Particulate Nature Of Matter Kinetic particle theory- All matter is made up of tiny particles and they are in constant,

random motion( e.g. dancing dust made up of air particles bumping into dust) Solid -closely packed in orderly pattern -particles held together by very strong forces of attraction -have enough kinetic energy to vibrate and rotate about fixed positions only -cannot be compressed/slide over each othr, thus fixed shape and volume Liquid -more space btw particles compared to solid -forces of attraction weaker than in solid but stronger than in gas -particles not in fixed positions, arranged in disorderly manner and can move freely by sliding over one another -more kinetic energy -however still packed quite closely, thus no fixed shape but fixed volume Gas -spread far apart from one another, weak forces of attraction -a lot of kinetic energy, not in fixed positions -can move about rapidly in any direction, more space btw particle -easily compressed to move closer to each othr - thus no fixed volume or shape

Melting Heat energy absorbed by particles, converted to kinetic energy, particles vibrate about fixed post Temp high enough, vibrations of particles sufficient to overcome attractive forces, can break away from fixed post Particles no longer in fixed pos, can slide ovr each othr, now a liquid NOTE: During the melting process, temp does not rise even though heating continues. Heat energy taken in by particles is used to overcome forces of attraction holding particles together. Mix of solid and liquid. (Heating curves show temp change as it is heated to melting pt)

Freezing Energy given out by particles, lose kinetic energy and move slowly Temp low enough, particles no longer have enough energy to move about freely, setle into fixed positions All settle in fixed position, can only vibrate about fixed positions, now a solid NOTE: During the freezing process, the temp remains the same even though cooling continues. Heat energy is released as the particles are attracted to one another to form a solid. This heat energy is completely given out to the surroundings. Mix of sol n liq( cooling curve)

Boiling Energy absorbed by particles in liquid, particles gain kinetic energy and move faster Particles have enough energy to overcome the forces holding them together. Now are spread far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Now gas. NOTE: The temp remains constant during boiling process. Heat energy taken in is used to overcome forces of attraction and make particles move faster. Bu bbles of gas contain water vapour n other gases

Evaporation

Occurs because some particles have enough energy to escape as gas from surface of liquid. Liquids that evaporate quickly-> volatile liquids( boiling pt juz above r.t.p)

Condensation- when gas cooled sufficiently, it changes into liquid Sublimation- When solids change directly into gas w/o going through liquid state( dry ice to transport frozen food) Diffusion The process by which particles move freely to fill up any available space Homogeneous mixture-> when particles of each gas are evenly spread out( See ws examples) E.g. bromine particles diffuse into spaces between air particles and vice versa

Factors Affecting Diffusion 1) Molecular mass- higher-> lower rate 2) Temperature- higher-> higher rate 3) Size-smaller-> higher rate ( liquids+solids)