BURNER TRAINING BOOK

Content
I. overview of the kiln .................................................................................... 3
1. Kiln Has To Be Reliable and Economical. 3 2. Types of Kilns... 3 2.1 Electric Kiln. 3 2.2 Gas Kiln.... 4 2.3 Oil Fired Kilns... 4

II. Burner Of Kiln . 5

1. Parts of kiln.. 5 2. Fuel supply system. 5 3. Air system 9 3.1 Conbustion Fan... 9 3.2 Atomizing Fan.... 10 3.3 Air Valve ..12 4. Fuel system.. 14 4.1 Ratio ...15 4.2 Fuel Fiter.. .21 4.3 Three-way-valve.. 23 5. Electric system ....25 5.1 KEROSENE SOLENOID VALVE ... 25 5.2. HIGH SENSIBILITY PROBES UV-2 SERIES ....... 26 5.3. IGNITION ELECTRODE 27 5.4. MICROPROCESSOR-OPERATED BURNER CONTROL DEVICE ESA ESTRO SERIES .. 28 6. Setup to the burners . 30 6.1 Preheating drying step.... 30 6.2 Firing step. 30

I.

overview of the kiln

1.Kiln Has To Be Reliable and Economical

A good kiln should be able to fire ceramics up to maximum temperatures in the range of 1400C and have the ability to show temperature to the accuracy of 1C. A temperature of 1400C is a very high temperature and very few metals and materials can withstand that. A good kiln has to be reliable and economical in terms of fuel cost.

2.Types of Kilns
There are electric fired kilns, gas fired kiln, wood fired kiln, oil fired kilns and coal fired kilns. Today, firing kilns with wood, coal and oil is like being an old alchemist, whilst firing kilns with electricity and gas is like being a modern day chemist who has a great degree of control over the end results.

2.1.Electric Kiln
kilns operated by electricity were developed in the 20th century, primarily for smaller scale use such as in schools, universities, and hobby centers. The atmosphere in most designs of electric kiln is rich in oxygen, as there is no open flame to consume oxygen molecules, however reducing conditions can be created with appropriate gas input

As soon as your kiln reaches the temperature of 1100C, every 1C rise in temperature requires your kiln to draw energy at a very high rate. Depending on the size of your kiln, you can build temperatures very fast up to 1100C using a single phase source of electricity but after 1100C you may need three phase source of electricity (today, electricity is no longer distributed using two phase alternators). The logic is that the energy needed to raise the temperature from says 1200C to 1210C is far much more than the energy needed to raise temperature from 30C to 40C (this is especially serious in gas fired kilns as the more gas you add means more cooling) really? yes, the rate of energy loss to the atmosphere increases more at that point and you can only control the heat loss rate only if you can increase the atmospheric pressure, which you cant. If your power source can not allow you to draw that extra power surge, then forget about reaching stoneware and porcelain temperatures. If you must use a medium to large size kilns, then you should have electricity power supply in 3-phase, otherwise go for small sized kilns. The other big drawback with kiln fired with electricity is that it is a bit difficulty to create a reducing firing atmosphere you do it by adding moth balls which can strike on electric filaments. A reducing atmosphere is the creation of an atmosphere inside the kiln that has reduced oxygen so that the metal oxides can fuse in clay in beautiful colours that you like and that you can not get in an oxidizing atmosphere.

2.2.Gas Kiln

Gas kilns are the most popular type of fuel kilns used today. If youre looking for a way to add a whole different dimension to your ceramic art then youll want to investigate gas kiln firing. With gas firing, you can control the atmosphere your work is exposed to, which directly affects the final outcome of your glazes and clay bodies. Here youll find expert advice from ceramic artists and potters who use gas kiln firing to add a unique dimension to their work Gas kilns are heated by either natural gas or propane. The gas is delivered through pipelines and travels to burners that mix the gas with air. Natural gas is often preferred when operating gas kilns, as it is safer for the environment and is easier to manipulate and disperse due to its light weight. Many potters prefer gas kilns because they facilitate reduction firing, which allows more color manipulation and control over heat. Gas kilns require venting and are often installed outdoors

2.3.Oil Fired Kilns

Oils are organic and carbon based, they burn readily. Until recently, all kilns were Oil burning; even now when we have ready access to easily fired electric kilns, many ceramists continue to use Oil-burning kilns: this kind of firing has an enduring appeal.Very simply, there are certain kinds of visual effects that can only be obtained from a fuel-burning kiln.

In updraft kilns the firebox is at the base of the kiln: the flame moves up through the ware to an exhaust and a chimney at the top of the kiln. In kilns of the crossdraft design the flue is on the side of the kiln - the side opposite the burners - so the heat travels through the ware and is then drawn up the chimney. In downdraft kilns the flame begins at a firebox in front or on the sides of the firing chamber. It is directed up over the ware and then back down again through the ware. The flame is exhausted into an underfloor chamber and from there is drawn up the chimney. The crossdraft and downdraft designs are the most complex and efficient: it is much easier to reach the high temperatures required for stoneware and porcelain temperatures using kilns of the crossdraft and downdraft type.

Most fuel-burning kilns are built by the ceramist rather than a commercial firm. To build them requires knowledge, time, and skill. Many kilns are the result of innovative and creative thinking and have a real impact on the life and work of the ceramist

We have two oil fired kilns from IPEG company. So we focus research anh learn about it to achieve better results when the kiln operation

II. Burner Of
1. Parts of kiln.

Kiln

- Fuel supply system: Electric pump, minimum pressure switch, pressure gauge,filter,. In this system, the burners are supplied with liquid fuel, which circulates by means of a pushing unit made up of a pump, taking the liquid from an auxiliary tank and sending it, at a max.pressure of 10 bar, to the kiln main manifold Air system Fuel system : air valve (solenoi valve), combustion fan, atomizing fan, : fuel filter, solenoi valve, Ratio ..

Electric system

: Burner control Box, Flame detector (sensibility probe UV2), Ignetion Electrode.

2. Fuel supply system

Here below are some simple remarks concerning this system. The kerosene suction pipe must have a perfect sealing, as even the smallest air infiltration would reduce the sucked flow rate passing through the burner system, until annulling it. A misalignment should always be avoided; possibly the suction pipe joints should be made through truncated-cone fittings. The kerosene oil bottom suction valve, with relevant filter, must be positioned to avoid possible turbulences that can create possible air inlets and at a distance from the bottom that avoids possiblecondensate water inlets as well: these bottoms should be kept perfectly cleaned, to avoid sucking impurities.

If the pump operates with suction under pressure or closed circuit, its advisable to install a lock valve on the suction pipe; if instead it operates with vacuum suction, this valve shouldnt used. Anyway, aperfect sealing of the stuffing box of the lock valve should be kept, to avoid air inlets.

TABLE OF THE FUEL SUPPLY UNIT COMPONENTS:

Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. . Pos. Pos. Pos. .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- degasser tank

- kerosene on-off ball valve - kerosene filter - Electric pump, capacity = 1500 l/h - 1.5 kW - check valve - pressure gauge with cock - flow rate adjuster - minimum pressure switch - ball valve for tank gas vent - three-way ball valve - safety solenoid valve - three-part joint - grounding

Pos. 10 Pos. 11 Pos. 12 Pos. 13

Fuel fiter

3. Air system 3.1 Conbustion Fan

The centrifugal fan installed on the kiln with the double function of combustion and cooling air is of the high head type. A common feature for all the fans is that the vacuum created in the central point because of the propeller generates an air flow entering the fan axially and exiting radially. As manifold for such air flow exiting the wheel a scroll diffuser is used, that is also used for a pressure recovery, that is an increase of the fan static pressure. The blades of this fan are flat and reversed and enable, with the same motor power, to reach high performance. The building structure of the used fan is directly coupled with the motor. The motor bearings are life lubricated with a remarkable grease reserve. The labyrinth seal ring prevents the grease from being contaminated, ensuring an efficient lubrication in time.

Centrifugai fan G -propeller D -scroll diffusor

3.2 Atomizing Fan

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3.3 Air Valve

12

Assembly
The solenoid valve standard position is vertical (the electromagnet is vertical). The solenoid valve has a flow direction, thus it must be fitted according to the printed instructions.

Capacity adjustment
The (min. and max.) capacity adjustment is made by the screws and lock nuts ( 19-20 and 23-24) places at the back of the electomagnet.

It is advisable to carry out the capacity adjustment while the burner is opereting

Cleaning and maintenance

Maintenance must be caried out inside the terminal board box(11) , disassenble the letter and remove dust and possible foreign bodies.

Grease the gears (12-13) again and reassemble the box.

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4. Fuel system

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4.1 Ratio

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TABLE OF THE COMPONENTS FOR THE OIL ADJUSTMENT UNIT

Table no. 15

1 Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

- flow adjuster - kerosene filter 1/4 - ball valve 1/4 - pressure gauge, scale 0-10 mbar

The RFG adjuster is used as fuel flow proportioner in the oil modulating burners. A pressure signal is taken from the comburent air pipe and, applied to the adjuster directly or indirectly, defines an oil outlet pressure that is proportional and steady to the signal.

The capacity variation is obtained by the servocontrol of the combustion air valve, operated by the temperature adjuster and by the logic electric control. The direct pressure signal can be by-passed by a three-way valve and maxitrol adjuster(indirect type).

A constant oil pressure is required at the RFG inlet. A variation of 0.35 bar at the inlet can cause a 2% error in flow control. 16

The comburent air pressure, through the charging line, operates on the main diaphragm, opening the housing of the kerosene flow adjuster valve.

Air pressure from the load line forces the main diaphragm upwards opening in the outlet chamber applies pressure on the oil piston which opposes movement of the main diaphram and tends to close the oil outlet valve.

Since the main diaphragm has an area 30 times larger than the piston area, oil flows from the regulator at a rate that produces an outlet oil pressure 30 times the inlet air pressure.

The regulator should be installed in a horizontal line with the adjustment stem down. The arrow cast on the valve body indicates direction of flow.

Inlet oil pressure to the regulator should be 0.7 bar higher than the maximum outlet pressure.

A filter must be installed upstream of the regulator to prevent clogging of the valves.

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STRAINER FILTERS WITH FILTERING ELEMENT IN WIRE GAUZE

TABLE OF FLOW ADJUSTER COMPONENTS

Table no. 16

Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

connecting flange seal ring socket head screw M6x12 bottom flanged plug shutter housing shutter seal ring socket head screw M6x12 diesel oil flow shutter control spring inner diaphragm pressing device diesel oil diaphragm outer diaphragm pressing device flanged connecting pipe diaphragm connecting shaft valve body socket head screw M5x15 socket head screw M6x22 air diaphragm upper spring air adjustment side brass disc air side adjustment screw spring guide pipe air side closing plug air side plug seal ring lower spring centering metal washer fiber washer upper spring centering metal washer air side diaphragm fastening nut galvanized platelet air side diaphragm H.H. screw M6x30 lower cover cork-rubber gasket 19

Assembly, maintenance and cleaning

The flow direction, indicated by an arrow on the filter, must be respected scrupulously. The filters can be installed in any position, however we recommend to mount them in vertical position, with the cup turned downwards, in order to facilitate the separation of the water traces and the deposit of the filtered impurities. Due to their constructive simplicity and their high reliability the filters dont need any maintenance.

For their cleaning it is sufficient to screw out the drain plug placed under the cup.

For a more complete cleaning, screw out the screws on the cover, take away the cup, wash accurately the filtering element with gas-oil or gasoline and blow compressed air from inside to outside, mount the whole and control that the seals are good and in their place.

For the models without drain plug, remove the cup as indicate above.

For the model 70450, screw out the cup by taking it manually, clean as indicated above and reassemble by tightening moderately.

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4.2 Fuel Fiter

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Diagram of flow and loss of head referring to filters for gas oil and fuel oil.

The flow of the scale N. 1 referring to the viscosity 1,5 Engler degrees hasbeen got by utilizing cartridges with filtering degree of mm. 0.1

The scales N. 2 and N. 3 referring to the viscosity of 3 Engler degrees and 15 Engler degrees have been got with cartridges having filtering degree of mm. 0.3.

All tests have been made with filters having the biggest connections foreseen from production, and with filtering cartridge perfectly clean.

Eventual choices of filters with reduced connections (inlet and outlet) will influence negatively on the flow or loss of head; furthermore, it is opportune to bear in mind, in order to avoid of doing frequent cleanings, to size rightly the filter, according to the type of fluid to filter.

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4.3 Three-way-valve

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TABLE OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE PILOTING UNIT FOR FLOW

Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos. Pos.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- double screw 1/4" - t-shaped connection 1/4" - reduction M= 1/4" x F= 1/8" - pressure inlet - pilot solenoid valve ECT 307 - quarter connection 1/4" with hub for pipe 8 mm - straight connection 1/4" with hub for pipe 6mm - plug 1/4"= drill 1.5 mm - reduced double screw 3/8" x 1/4" - gas adjuster filter - reduct. M= 3/8 x F= 1/4 - black pipe 6 mm

Pos. 10

Pos. 11
Pos. 12

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5. Electric system
5.1 KEROSENE SOLENOID VALVE

Is a normally one-way solenoid valve with direct action. Applications as The body is of stamped brass, the core is blued steel and the seal is synthetic rubber which is suitable for use with air, natural gas, petrol, chlorate thinners, alcohol, light distillate oils and other fluids compatible with the above. Not suitable for use with water.

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5.2. HIGH SENSIBILITY PROBES UV-2 SERIES

FEATURES

DESCRIPTION

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5.3. IGNITION ELECTRODE

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5.4. MICROPROCESSOR-OPERATED BURNER CONTROL DEVICE ESA ESTRO SERIES

APPLICATIONS

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Aplications.
Esaquad is designed for the management of a the directly ignited sign burner, with UV scanner or Flame rad detaction (flame rad can even be shared with the ignition rad)

Since time and cycle can be progammed, the same device can be used to control any gas and oil burner and meet al relevant requirement. Some application standard, wheareas others are available for programmation by user , who can change the several funtion of the equiment to fit its application requirements.

The front plate is equipped with a LED-bar flame signal indicator An advance self-diagnostic system provides the display of either the cycle status, the cause that produced shutdowns or the immediate diagnostic of the fuilures that effect the equipment or th burner.

Remove control and supervision of the burner can be im plemented through traditional electrical wiring, or through buit-in communication line , which provides an easy management of multiple-burner systems featuring great simplicity and low cost. The pull-out terminal blocks allow the control device to be easily replaced during maintenance operation.

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6. Setup to the burners

The adjustment system is pulse type (PULSAR) with three stages: OFF - LOW FLAME (stoichiometric or oxidizing) - HIGH FLAME, with a reciprocal cycle by groups of individual burners or in pairs.

In the high and low flame stages, by increasing or decreasing the combustion air pressure, different potentiality levels can be selected; spray-drying air is fixed.

6.1 Preheating drying step

The switching-on of each single burner occurs with the max. quantity of combustion air and kerosene.

Data with max. Capacity:

Max. combustion pressure 40-50 mm H2O Max. direct charging air pressure 500 mm H2O Max. kerosene pressure 1.5 bar (2.5 l/h) After 3, air feeding on the flow adjuster from direct into indirect, with exchange on the 3-way solenoid valve.

The status of burners on has a min. kerosene quantity and combustion air excess, alternated with off burners and air min. flow rate.

Data with burner in air excess:

Comburent air pressure 40-50 mm H2O Charging air pressure on the kerosene flow adjuster 150 mm H2O Kerosene pressure 0.6 bar (1-1.5 l/h).

6.2 Firing step

The alternation of the burners occurs between one burner at max. capacity and two burners with min. combustion air and kerosene capacity:

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