx = 4.0 , Ly = 2.2 , |L | = 21 4.6 110.
2 2

113. y = 0, |x| = |2vAx vAy /g|, 180 meter 114. (a.) D = (160 km) + (120 km) x y b.

north ^ x east

(-160 km) ^ x

^ (-120 km)y

^ y

` D

c. D = 200 km, southwest 115. a. Vx = Dx /T , Vy = Dy /T b. T = 0.5 hour c. Dy = 2 mile 116. 1.4 sec, 7.0 meter 117. Their motions are identical, and both reach the same height.

^ x ` All

` A" ` A ` Bll

` B" ` B ` Cll ` C" ` C 1 meter

118. |x| = v0

(2|y|/g), |x| = 400 meter

119. a. v = 8.0 103 m/s

b. T = 5.0 103 sec = 83 minute

120. |x |/|x| = g/g , farther in Mexico City a. A = (4 meter), Ax = 4 meter x b. B = (4 meter), Bx = 4 meter, C = (4 meter), Cx = 4 meter x x c. A = B, Ax = Bx d. B = C, Bx = Cx 111. a. C = (5.3 ), S = (2.7 ) + (5.3 ) Ax Ax Ay , Cy = 0, Sx = 2.7 , Sy = 5.3 A A b. Cx = 5.3 A 112. a. Same
55 56

MISN-0-407

me-1

MISN-0-407 d. What is the value of the numerical component of D along y ?

me-2

MODEL EXAM
1. Component description for an exercise device. A deLorme boot with weights attached (sketched in the following drawings) is commonly used to increase the eort required to do exercises involving the leg and knee. If D is the displacement from the knee to the heel, the eort required to hold the foot (with the boot) at rest depends on the numerical component of D along the downward direction y . Each of the following drawings shows the leg of one patient, and so the vector D has the same magnitude in each drawing.

(a)

(b)

(c) ` D ` D

2. Motion of stones thrown from a bridge. A boy and his sister throw stones at the same time from a bridge. The boy throws his stone vertically downward with an initial velocity of magnitude 3.0 m/s. The sister throws her stone at an angle to the vertical, so that her stone leaves her hand with the same initial vertical component velocity as her brothers, but with an initial horizontal component velocity of magnitude 4.0 m/s. Both stones have the same initial height above the water surface. The boys stone strikes the water surface with a speed of 13 m/s at a time of 1.0 sec after he throws it. Assume the stones interact only with the earth while going through the air. a. At what time after she throws it does the sisters stone hit the water? b. What are the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of the sisters stone as it hits the water?

` D

^ y

^ y

^ y

c. At what horizontal distance from the point at which it left her hand does the sisters stone hit the water?

a. For each of the positions in the preceding drawings, is the numerical component of D along y positive, negative, or zero? b. Compare the values of this numerical component for positions (a) and (b). For which position is this component larger? Suppose the vector D has a magnitude of 0.6 meter and the angle between D and y is 60 as shown in this drawing:

Brief Answers: 1. a. (a) positive (b) positive (c) negative b. (a) c.

` D ` D
60 ^ y

60

^ y

Both arrows, one parallel, one perpendicular to y , with sum equal to D. d. 0.3 meter c. Construct arrows representing the component vectors of D parallel and perpendicular to y .
57

2. (a) 1.0 sec; (b) horizontal: 4.0 m/s; vertical: 13 m/s; (c) 4.0 meter

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