Development of REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM VIBAR Spermatogenesis 22x or 22y Oogenesis 22x

SEX DETERMINATION th before 7 weeks, the gonads of the 2 sexes are identical in appearance = and is called indifferent gonads GONADAL SEX is determined by testis-determining factor (TDF) on the Y-chromosome only!

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA

4 week mesenchyme produces genital tubercle th Up to the 7 week the external genitalia are sexually undifferentiated Genital tubercle elongates to form the o phallus & o labiscrotal swellings & o urogenital folds FEMALE external geitalia >growth of phallus ceases forming the clitoris >urogenital folds: Unfused labia minora Fused frenulum >labioscrotal swelling Unfused labia majora Fused anterior/ posterior labial commisures & mons pubis
th

FERTILIZATION union of sperm & egg cell

Phases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

DEVELOPMENT OF TESTES
passage of sperm through corona radiate penetration of zona pellucida fusion of plasma membranes of oocyte & sperm fusion of male & female pronuclei formation of zygote TDF directs testicular differentiation Primary sex cord becomes the seminiferous cord & later becomes the seminiferous tubules Spermatogonia derived from the primordial germ cells Sertoli cells derived from the mesenchyme Leydig cells derived from the mesenchyme LEYDIG/ Instertial cell o Developed @ 8 weeks & secretes androgenic hormones (testosterone & androstenodione) which induces masculine differentiation of the mesonephric ducts & external genitalia SERTOLI CELLS o Secretes mullerian inhibiting substance/ MIH or antimullerian hormone/ AMH which inhibits development of the paramesonephric ducts

Results of fertilization nd 1. stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete the 2 meiotic division 2. restores the diploid number of chromosomes 3. results in variation of human species 4. determines chromosomal sex of embryo Remember chromosomal and genetic sex of a an embryo is determined at fertilization by the kind of sperm that fertilizes the ovum but the male & female morphological characteristics DO NOT begin to th develop until the 7 week. Also called INDIFFERENT GONAD early genital systems in the 2 sexes are similar = indifferent stage of sexual development

MALE external genitalia >phallus enlarges & elongates to form the: 1. penis 2. corpora cavernosa 3. corpora spongiosum >urogenital folds form the: 1. penis (ventral ascpect) 2. spongy urethra >labioscrotal swellings grow toward each other & fuse to form the scrotum

DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIES
in the absence of a Y-CHROMOSOME & the presence of (2) XCHROMOSOME ovaries develop. o The mesonephric ducts regresses & paramesonephric ducts develop Primary sex cord normally degenerate & disappear Secondary sex cords (cortical cords) derived from mesothelium & primordial germ cells becomes oogonia Follicular cells derived from the mesenchye

DETERMINATION OF FETAL SEX

NORMAL sexual differentiation appearance of external & internal genitalia is consistent with the sex chromosome complement ERRORS in sex determination & differentiation result inn various degrees of intermediate sex causing: o Intersexuality or Hermaphroditism

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GONADS

Derived from 3 sources: 1. mesodermal epithelium mesothelium lining the posterior abdominal wall 2. underlying mesenchyma 3. primordial germ cells Remember: th 5 week thickened area of mesothelium develops on the medial side of the mesonephros It proliferates into gonadal ridge formation Fingerlike epithelial cords/ primary sex cords formation Indifferent gonad consists of external cortex & an internal medulla PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS th 4 week visible among the endodermal cells of the yolk sac & migrates along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut to the gonadal ridges th 6 week already incorporated in the primary sex cords *parts of the primitive GUT: o Hind o Mid o Fore

DEVELOPMENT OF GENITAL DUCTS

mesonephric/ wolffian becomes the male reproductive paramesonephri/ mullerian female reproductive *sertoli has an antimullerian hormone = thus, it is a MALE Development of MALE genital duct >under the influence of testosterone produced by fetal th testes during 8 week >mesonephric duct develops - & forms the: 1. epididymis 2. vas deferens 3. ejaculatory duct Development of FEMALE genital duct >mesonephric ducts regresses d/t absence of testosterone >paramesonephric ducts develop d/t absence of MIH forming the: 1. fallopian tubes 2. uterus 3. vagina (superior part only)

Ambigous genitalia External genitalia showing an enlarged clitoris & fused labia majora Extreme masculinization as a result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia/ CAH Called hermaphrodite o TRUE hermaphrodite both ovarian & testicular tissue either in the same or in opposite gonad o FEMALE Pseudohermaphrodite there is 46XX, with ovaries & masculinization of the external genitalia o MALE Pseudohermaphrodite 46XY, with testis, varying degrees of development of the external & internal genitalia Testicular feminization syndrome AKA: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) 1/20,000 live births Normal appearing females Medically, legally & socially FEMALES Has 46 XY karyotype & testes Penile Anomalies HYPOSPADIAS external urethral orifice is the VENTRAL side of the: o glans penis(glandular) o body of the penis or junction of penis o scrotum (penoscrotal) EPISPADIAS external urethral orifice is on the DORSAL side of the penis

EGBautistaII

Anomalies of the uterus & vagina Results from arrests of development of uterovaginal primordium th during the 8 week due to: o Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts o Incomplete development of a paramesonephric duct o Failure of parts of one or both paramesonephric ducts to develop o Incomplete canalization of the vaginal plate to form the vagina Derivatives of paramesonephric o Cervix o Upper part of vagina o Uterus o Fallopian tube Types of Uterine Atony DOUBLE uterus results from failure of fusion of the inferior parts of the paramesonephric ducts may be single or double vagina BICORNUATE uterus if the duplication involves only the superior part of the body of uterus SEPTATE uterus UNICORNUATE uterus one paramesonephric duct fails to develop Descent of Testes 26-28 weeks it descend retoperitoneally from posterior abdominal wall to the deep inguinal rings due to enlargement of fetal pelvis 2-3 days before delivery it descend in the scrotum controlled by androgens Abnormalities of Testicular descent CRYTORCHIDISM 30% or premature males o Can be unilateral or bilateral o Maybe in the abdominal cavity or commonly in the inguinal canal ECTOPIC testes can be: o Interstitial o Proximal part of medial thigh o Dorsal to the penis o Opposite side (crossed ectopic) Failure of closure of Processus Vaginalis Incomplete congenital inguinal hernia Complete congenital hernia with cryptorchidism Hydrocele Hydrocele of the testis & spermatic cord Direct hernia Elderly d/t weak abdominal wall r/t aging Enters the scrotum Indirect Hernia Children d/t failure of closure of processus vaginalis NEVER enters the scrotum

EGBautistaII