288

Chapter 8

Methods of Analysis

8.6

Nodal Analysis

In the previous section we applied Kirchhoffs voltage law to arrive at loop currents in a network. In this section we will apply Kirchhoffs current law to determine the potential difference (voltage) at any node with respect to some arbitrary reference point in a network. Once the potentials of all nodes are known, it is a simple matter to determine other quantities such as current and power within the network. The steps used in solving a circuit using nodal analysis are as follows: 1. Arbitrarily assign a reference node within the circuit and indicate this node as ground. The reference node is usually located at the bottom of the circuit, although it may be located anywhere. 2. Convert each voltage source in the network to its equivalent current source. This step, although not absolutely necessary, makes further calculations easier to understand. 3. Arbitrarily assign voltages (V1, V2, . . . , Vn) to the remaining nodes in the circuit. (Remember that you have already assigned a reference node, so these voltages will all be with respect to the chosen reference.) 4. Arbitrarily assign a current direction to each branch in which there is no current source. Using the assigned current directions, indicate the corresponding polarities of the voltage drops on all resistors. 5. With the exception of the reference node (ground), apply Kirchhoffs current law at each of the nodes. If a circuit has a total of n 1 nodes (including the reference node), there will be n simultaneous linear equations. 6. Rewrite each of the arbitrarily assigned currents in terms of the potential difference across a known resistance. 7. Solve the resulting simultaneous linear equations for the voltages (V1, V2, . . . , Vn).

EXAMPLE 814

Given the circuit of Figure 830, use nodal analysis to solve for the voltage Vab.

R2 40 I2 = 50 mA a R3 I1 200 mA R1 20 E 30 b 6V I3 200 mA R3 30

FIGURE 830

Section 8.6

Nodal Analysis

289

Solution Step 1: Select a convenient reference node. Step 2: Convert the voltage sources into equivalent current sources. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 831.
I2 R2 40 V1 I1 R1 200 mA 50 mA R3 200 mA V2 I3 30

20

(Reference) FIGURE 831

Steps 3 and 4: Arbitrarily assign node voltages and branch currents. Indicate the voltage polarities across all resistors according to the assumed current directions. Step 5: We now apply Kirchhoffs current law at the nodes labelled as V1 and V2: Node V1: 200 mA Node V2: Ientering 50 mA Ileaving I1 I2

Ientering 200 mA I2

Ileaving 50 mA I3

Step 6: The currents are rewritten in terms of the voltages across the resistors as follows: V1 I1 20 V1 V2 I2 40 V2 I3 30 The nodal equations become 200 mA 200 mA 50 mA V1 V2 40 V1 V2 40 V2 50 mA 30 V1 20

290

Chapter 8

Methods of Analysis

Substituting the voltage expressions into the original nodal equations, we have the following simultaneous linear equations: 1 20 1 40 1 40 V1 V1 1 30 1 V2 250 mA 40 1 V2 150 mA 40

These may be further simplified as (0.075 S)V1 (0.025 S)V1 (0.025 S)V2 (0.0583)V2 250 mA 150 mA

Step 7: Use determinants to solve for the nodal voltages as 0.250 0.150 0.075 0.025 0.025 0.0583 0.025 0.0583 (0.150)( 0.025) ( 0.025)( 0.025)

V1

(0.250)(0.0583) (0.075)(0.0583) 0.0183 0.00375 and 0.075 0.025 0.250 0.150 4.89 V

V2

0.075 0.0255 0.025 0.0583 (0.075)(0.150) ( 0.025)(0.250) 0.00375 0.0175 4.67 V 0.00375

If we go back to the original circuit of Figure 830, we see that the voltage V2 is the same as the voltage Va, namely Va 4.67 V 6.0 V Vab

Therefore, the voltage Vab is simply found as Vab 4.67 V 6.0 V 1.33 V

Section 8.6

Nodal Analysis

291

EXAMPLE 815
Figure 832.

Determine the nodal voltages for the circuit shown in

R2 = 3 R4 6 18 V

R1 5

2A

R3 4

3A

FIGURE 832

Solution By following the steps outlined, the circuit may be redrawn as shown in Figure 833.
V1 I1 R1 5 R2 = 3 I2 2A R3 4 I3 6 V2 I4 3A

(reference) FIGURE 833

Applying Kirchhoffs current law to the nodes corresponding to V1 and V2, the following nodal equations are obtained: Node V1: Node V2: Ileaving I1 I2 I3 I4 Ientering 2A I2 3 A

The currents may once again be written in terms of the voltages across the resistors: I1 I2 I3 I4 V1 5 V1 V2 3 V2 4 V2 6

292

Chapter 8

Methods of Analysis

The nodal equations become Node V1: Node V2: V1 5 (V1 V2) 3 V2 V2 4 6 2A (V1 V2) 3 3A

These equations may now be simplified as Node V1: Node V2: 1 3 1 5 V1 3 1 4 6 1 V1 1 3 1 3 V2 1 2A V2 3A

The solutions for V1 and V2 are found using determinants: V1 2 0.333 3 0.750 0.533 0.333 0.333 0.750 0.533 2 0.333 3 0.533 0.333 0.333 0.750 2.500 0.289 8.65 V

V2

2.267 0.289

7.85 V

In the previous two examples, you may have noticed that the simultaneous linear equations have a format similar to that developed for mesh analysis. When we wrote the nodal equation for node V1 the coefficient for the variable V1 was positive, and it had a magnitude given by the summation of the conductance attached to this node. The coefficient for the variable V2 was negative and had a magnitude given by the mutual conductance between nodes V1 and V2.

Format Approach A simple format approach may be used to write the nodal equations for any network having n 1 nodes. Where one of these nodes is denoted as the reference node, there will be n simultaneous linear equations which will appear as follows:
G11V1 G21V1 Gn1V1 G12V2 G22V2 Gn2V2 G13V3 G23V3 Gn3V3 R1nVn R2nVn RnnVn I1 I2 In

The coefficients (constants) G11, G22, G33, . . . , Gnn represent the summation of the conductances attached to the particular node. The remaining coefficients are called the mutual conductance terms. For example, the mutual conductance G23 is the conductance attached to node V2, which is

Section 8.6

Nodal Analysis

293

common to node V3. If there is no conductance that is common to two nodes, then this term would be zero. Notice that the terms G11, G22, G33, . . . , Gnn are positive and that the mutual conductance terms are negative. Further, if the equations are written correctly, then the terms will be symmetrical about the principal diagonal, e.g., G23 G32. The terms V1, V2, . . . , Vn are the unknown node voltages. Each voltage represents the potential difference between the node in question and the reference node. The terms I1, I2, . . . , In are the summation of current sources entering the node. If a current source has a current such that it is leaving the node, then the current is simply assigned as negative. If a particular current source is shared between two nodes, then this current must be included in both nodal equations. The method used in applying the format approach of nodal analysis is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Convert voltage sources into equivalent current sources. Label the reference node as . Label the remaining nodes as V1, V2, . . . , Vn. Write the linear equation for each node using the format outlined. Solve the resulting simultaneous linear equations for V1, V2, . . . , Vn.

The next examples illustrate how the format approach is used to solve circuit problems.

EXAMPLE 816
Figure 834.

Determine the nodal voltages for the circuit shown in

R2 = 5 V1 I2 V2

1A R1 3 I1 6 A I3 2 A R3 4

FIGURE 834

Solution The circuit has a total of three nodes: the reference node (at a potential of zero volts) and two other nodes, V1 and V2. By applying the format approach for writing the nodal equations, we get two equations: Node V1: Node V2: 1 3 1 5 V1 5 1 V1 1 5 4 1 5 1 V2 V2 6A 1A 1A 2A

294

Chapter 8

Methods of Analysis

On the right-hand sides of the above, those currents that are leaving the nodes are given a negative sign. These equations may be rewritten as Node V1: Node V2: (0.533 S)V1 (0.200 S)V1 (0.200 S)V2 (0.450 S)V2 5A 3A

Using determinants to solve these equations, we have 5 0.200 3 0.450 0.533 0.200 0.200 0.450 0.533 5 0.200 3 0.533 0.200 0.200 0.450 2.85 0.200

V1

14.3 V

V2

2.60 0.200

13.0 V

EXAMPLE 817 Use nodal analysis to find the nodal voltages for the circuit of Figure 835. Use the answers to solve for the current through R1.
R3 = 4 k R1 5k 10 V

I2 3 mA

R2

3k

I4 2 mA

R4

2k

2 mA

5k

FIGURE 835

Solution In order to apply nodal analysis, we must first convert the voltage source into its equivalent current source. The resulting circuit is shown in Figure 836.

Section 8.6

Nodal Analysis

295

V1

R3 = 4 k

V2

2 mA

5k I2 3 mA

R2

3k I4 2 mA

R4

2k

FIGURE 836

Labelling the nodes and writing the nodal equations, we obtain the following: Node V1: Node V2: 1 5k 1 3k 1 4k 1 4k V1 V1 1 4k 1 4k 1 2k V2 V2 2 mA 2 mA 3 mA

Because it is inconvenient to use kilohms and milliamps throughout our calculations, we may eliminate these units in our calculations. You have already seen that any voltage obtained by using these quantities will result in the units being volts. Therefore the nodal equations may be simplified as Node V1: Node V2: (0.7833)V1 (0.2500)V2 (0.2500)V1 (0.750)V2 1 0.250 2 0.750 0.7833 0.250 0.2503 0.750 0.7833 1 2 0.2503 0.7833 0.250 0.2503 0.750 1 2

The solutions are as follows: 0.250 0.525

V1

0.476 V

V2

1.3167 0.525

2.51 V

Using the values derived for the nodal voltages, it is now possible to solve for any other quantities in the circuit. To determine the current through resistor R1 5 k , we first reassemble the circuit as it appeared originally. Since the node voltage V1 is the same in both circuits, we use it in determining the desired current. The resistor may be isolated as shown in Figure 837.
FIGURE 837 I R1 V1 = 5k 10 V 0.476 V

NOTES...
A common mistake is that the current is determined by using the equivalent circuit rather than the original circuit. You must remember that the circuits are only equivalent external to the conversion.

296

Chapter 8

Methods of Analysis

The current is easily found as I 10 V ( 0.476 V) 5k 2.10 mA (upward)

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 4

Use nodal analysis to determine the node voltages for the circuit of Figure 838.
FIGURE 838 3A

1 V1 2

V2

8 V3 4A 1

9V Answers: V1 3.00 V, V2 6.00 V, V3 2.00 V

8.7
I 10 30 V 30 15 30 60

Delta-Wye (Pi-Tee) Conversion

90 FIGURE 839

Delta-Wye Conversion You have previously examined resistor networks involving series, parallel, and series-parallel combinations. We will next examine networks which cannot be placed into any of the above categories. While these circuits may be analyzed using techniques developed earlier in this chapter, there is an easier approach. For example, consider the circuit shown in Figure 839. This circuit could be analyzed using mesh analysis. However, you see that the analysis would involve solving four simultaneous linear equations, since there are four separate loops in the circuit. If we were to use nodal analysis, the solution would require determining three node voltages, since there are three nodes in addition to a reference node. Unless a computer is used, both techniques are very time-consuming and prone to error. As you have already seen, it is occasionally easier to examine a circuit after it has been converted to some equivalent form. We will now develop a technique for converting a circuit from a delta (or pi) into an equivalent wye (or tee) circuit. Consider the circuits shown in Figure 840. We start by making the assumption that the networks shown in Figure 840(a) are equivalent to those shown in Figure 840(b). Then, using this assumption, we will determine the mathematical relationships between the various resistors in the equivalent circuits. The circuit of Figure 840(a) can be equivalent to the circuit of Figure 840(b) only if the resistance seen between any two terminals is exactly

550 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology

31.2

Nodal analysis

A node of a network is dened as a point where two or more branches are joined. If three or more branches join at a node, then that node is called a principal node or junction. In Figure 31.5, points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are nodes, and points 1, 2 and 3 are principal nodes. A node voltage is the voltage of a particular node with respect to a node called the reference node. If in Figure 31.5, for example, node 3 is chosen as the reference node then V13 is assumed to mean the voltage at node 1 with respect to node 3 (as distinct from V31 ). Similarly, V23 would be assumed to mean the voltage at node 2 with respect to node 3, and so on. However, since the node voltage is always determined with respect to a particular chosen reference node, the notation V1 for V13 and V2 for V23 would always be used in this instance. The object of nodal analysis is to determine the values of voltages at all the principal nodes with respect to the reference node, e.g., to nd voltages V1 and V2 in Figure 31.5. When such voltages are determined, the currents owing in each branch can be found. Kirchhoffs current law is applied to nodes 1 and 2 in turn in Figure 31.5 and two equations in unknowns V1 and V2 are obtained which may be simultaneously solved using determinants.

Figure 31.5

Figure 31.6 The branches leading to node 1 are shown separately in Figure 31.6. Let us assume that all branch currents are leaving the node as shown. Since the sum of currents at a junction is zero, V1 ZA Vx C V1 V1 V2 C D0 ZD ZB 1

Similarly, for node 2, assuming all branch currents are leaving the node as shown in Figure 31.7, V2 ZB V1 C V2 V2 C VY C D0 ZE ZC 2

Figure 31.7

In equations (1) and (2), the currents are all assumed to be leaving the node. In fact, any selection in the direction of the branch currents may be made the resulting equations will be identical. (For example, if for node 1 the current owing in ZB is considered as owing towards node 1 instead of away, then the equation for node 1 becomes

Mesh-current and nodal analysis 551

V1 ZA

Vx

V1 V2 V1 D ZD ZB

which if rearranged is seen to be exactly the same as equation (1).) Rearranging equations (1) and (2) gives: 1 1 1 C C ZA ZB ZD 1 ZB V1 C V1 1 ZB V2 V2 C 1 ZA 1 ZC Vx D 0 VY D 0 3 4

1 1 1 C C ZB ZC ZE

Equations (3) and (4) may be rewritten in terms of admittances (where admittance Y D l/Z ): YA C YB C YD V1 YB V2 YA Vx D 0 5 6

YB V1 C YB C YC C YE V2 C YC VY D 0

Equations (5) and (6) may be solved for V1 and V2 by using determinants. Thus V1 YB YB C YC C YE YA YC D V2 YA C YB C YD YB YA YC

1 YA C YB C YD YB YB YB C YC C YE

Current equations, and hence voltage equations, may be written at each principal node of a network with the exception of a reference node. The number of equations necessary to produce a solution for a circuit is, in fact, always one less than the number of principal nodes. Whether mesh-current analysis or nodal analysis is used to determine currents in circuits depends on the number of loops and nodes the circuit contains, Basically, the method that requires the least number of equations is used. The method of nodal analysis is demonstrated in the following problems. Problem 4. For the network shown in Figure 31.8, determine the voltage VAB , by using nodal analysis.

Figure 31.8

552 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology

Figure 31.8 contains two principal nodes (at 1 and B) and thus only one nodal equation is required. B is taken as the reference node and the equation for node 1 is obtained as follows. Applying Kirchhoffs current law to node 1 gives: IX C I Y D I i.e., V1 V1 C D 206 0 16 4 C j3 V1 1 1 C 16 4 C j3 4 j3 4 2 C 32 D 20

Thus

V1 0.0625 C V1 0.0625 C 0.16 V1 0.2225 from which, V1 D

D 20

j0.12 D 20 j0.12 D 20

20 20 D 6 0.2225 j0.12 0.2528 28.34

i.e., voltage V1 D 79.16 28.34 V The current through the 4 C j3 branch, Iy D V1 /4 C j3 Hence the voltage drop between points A and B, i.e., across the 4  resistance, is given by: VAB D Iy 4 D V1 4 79.16 28.34 4 D 63.36 8.53 V D 4 C j3 56 36.87

Problem 5. Determine the value of voltage VXY shown in the circuit of Figure 31.9. Figure 31.9 The circuit contains no principal nodes. However, if point Y is chosen as the reference node then an equation may be written for node X assuming that current leaves point X by both branches. Thus Vx 86 90 VX 86 0 C D0 5 C 4 3 C j6 VX 1 1 C 9 3 C j6 3 j6 1 C 2 9 3 C 62 D 8 j8 C 9 3 C j6 8 j83 j6 C 9 3 2 C 62

from which,

VX

Mesh-current and nodal analysis 553

VX 0.1778 VX 0.22226

j0.1333 D 0.8889 C

48 C j24 45

36.86 D 1.9556 C j0.5333 D 2.0276 15.25

Since point Y is the reference node, voltage VX D VXY D 2.0276 15.25 D 9.126 52.11 V 0.22226 36.86

Problem 6. Use nodal analysis to determine the current owing in each branch of the network shown in Figure 31.10. Figure 31.10 This is the same problem as problem 1 of Chapter 30, page 536, which was solved using Kirchhoffs laws. A comparison of methods can be made. There are only two principal nodes in Figure 31.10 so only one nodal equation is required. Node 2 is taken as the reference node. The equation at node 1 is I1 C I2 C I3 D 0 i.e., i.e., V1 V1 V1 1006 0 C C 25 20 506 90 D0 10

1 1 506 90 1006 0 1 C C D0 V1 25 20 10 25 10 0.19 V1 D 4 C j5 4 C j5 D 33.706 51.34 V 0.19 or 21.05 C j26.32V

Thus the voltage at node 1, V1 D

Hence the current in the 25  resistance, I1 D V1 21.05 C j26.32 1006 0 D 25 25 D 78.95 C j26.32 25 100

D 3.336 161.56 A owing away from node 1 or 3.336 161.56 180 A D 3.336 18.44 A owing toward node 1)

The current in the 20  resistance, I2 D 33.706 51.34 V1 D D 1.696 51.34 A 20 20 owing from node 1 to node 2

554 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology

The current in the 10  resistor, I3 D V1 21.05 C j26.32 506 90 D 10 10 j50 D 21.05 j23.68 10

D 3.176 48.36 A away from node 1 or 3.176 48.36 180 D 3.176 228.36 A D 3.176 131.64 A toward node 1)

Problem 7. In the network of Figure 31.11 use nodal analysis to determine (a) the voltage at nodes 1 and 2, (b) the current in the j4  inductance, (c) the current in the 5  resistance, and (d) the magnitude of the active power dissipated in the 2.5  resistance.

Figure 31.11 V1 V1 V1 V2 256 0 C C D0 2 j4 5

(a)

At node 1,

Rearranging gives: 1 1 1 V1 C C 2 j4 5 i.e., At node 2, V2 0.7 C j0.25V1 1 V2 5 0.2V2 256 0 D0 2 12.5 D 0 1

V2 V2 V1 256 90 C C D0 2.5 j4 5

Rearranging gives: 1 V1 C 5 i.e., 1 1 1 C C V2 2.5 j4 5 0.2V1 C 0.6 256 90 D0 2.5 j10 D 0 2

j0.25V2

Thus two simultaneous equations have been formed with two unknowns, V1 and V2 . Using determinants, if 0.7 C j0.25V1 0.2V2 12.5 D 0 1

Mesh-current and nodal analysis 555

and then

0.2V1 C 0.6 V1 0.2 0.6 j0.25

j0.25V2 D 12.5 j10 D

j10 D 0 V2 0.7 C j0.25 0.2 1 12.5 j10

0.7 C j0.25 0.2 0.2 0.6 j0.25 i.e., V2 V1 D j2 C 7.5 j3.125 j7 C 2.5 D and V1 7.5846 8.53 D 0.42

2.5 0.04

1 j0.175 C j0.15 C 0.0625

V2 1 D 76 90 0.4436 3.23 8.53 D 17.126 3.23 5.30 V

Thus voltage, V1 D

7.5846 0.4436

D 17.16 5.3 V, correct to one decimal place, and voltage, V2 D 76 90 D 15.806 93.23 V 0.4436 3.23

D 15.86 93.2 V, correct to one decimal place. (b) The current in the j4  inductance is given by: 15.806 93.23 V2 D D 3.956 3.23 A owing away from node 2 j4 46 90 (c) The current in the 5  resistance is given by: 5 0.89 C j15.77 I5 D 5 24.966 44.04 17.94 j17.35 D D 5 5 6 44.04 A owing from node 1 to node 2 D 4.99 j1.58 I5 D V1 V2 5 17.05 D 17.126 5.30 15.806 93.23

i.e.,

(d)

The active power dissipated in the 2.5  resistor is given by P2.5 D I2.5 2 2.5 D D 0.89 C j15.77 2.5 V2 256 90 2.5 D
2

2.5 95.51 2 2.5

j252

9.2736

556 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology

191.02 by de Moivres theorem 2.5 D 34.46 169 W D Thus the magnitude of the active power dissipated in the 2.5 Z resistance is 34.4 W Problem 8. In the network shown in Figure 31.12 determine the voltage VXY using nodal analysis.

85.996

Figure 31.12 Node 3 is taken as the reference node. At node 1, 256 0 D 4 V1 V1 V2 C 4 C j3 5 1 V2 5 0.2V2 25 D 0 25 D 0 1

i.e., or At node 2,

j3 1 V1 C 25 5 18.43 V1

0.3796

V2 V2 V1 V2 C C D0 j10 j20 5 0.2V1 C 1 1 1 V2 D 0 C C j10 j20 5 j0.05 C 0.2V2 D 0 36.87 V2 C 0 D 0 2

i.e., or i.e.,

0.2V1 C j0.1 0.2V1 C 0.256

Simultaneous equations (1) and (2) may be solved for V1 and V2 by using determinants. Thus,

Mesh-current and nodal analysis 557

V1 0.2 0.256 36.87 25 0

V2 0.3796 18.43 0.2 25 0 1 0.3796 18.43 0.2 0.256 1 55.30 0.2 36.87

i.e.,

6.256

V1 D 36.87 D

V2 D 5 0.094756 1 0.0796 79.85

0.04

Hence voltage, V1 D and voltage, V2 D

6.256 0.0796 0.0796

36.87 D 79.116 42.98 V 79.85 5 79.85 D 63.296 79.85 V

The current owing in the 4 C j3 branch is V1 /4 C j3. Hence the voltage between point X and node 3 is: 79.116 42.98 36 90 V1 j3 D 4 C j3 56 36.87 D 47.476 96.11 V Thus the voltage VXY D VX VY D VX D V2 D 47.476 96.11 63.296 79.85

16.21

j15.10 D 22.156 137 V

Problem 9. Use nodal analysis to determine the voltages at nodes 2 and 3 in Figure 31.13 and hence determine the current owing in the 2  resistor and the power dissipated in the 3  resistor. This is the same problem as Problem 2 of Chapter 30, page 537, which was solved using Kirchhoffs laws. In Figure 31.13, the reference node is shown at point A. At node 1, i.e., Figure 31.13 At node 2, V1 1 V2 C V1 V1 C 6 V2 8 5 V3 D0 1

1.367V1

0.2V3

1.6 D 0

V2 V1 V2 V3 V2 C C D0 2 1 3

558 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology

i.e., At node 3, i.e.,

V1 C 1.833V2

0.333V3 C 0 D 0 V1 D0

V3 V2 V3 C 8 V3 C C 4 3 5 0.2V1

0.333V2 C 0.783V3 C 1.6 D 0

Equations (1) to (3) can be solved for V1 , V2 and V3 by using determinants. Hence 1 1.833 0.333 D V1 0.2 0.333 0.783 1.6 0 1.6 D 1.367 1 0.2 D V2 0.2 0.333 0.783 1.6 0 1.6 0.2 0.333 0.783

1.367 1 0.2

V3 1 1.833 0.333

1.6 0 1.6

1.367 1 0.2

1 1 1.833 0.333

Solving for V2 gives:

V2 1.6 0.8496 C 1.6 0.6552 D 1 1.3671.3244 C 1 0.8496 0.20.6996

hence

1 0.31104 V2 D from which, voltage, V 2 D 0.31104 0.82093 0.82093 D 0.3789 V

0.3789 V2 D D 0.19 A, Thus the current in the 2 Z resistor D 2 2 owing from node 2 to node A. Solving for V3 gives: hence 1 V3 D 1.60.6996 C 1.61.5057 0.82093

1 1.2898 V3 D from which, voltage,V3 D 1.2898 0.82093 0.82093 D 1.571 V

Power in the 3 Z resistor D I3 2 3 D D 0.3789

V2 3

V3

1.5712 D 1.27 W 3

Further problems on nodal analysis may be found in Section 31.3 following, problems 10 to 15, page 560.

Mesh-current and nodal analysis 559

31.3 Further problems on mesh-current and nodal analysis

Mesh-current analysis 1 2 Repeat problems 1 to 10, page 542, of Chapter 30 using meshcurrent analysis. For the network shown in Figure 31.14, use mesh-current analysis to determine the value of current I and the active power output of the voltage source. [6.966 49.94 A; 644 W] Use mesh-current analysis to determine currents I1 , I2 and I3 for the network shown in Figure 31.15. [I1 D 8.736 1.37 A, I2 D 7.026 17.25 A, I3 D 3.056 48.67 A] For the network shown in Figure 31.16, determine the current owing in the 4 C j3 impedance. [0] For the network shown in Figure 31.17, use mesh-current analysis to determine (a) the current in the capacitor, IC , (b) the current in the inductance, IL , (c) the p.d. across the 4  resistance, and (d) the total active circuit power. [(a) 14.5 A (b) 11.5 A (c) 71.8 V (d) 2499 W]

Figure 31.14 4 5

Figure 31.15

Figure 31.16

Figure 31.17

Determine the value of the currents IR , IY and IB in the network shown in Figure 31.18 by using mesh-current analysis. [IR D 7.846 71.19 AI IY D 9.046 37.50 A; IB D 9.896 168.81 A] In the network of Figure 31.19, use mesh-current analysis to determine (a) the current in the capacitor, (b) the current in the 5  resistance, (c) the active power output of the 156 0 V source, and (d) the magnitude of the p.d. across the j2  inductance. [(a) 1.03 A (b) 1.48 A (c) 16.28 W (d) 3.47 V] A balanced 3-phase delta-connected load is shown in Figure 31.20. Use mesh-current analysis to determine the values of mesh currents

560 Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology

I1 , I2 and I3 shown and hence nd the line currents IR , IY and IB . [I1 D 836 173.13 A, I2 D 836 53.13 A, I3 D 836 66.87 A IR D 143.86 143.13 A, IY D 143.86 23.13 A, IB D 143.86 96.87 A] 9 Use mesh-circuit analysis to determine the value of currents IA to IE in the circuit shown in Figure 31.21. [IA D 2.406 52.52 A; IB D 1.026 46.19 A; IC D 1.396 57.17 A; ID D 0.676 15.57 A; IE D 0.9966 83.74 A]

Figure 31.18

Figure 31.19

Figure 31.20

Figure 31.21 Nodal analysis 10

Figure 31.22

Repeat problems 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10 on page 542 of Chapter 30, and problems 2, 3, 5, and 9 above, using nodal analysis.

Mesh-current and nodal analysis 561

11

Determine for the network shown in Figure 31.22 the voltage at node 1 and the voltage VAB [V1 D 59.06 28.92 V; VAB D 45.36 10.89 V] Determine the voltage VPQ in the network shown in Figure 31.23. [VPQ D 55.876 50.60 V] Use nodal analysis to determine the currents IA , IB and IC shown in the network of Figure 31.24. [IA D 1.216 150.96 AI IB D 1.066 56.32 A; IC D 0.556 32.01 A] For the network shown in Figure 31.25 determine (a) the voltages at nodes 1 and 2, (b) the current in the 40  resistance, (c) the current in the 20  resistance, and (d) the magnitude of the active power dissipated in the 10  resistance [(a) V1 D 88.126 33.86 V, V2 D 58.726 72.28 V (b) 2.206 33.86 A, away from node 1, (c) 2.806 118.65 A, away from node 1, (d) 223 W]

12 13 Figure 31.23

14

Figure 31.24

Figure 31.25 15

Figure 31.26 Determine the voltage VAB in the network of Figure 31.26, using nodal analysis. [VAB D 54.236 102.52 V]