Chapter 1.

Introduction
1.1 1.2 Elasticity 1.3 1.4 Content of Theory of Elasticity Important Concept in Theory of Basic Assumptions Problems

1.1 Contents of Theory of Elasticity

Theory of Elasticity is the branch of Solid Mechanics which deals with the stress and displacements in elastic solids produced by external forces or changes in temperature.

The purpose of study is to check the sufficiency of the strength, stiffness and stability of structural and machine elements.

Solid Mechanics I ---- bar (Mechanics of Materials) Solid Mechanics II ---- bar system (Structure Mechanics) bars plates Solid Mechanics Solid Mechanics III ---- blocks (Theory of Elasticity) dams shells

Solid Mechanics VIII (Theory of Plasticity)

beam

mech. of mater. theory of

For example beam elasticity

plate

mech of mater.

For example plate theory of elast.

Joint application of the above three branches of solid mechanics ------------- Finite Element Method (FEM)

1.2 Some important concepts in theory of elasticity

External forces Stresses (internal force) deformations --- strains and displacement

There are two kinds of external forces that act on the bodies (1) Body forces gravitational force inertia forces (in motion)

definition of body force:

Q F = lim V 0 V

(vector quantity)

Component of F --- X, Y, Z, the projections of F on x, y, z axis Dimension is [force][length] 3 , e.x., N/m 3 .

Fig. 1.2.1

pressure (in water, atmosphere) (2) Surface force

contact force

definition:

F = lim

Q S 0 S

[force] [length] 2

Components of F along x, y, z axes denoted by

X,Y , Z

Fig. 1.2.2

(3) The internal forces produced by external forces

lim Stress at a point: definition S = A 0

-- normal stress (normal component) -- shear stress (shear component )

Q A

(4) The stress state at a point Definition of the stress component and its sign

( Note : differences with the definition in solid mechanics II) Relations between shear stresses

yz = zy,

zx = xz,

xy = yx

We will show that the stress state on any section through the point can be calculated if we know the 6 stress components, i.e., the 6 stress components completely define the stress state at a point.

(5) Deformation: shape of a body

By deformation we mean the change of

x , y , z , xy , yz , xz 6 strain components completely define the deformation condition (or strain condition) at that point

(6) Displacement: By displacement (unit: length) we mean the change of position, the displacement components in the x, y, z axes are denoted by u, v, w respectively.

ij, ui at a point vary with the All the above ij , position of the point considered, so they are functions of coordinates in space.

1.3 Basic assumptions in theory of elasticity

ij, ui can (1) The body is continuous, so ij , be expressed by continuous functions in space

(2) The body is perfectly elastic---- wholly obeys Hook's law of elasticity ---- linear relations between stress components and strain components. (3) The body is homogeneous , i.e., the elastic properties are the same throughout the body-elastic constants will be independent of the location in the body. (4) The body is isotropic so that the elastic properties are the same in all directions, thus the elastic constants will be independent of the orientation of coordinate axes. example:

polycrystalline ceramics and steels wood and fiber reinforced composite

(5) The displacements and strains are small, i.e., the displacements components of all points of the body during deformation are very small compared with its original dimensions.

Problems (Exercise): 1.1.4, 1.1.2, new:

Chapter 2 Theory of Plane Problems

2.1 Plane Stress and Plane Strain

spatial problems plane problem ---- plane stress and plane strain problems

(1) plane stress problem and plane stress condition condition

(2) Plane strain problem and plane strain

x = f1 ( x , y ) y = f2 ( x , y ) z = 0 xz = yz = 0

x = f1 ( x , y ) y = f2 ( x , y ) xy = f3 ( x , y ) z = 0 xz = yz = 0

xy = f3 ( x , y )

Example: thin plate

Example: dam

2.2 Equation of Equilibrium in Plane Problems