MaC Collection of Solved Problems MaC4000

Suggested Solutions MaCMB4B08 P9MaCFinalNVCO08
NV-College
Mixed Problems 4A [Blandade vningar 4A] 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 M 15 M 21 22 M 23 M 24 M 25 M Mixed Problems 4B [Blandade vningar 4B] 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 M 21 22 23 24 25 M Interesting Problems 4 [Problem Fr Alla 4] 1V 2 3 4V 5V 11 M NPMaCVT2009 1 2 11 12 3 13 4 14 5 15 M
6 16 26 M 6 16 M 26 M 6V
7 17 27 7M 17 27 M 7V
8 18 28 8M 18 28 M 8V
9 19 29 9 19 28Md 9V
10 20 30 10 20 29 M 10 V
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale.
1/43
NV-College
MaCMP4A14 MVG Find f ( x ) if f ( x + h ) = x 2 + 2 h x + h 2 .
[1/1/]
Therefore: f ( x + h ) = x 2 + 2 h x + h 2 = ( x + h )
We may realize that x 2 + 2 h x + h 2 = ( x + h )
& Suggested Solutions: Answer: f ( x ) = x 2 f ( x ) = 2 x f (x + h ) = x 2 + 2 h x + h 2

2
f (x + h ) = (x + h ) Hence f ( x ) = x 2 & f ( x ) = x 2 f ( x ) = 2 x
2
[0/1/] [1/0/]
MaCMP4A15 MVG Find quotient
x if log x log y = 3 . y
x = 10 3 y
[0/1/]
Suggested Solutions: Answer:
log x log y = 3 log x log y = 3 log x x = 3 = 10 3 y y

[0/1/]
MaCMP4A22 MVG Calculate the difference quotient
f (1.01) f (0.99) of the function 0.02 f ( x ) = x e x . The quotient gives an approximation for the derivative of the function at x = a a. What is the numerical value of a , and what value has the difference quotient? [1/2] b. Find a better approximation value for f ( x ) . [0/2/]
Suggested Solutions: Answer: a = 1.00 [0/2] f (1.01) f (0.99) (1.01) e (1.01) (0.99) e (0.99 ) e (0.99 ) (1.01) e 0.02 0.99 i = = = 5.436 745 0.02 0.02 0.02 f (1.01) f (0.99) = 5.436 745 f (1.00) [0/2] 0.02 f (x + h ) f (x h ) ii The better approximation is done if h in is smaller. We may use 2h h = 0.0001 f (1.0001) f (0.9999) (1.0001) e (1.0001) (0.9999) e (0.9999 ) f (1.00) = 0.0002 0.0002 (0.9999 ) 0.0002 e (1.0001) e 0.9999 f (1.00) = 5.436 564 [0/1/] 0.0002 Note that in math D we will study the derivative of the product of two functions: y = f g y = f g y = f g Therefore: f ( x ) = x e x f ( x ) = 1 e x + x e x f (1) = 1 e (1) + (1) e1 = 2 e Hence, the exact value of the derivative is f (1) = 2 e which is f (1) = 2 e 5.436 564
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NV-College
MaCMP4A23 (Modified) MVG Equation of the Tangent to a graph at a given point Find the real numbers a , b , and c such that the graph of the function f (x ) = a x 2 + b x + c passes through the point (0 , 1) and the line y = x 1 is tangent to the curve at the point (1 , 0) . Plot a rough graph of the function and its tangent together in a proper coordinate system. The plot must include the points (1 , 0 ) , and (0 , 1) . [2/5/] Suggested Solutions: Answer: c = 1 Plan: i The coordinates of the point (0 , 1) must satisfy the equation of the function, i.e.: 2 f (0 ) = 1 a (0 ) + b (0) + c = 1 c = 1 [1/0] c =1 2 f (x ) = a x + b x + 1 ii The coordinates of the point (1 , 0 ) must satisfy the equation of the function, i.e.: 2 f (1) = 0 a (1) + b (1) + 1 = 0 a + b + 1 = 0 [1/0] a + b = 1 iii The slope of the tangent y = x 1 is k = 1 . Due to the fact that y = x 1
is tangent to the function f ( x ) = a x 2 + b x + 1 at (1 , 0 ) , both the function and its tangent have identical slope at the point, i.e.: f (1) = k f (1) = 1 . [0/1] 2 f (x ) = a x + b x + 1 f ( x ) = 2 a x + b f (1) = 2 a (1) + b = 2 a + b = 1 [0/1] 2a +b =1 2 a + b = 1 2 a + b = 1 add Solve the simultaneous equations: a = 2 [0/1] a + b = 1 a b = 1 a + b = 1 2 + b = 1 b = 1 2 b = 3 a = 2 Answer: a = 2 , b = 3 , c = 1 , f ( x ) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1 [0/1]
iv
f (x ) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1
1 f(x), y
-1
y = x 1
-2 -1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5 x
1,0
1,5
2,0
[0/1/]
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NV-College
When evaluating your work, in the following problems I will take into consideration: how well you perform your investigation. how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. how generalized your solutions are. if your calculations are correct. how well you analyze and evaluate your results.
MaCMP4A24 (G-VG-MVG) Function and its Derivative. [2/3/] 2 The function f ( x ) = a x + b , where a and b are constants real numbers is given. i. Find f ( x ) if a = 4 and b = 3 . ii. When a = 4 and b = 3 , show that the equation f ( x ) = f ( x ) has two different solutions. iii. Investigate if there are any relationship between a and b when the equation f ( x ) = f ( x ) has two different solutions. Suggested Solutions: f (x ) = a x 2 + b i f ( x ) = a x 2 + b f ( x ) = 2 a x if a = 4 f ( x ) = 2 4 x [1/0] Answer: f ( x ) = 8 x 2 ii if a = 4 and b = 3 , f ( x ) = 4 x + 3 , f ( x ) = 8 x f ( x ) = f ( x ) 4 x 2 + 3 = 8 x 4 x 2 8 x + 3 = 0 (2 x 1)(2 x 3) = 0 [1/0] 1 2 x 1 = 0 2 x = 1 x1 = 2 1 3 (2 x 1)(2 x 3) = 0 [0/1] Answer: x1 = , x2 = 2 2 2 x 3 = 0 2 x = 3 x = 3 2 2 2 f (x ) = a x + b iii f (x ) = f (x ) a x 2 + b = 2 a x a x 2 2 a x + b = 0 f ( x ) = 2 a x
b b [0/1] = 0 x = 1 1 a a b b If f ( x ) = f ( x ) has two different solutions, 1 > 0 1 > a > b [0/1/] a a Answer: If a > b the equation f ( x ) = f ( x ) has two different solutions. a x2 2 a x + b = 0 x2 2 x +
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NV-College
MaCMP4A25 MVG Triangle, rectangle, Maximization of area. [2/6/] A The height of the blue colored rectangle in the figure below is x cm and its area is y cm 2 . i If b = 18.0 cm and h = 24.0 cm may the area of the rectangle be written as: y = 18 x 0.75 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 24.0 cm h cm Find the maximum area of the rectangle. ii Show that if b = 18.0 cm , and h = 24.0 cm the D E area of the rectangle may be expressed as: y = 18 x 0.75 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 24.0 cm x cm iii The triangles shape, its height as well as its base may vary. Martina claims that rectangles B maximum area is always half of that of the C b cm triangle. Investigate if Martinas claim is correct. Suggested Solutions: i y = 18 x 0.75 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 24.0 cm The maximum area of the rectangle is associated with y = 0 . Therefore we may first find the derivative of the function y and solve y = 0 for x: y = 18 1.5 x y = 18 x 0.75 x 2 cm 2 y = 18 2 0.75 x [1/0] 18 y = 0 18 1.5 x = 0 1.5 x = 18 x = cm x = 12.0 cm [1/0] x = 12.0 cm 1.5 2 y max = 18 (12 ) 0.75 (12 ) cm 2 y max = 108. cm 2 [0/1] y max = 108. cm 2
ii The triangles ABC and ADE are similar, therefore (h x ) where, DE w DE h x w hx [0/1] = = w = b h b h h BC The area of the rectangle is, therefore: (h x ) x = b 1 x x y = w x = b (h x ) x = b x b x 2 y = w x = b [0/1] h h h h b y = b x x 2 where 0 < x < h cm h If b = 18.0 cm and h = 24.0 cm may the area of the rectangle is: 18 2 y = 18 x x y = 18 x 0.75 x 2 cm 2 where 0 < x < 24.0 cm . [0/1/] 24
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NV-College
iii According to the calculations above the area of the rectangle is: b y = b x x 2 where 0 < x < h cm h The maximum area of the rectangle is associated with y = 0 . Therefore we may first find the derivative of the function y and solve y = 0 for x: b 2b 2b y = b x x 2 y = b x y = b x h h h 2b 2b h h y = 0 b x = 0 x =b x = x= [0/1] h h 2 2 2 2 b 1 bh Atriangle bh b h h b h y = b x x 2 ymax = b = = = [0/1/] h 2 h 4 2 2 2 2 h 2 Therefore, Martina is correct: The rectangles maximum area is always Atriangle half of that of the triangle: y max = 2
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NV-College
MaCMP4A26 Rectangles, Geometric Progression [2/6/] Investigate the pattern of the red colored rectangles in the figure below. The area of the largest colored square, (i.e. the first colored square) is 1.00 dm 2 . i Calculate the exact area of the second, third, and the nth red colored squares. ii Investigate how the total area of n colored squares is dependent on the number of the colored squares n . iii Investigate how the total perimeter of n colored squares is dependent on the number of the colored squares n . Suggested Solutions: Data: The pattern of the red colored rectangle areas is a geometric 1 progression with A1 = 1.00 dm 2 , k = 0.50 = . 2 i The area of the second red colored rectangle is: 1 1 1 A2 = dm 2 A2 = A1 k = 1.00 dm 2 = 0.50 dm 2 = dm 2 2 2 2 The area of the third red colored rectangle is: 2 1 1 1 A3 = A1 k 2 = 1.00 dm 2 = 0.25 dm 2 = dm 2 A3 = dm 2 4 4 2 The area of the nth red colored rectangle is: n 1 n 1 1 1 An = dm 2 An = A1 k n1 = 1.00 dm 2 2 2
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NV-College
ii The total area of n red colored rectangle is:
1 n S n = 2.00 1 dm 2 2 n n 1 A (1 k n ) 1.00 1 (0.50 ) Sn = 1 dm 2 S n = 2.00 1 dm 2 Sn = 2 1 k 1 0.50 2 The total area approaches to S n = 2.00 dm for large n .
2,5 2,0 1,5 SAn 1,0 0,5 0,0 1 3 5 n 7
S n = 2.00 1 (0.50)
) dm
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 100
S n = 2 .00 1 (0 .50 )
dm 2
1,000000 1,500000 1,750000 1,875000 1,937500 1,968750 1,984375 1,992188 1,996094 1,998047 1,999998 2,000000 2,000000
11
iii The perimeter geometric progression P1 = 4.00 dm , k =
2 = 0.7071 2
P2 = P1 k = 4.00
2
2 dm = 2.00 2 dm 2
2
2 P3 = P1 k = 4.00 2
n
dm = 2.00 dm
n 1
2 Pn = P1 k = 4.00 dm 2 The total perimeter of n red colored rectangle is: 2 n 2 n 1 4.00 8.00 1 2 2 P (1 k n ) Sn = 1 dm = dm S Pn = 1 k 2 2 2 1 2 8.00 S Pn = dm 13.7 dm 2 2 The total perimeter of the colored squares approaches to S Pn 13.7 dm for large n .
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NV-College
14 12
S Pn 2 8.00 1 2 = 2 2
n
dm
10 SPn 8 6 4 2 0 1 5 9 13 n 17 21
25
29
S Pn
2 8 .00 1 2 = 2 2
dm
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 100 1000 4,000000 6,828427 8,828427 10,242641 11,242641 11,949747 12,449747 12,803301 13,053301 13,230078 13,643517 13,656854 13,656854
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NV-College
MaCMP4B8 Modified
Derivative of Six Different Functions
[2/6/]
The derivatives of six different functions, f ( x ) , are illustrated in the following figures. In the domain illustrated below a. which function or which functions f ( x ) does/do not have any stationary point(s). b. which function or which functions f ( x ) has/have minimum point(s)? c. which function or which functions f ( x ) has/have maximum point(s)? d. Which function or which functions f ( x ) has/have inflexion point(s)? e. Find a function y = f ( x ) for each derivative whose curve is plotted in each figure. (a) 3 (d)
3
2
2
1 f'(x)
1 f'(x)
0 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 x 1 2
0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
(b)
1
(e)
3 2 1 f'(x) -3 -2 -1 x 0 1
0 f'(x)
-1
0 -1
-2
-2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
(c)
6 4 2 f'(x) 0 f'(x) -2 -4 -8 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3 -6 -2 -1 0 -2 -4 -6 0
(f)
4 2
1 x
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MaC Collection of Solved Problems MaC4000
NV-College
Suggested Solutions: We may choose to analyze each and every one of the graphs illustrated in the given figures, and then answer the questions raised in the problem (a) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 The function which f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 ) is the function: 1 1 f (x ) = x 4 + x + C C = a real constant number if C = 0 : f (x ) = x 4 + x 4 4 3 In the figure below, f ( x ) = x + 1 along with its antiderivative, 1 f ( x ) = x 4 + x are plotted: 4
3
f ( x ) = x 3 + 1
2 f(x), f'(x) 1 0 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 x 1 2
1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 4
Answer: The function f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 1 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f (1) = 0 is an indication that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1 . f (0.9 ) > 0 and f (1.1) < 0 along with f (1) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has a global maximum at x = 1 . Note that f (1) < 0 which is, along with f (1) = 0 , another indication that the function has a global maximum at x = 1 .
x f ( x ) x = 0 .9 f ( 1) > 0 Positive x =1 f (1) = 0 x = 1 .1 f (1.1) < 0 Negative
f (x ) f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )
Global Maximum
f (1) < 0 Maximum
behzad.massoumzadeh@huddinge.se Not for sale. Free to use for educational purposes
11/43
NV-College
(b) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as 2 f (x ) = ( x + 1) f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
The function which f (x ) = ( x + 1) is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of

2 2
2 In the figure below, f (x ) = ( x + 1) along with its antiderivative 1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x are plotted: 3
f (x ) = ( x + 1) ) is the function: 1 1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x + C C = a real constant number if C = 0 : f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x 3 3
3 2 f'(x), f(x) 1 0 -1 -2 -3
1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x 3
f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
-2 -1 x
Answer: The function f ( x ) has an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 1 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1) = 0 is an indication that f ( x ) has a stationary point at x = 1 . Both f ( 2 ) < 0 and f (0 ) < 0 along with f ( 1) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has an inflexion (a terrace) point at x = 1 . Note that f ( 1) = 0 which is, along with f (1) = 0 , another indication that the function has an inflexion point at x = 1 .
x f ( x ) x = 2 f ( 2 ) < 0 Negative x = 1 f (1) = 0 x=0 f (0 ) < 0 Negative
f (x )
Inflexion (terrace) point

f ( 1) = 0 Inflexion
f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )
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NV-College
(c) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f (x ) = x 3 2 x + 3 The function which f ( x ) = x 3 2 x + 3 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: 1 2 f ( x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x + C C = a real constant number 4 2 1 1 f (x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f (x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x 4 4 ( x ) = x 3 2 x + 3 along with its antiderivative, In the figure below, f 1 f ( x ) = x 4 x 2 + 3 x are plotted: 4
6 4 2 f'(x), f(x) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
f (x ) = x 3 2 x + 3
f (x ) =
1 4 x x 2 + 3x 4
Answer: The function f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.9 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1.9 ) = 0 is an indication that f ( x ) has a stationary point at x = 1.9 . f ( 2 ) < 0 and f ( 1) > 0 along with f ( 1.9 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.9 . Note that f ( 1.9 ) > 0 which is, along with f ( 1.9 ) = 0 , another indication that the function has a local minimum at x = 1.9 .
x f ( x ) x = 2 f ( 2 ) < 0 Negative x = 1.9 f ( 1.9 ) = 0 Stationary point x = 1 f ( 1) > 0 Positive
f (x ) f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )
local <minimum
f ( 1.9 ) > 0 Minimum
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NV-College
(d) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f (x ) = ( x + 1)( x 1) The function which f ( x ) = x 2 1 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: 1 1 f (x ) = x 3 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f (x ) = x 3 x 3 3 ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 1) along with its antiderivative, In the figure below, f 1 f ( x ) = x 3 x are plotted: 3
3 2 1 f'(x), f(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
f (x ) = (x + 1)( x 1)
f (x ) =
1 3 x x 3
Answer: The function f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.0 and a local maximum at x = 1.0 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1.0 ) = 0 and f (1.0 ) = 0 are indications that f ( x ) has a stationary point at x = 1.0 , and another stationary point at x = 1.0 . f ( 2 ) > 0 and f (0 ) < 0 along with f ( 1.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 . f (0 ) < 0 and f (2 ) > 0 along with f (1.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.0 .
x f ( x ) x = 2 f ( 2 ) > 0 Positive x = 1.0 f ( 1.0 ) = 0 Stationary point x=0 f (0 ) < 0 Negative x = 1 .0 x=2 f (1.0 ) = 0 f (2 ) > 0 Stationary Positive point local minimum
f (x ) f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )
local maximum f ( 1.0 ) < 0 maximum
f (1.0 ) > 0 minimum
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NV-College
(e) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as f (x ) = 2 The function which f ( x ) = 2 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: f ( x ) = 2 x f ( x ) = 2 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : In the figure below, f ( x ) = 2 along with its antiderivative, f (x ) = 2 x are plotted:
3 2 1 f'(x), f(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
f ( x ) = 2 x
f (x ) = 2
Answer: The function f ( x ) does not have any stationary point. It is a straight line with a negative slope. Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( x ) = 2 means that the function f ( x ) is a linear function and does not have any stationary point.
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NV-College
(f) The equation of the curve illustrated in the figure may be written as 2 f (x ) = (x + 1)( x 2 ) f (x ) = (x + 1)(x 2 4 x + 4 ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 4 x x 2 + 4 x 4 = x 3 + 3 x 2 4 The function which f (x ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 4 is the derivative of (i.e. antiderivative of ) is the function: 1 3 1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x + C C = a real constant number . If C = 0 : f ( x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x 4 3 4 2 In the figure below, f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 2 ) along with its antiderivative, 1 f ( x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x are plotted: 4
4 2 f'(x), f(x) 0 -2 -4 -6 -3 -2 -1 0 x
f ( x ) = (x + 1)(x 2 )
1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x 4
1 2 3 4
Answer: The function f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 and an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 2.0 . Second method: Conceptual and Qualitative method We may analyze the graph of the f ( x ) and through that answer the questions raised. f ( 1.0 ) = 0 and f (2.0 ) = 0 are the indications that f (x ) has a stationary point at x = 1.0 , and another one at x = 2.0 . f ( 2.0 ) > 0 and f (0 ) < 0 along with f ( 1.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 . f (0 ) < 0 and f (3) < 0 along with f (2.0 ) = 0 points to the fact that the function f ( x ) has an inflexion point at x = 2.0 . x = 2.0 x=3 x x = 2 x = 1.0 x=0 f ( x ) f ( 2 ) > 0 f ( 1.0 ) = 0 f (0 ) < 0 f (2.0 ) = 0 f (3) < 0 Negative Stationary Negative Positive Stationary point point f (x ) Inflexion local Point maximum ( x ) : f f ( 1.0 ) < 0 f (2.0 ) = 0 maximum Inflexion Slope of f ( x )
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The function f ( x ) and The figure its derivative f ( x ) . a f (x ) = x + 1
3 2 f(x), f'(x) 1 0 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 x 1 2
3
NV-College
Maximum point The function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1. The function f ( x ) has an inflexion (terrace) point at local at x = 1 . Inflexion point
Minimum point
1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 4
b
f'(x), f(x)
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
1 f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x 3
f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
-2 -1 x
C
f'(x), f(x)
6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -3
f (x ) = x 3 2 x + 3
f (x ) =
1 4 x x 2 + 3x 4
-2
-1
0 x
d
f'(x), f(x)
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2
f ( x ) = (x + 1)(x 1)
f (x ) =
1 3 x x 3
-1 0 x 1 2 3
Answer: The function f ( x ) has a local minimum at x = 1.9 . The function The function f ( x ) has a f (x ) has a local local minimum at maximum at x = 1 .0 . x = 1.0 .
The function f ( x ) does not have any stationary point. It is a straight line with a negative slope.
3 2 1 f'(x), f(x) 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
f ( x ) = 2 x
f (x ) = 2
f
f'(x), f(x)
4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -3 -2
f ( x ) = (x + 1)( x 2 )
1 f (x ) = x 4 + x 3 4 x 4
-1 0 x 1 2 3 4
The function f (x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 .
The function f ( x ) has a an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 2 .0 .
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NV-College
Investigation of a cubic function and its derivative:

MaCMP4B7 Simon investigates a cubic equation. He first constructs the following table.
x f (x ) f ( x )
1 5 9
0 1 0
1 3 3
2 5 0
3 1 9
i. ii. iii. iv. v.
Find f (0 ) [1/0] Find f (1) [1/0] Find the coordinates of the local minimum point of the function. Why? Explain. [1/1] For which values of x is f ( x ) an increasing function? [1/0] Plot a rough graph of the function f ( x ) and its derivative f ( x ) whose properties fit those given in the table above. Find the equation of the function. [2/3] Suggested Solutions: f (0 ) = 1 i [1/0] ii f (1) = 3 [1/0] [1/0] iii (0, 1) is the coordinates of the local minimum of the function. a. At (0, 1) , the derivative of the function is zero: f (0 ) = 0 . b. Along with f (0 ) = 0 , the table above indicates that the gradient (slope) of the function is negative for points to the left of (0, 1) . The table also points to the fact that the gradient (slope) of the function is positive for values to the right of the point (0, 1) . [0/1] iv For 0 < x < 2 the derivative of the function is positive, and therefore, it is an increasing function. [1/0] v If the equation of the cubic function is expressed as: f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d Whose derivative is of the form: f ( x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c We may use the table, starting from the stationary points of the function, we may determine the values of the constants a, b, c, d :
f (0 ) = 1 d = 1 f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + 1 f (0 ) = 0 c = 0 f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + 1
2
f (2) = 0 f (2 ) = 3a(2) + 2b(2 ) = 0 3a + b = 0 b = 3a f ( x ) = ax 3 3ax 2 + 1 f (1) = 3 f (1) = a(1) 3a(1) + 1 = 3 a 3a + 1 = 3 2a = 2 a = 1

3 2
Answer: The equation of the function is f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 and the equation of its derivative is f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 6 x . The function and its derivative are plotted in the figure below, and a specified table showing the original data from the graph is constructed to the right:
f (x )
f (x )
-1 0 1 2 3
5 1 3 5 1
-9 0 3 0 -9
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NV-College
6 4 2 f(x), f'(x) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -1 0 1 x
f (x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 1
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 6 x
19/43
MaC Collection of Solved Problems MaC4000 MaCMP4B15 (Modified)

1 3
NV-College [2/4/]
a. Find analytically the slope of the curve f ( x ) = 9 x at x = 8 . You are not allowed to use a calculator in solving the problem. b. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x ) = 9 x 3 at x = 8 . c. Plot the curve f ( x ) = 9 x 3 and the tangent to the curve at x = 8 on a suitable coordinate system. Suggested Solutions: 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 f ( x ) = 9 x f ( x ) = 9 x = 3 x 3 3
1 1
f (8) = 3 (8)
2 3
= 3 (2
2 3 3
= 3 2
2 / 3 / 3
= 3 2 2 =
3 3 = 22 4
1
3 . 4 The equation of a tangent, y = kx + m , to a curve of the function f ( x ) at a give point (a, b ) share two important properties: b = ka + m They share the point (a, b ) : This requirement implies that f (a ) = b The slope of the tangent is the same as the derivative of the function at the point: This requirement means that: k = f (a ) Applying the conditions above results in: 3 3 k = y (8) = k= 4 4 1 1 ( ) 9 ( )3 3 3 f x = x f (8) = 9 (8) = 9 2 = 18 y = x + 12 3 3 4 y = kx + m y = x + m 18 = 8 + m 18 = 6 + m m = 18 6 = 12 4 4 1 3 The equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x ) = 9 x 3 at x = 8 is y = x + 12 . 4
Answer: The slope of the curve f ( x ) = 9 x 3 at x = 8 is
f (8) =
20 16 12 8 f(x), y(x) 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -3 -2 -1 0
y=
3 x + 12 4
1 3
f (x ) = 9 x
3 x
10
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NV-College
MaCMP4B16(Modified) Find the equation of the tangents that may be drawn from the point (0 , 2) may be drawn to the curve y = 0.5 x 2 . Plot a rough graph of the function and those of the tangents to the function. You are not allowed to use a calculator in solving the problem. [3/6/] Suggested Solutions: i Find the derivative of the function y = 0.5 x 2 : y = 0.5 x 2 y = 0.5 2 x 21 y = x [1/0] ii The equation of the tangent to the curve y = 0.5 x 2 from the point (0 , 2 ) may be written as y = k x + m . The line passes the point (0 , 2 ) so the coordinates of the point must satisfy its equation. Therefore 2 = k (0 ) + m m = 2 . Hence the equation of the tangent may be expressed as y = k x 2 . [0/1] iii If y = k x 2 is tangent to y = 0.5 x 2 at x = a , the tangent and the curve share the point, and both have the same slope at the point. i.e.: y = 0.5 x 2 passes the point x = a . Therefore, the y-coordinate of the point is y = 0.5 a 2 . [1/0] 2 y = k x 2 passes the point (a , 0.5 a ). Therefore the coordinates of the point must satisfy the equation of the function, i.e.: [0/1] 0.5 a 2 = k a 2 a 2 2 k a + 4 = 0 2 2 y = 0.5 x and its tangent y = k x 2 at (a , 0.5 a ) have the same [0/1] slope, i.e.: y = x y = a k = a
a 2 2 k a + 4 = 0 a 2 2 a a + 4 = 0 a 2 + 4 = 0 a 2 = 4 a = 2 Hence: k = a Therefore k = 2 [0/1] Answer: There are two tangents that may be drawn from the point (0 , 2) to the curve y = 0.5 x 2 . Equations of the tangents are: y = 2 x 2 and y = 2 x 2 . [0/1/]
8
y = 0.5 x 2
f(x), y=-2x-2, y=2x-2 6 4 2 0
y = 2 x 2
-2 -4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1
y = 2 x 2
[1/1]
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NV-College
MaCMP4B25 MVG For a given medicine to have the desired effect, a patient must have 15 mg of the medicine in his body. If the total amount of the medicine is given in one dose, there is a risk of serious side effects. Therefore the patient is given small doses at hourly intervals. After 10 such equally sized doses the medication is stopped and the patient should then have 15 mg of the medicine in his body. How large should the dose be if it is known that the medicine starts to work immediately and that 16% of it is broken down by the body per hour? [0/4/] Suggested Solutions: Lets denote the hourly does by x . Does Medicine (mg) Accumulated Ten such does are given at hourly n left in the body Medicine (mg) intervals, but 16% of the medicine is 1 0,60564 0,60564 broken down by the body per hour. 2 0,72100 1,32663 The total accumulative medicine in 3 0,85833 2,18496 the body after n = 10 ten such equally 4 1,02182 3,20678 sized doses reaches the desired value 5 1,21645 4,42324 of 15 mg . Therefore, the problem 6 1,44816 5,87140 may be treated as a geometric series 7 1,72400 7,59539 where: 8 2,05238 9,64777 n = 10 , k = 1 0.16 = 0.84 , S10 = 15 mg 9 2,44331 12,09108 x 1 k 10 2 9 10 2,90870 15,000 S10 = x + x k + x k + ... + x k = 1 k Total 15,000 10 x 1 (0.84) = 15 mg 1 0.84 10 x 1 (0.84) 0.16 15 = 15 mg x = mg = 2.9087 mg Answer: x 2.9 mg 10 0.16 1 (0.84 )
(
(
)
)
Accumulated medicine in the body
18 15 12 9 6 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 n: does number
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NV-College
MaCMP4B26 MVG [P13NPMaCHT96] In a formula sheet it says that the function f ( x ) = ln x 1 has the derivative f ( x ) = for all x. x Investigate whether this derivation rule really seems to be correct. [0/3/] You do not need to provide a proof. Suggested Solutions: ln( x + h ) ln x We may use the definition of the derivative, i.e. f ( x ) = lim and study the value h 0 h 1 of f ( x ) = for small value of h for example h = 0.01 . The results of the investigation is x tabulated in the table below, where f ( x ) = ln x , and its derivative using ln ( x + h ) ln x 1 f ( x ) = for h = 0.001 , and h = 0.01 , as well as f ( x ) = are given for h x 1 comparison. We may conclude, therefore, that f ( x ) = is the derivative of f ( x ) = ln x . x
f (x) = ln x
f (x) =
x 0,01 -4,605170 0,02 -3,912023 0,04 -3,218876 0,08 -2,525729 0,16 -1,832581 0,32 -1,139434 1,60 0,470004 8,00 2,079442 40,00 3,688879 1,00 0,000000 10,00 2,302585 100,00 4,605170 1000,00 6,907755 10000,00 9,210340 100000,00 11,512925
8 6 f(x)=ln(x), y=1/x 4 2 0 -2 -4 0 1
ln(x + 0.01) ln x 0.01
f ( x ) =
ln ( x + 0.001 ) ln x 0.001
f (x) =
1 x
69,314718 40,546511 22,314355 11,778304 6,062462 3,077166 0,623055 0,124922 0,024997 0,995033 0,099950 0,010000 0,001000 0,000100 0,000010
95,310180 48,790164 24,692613 12,422520 6,230550 3,120127 0,624805 0,124992 0,025000 0,999500 0,099995 0,010000 0,001000 0,000100 0,000010
100,000000 50,000000 25,000000 12,500000 6,250000 3,125000 0,625000 0,125000 0,025000 1,000000 0,100000 0,010000 0,001000 0,000100 0,000010
f ( x ) =
1 x
f ( x ) = ln x
2 x 3 4 5
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NV-College
MaCMP4B27 Investigate MVG Find the coordinates of the global maximum point of the function f ( x ) = 8 2 x 2 . [3/0] a. y = f (x ) is a quadratic equation whose graph has a maximum on the y-axis. Show that b. the graph of the derivative of the function is always a straight line with a negative slope, which goes through the origin. [0/3/]
Suggested Solutions: i. To find the stationary points of a function , f ( x ) , we must 1) Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) . 2) Solve f ( x ) = 0 for x . 3) Construct the necessary table. 4) We may also find the second derivative of the function, at the local maximum f ( x ) < 0 , at the local minimum f ( x ) > 0 , and at the deflexion (terrace) point f ( x ) = 0 . 2 f ( x ) = 8 2 x f ( x ) = 4 x f ( x ) = 4 f ( x ) = 0 4 x = 0 x = 0 f ( x ) = 8 2 x 2 f (0) = 8 0 f (0 ) = 8 f ( 1) = 4 ( 1) = 4 > 0 f (1) = 4 (1) = 4 > 0 f (0 ) = 4
x f ( x ) x = 1 f ( 1) = 4 > 0 Positive x=0 f ( x ) = 0 x =1 f (1) = 4 < 0 Negative
f (x ) f ( x )
Global Maximum (0, 8) f (0 ) = 4 Maximum
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NV-College
f(x), y=f'(x)
Answer: The function f (x ) = 8 2 x 2 has a local maximum at (0, 8) as illustrated in the figure to the right:
10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
f ( x ) = 4 x
f (x ) = 8 2 x 2
ii.
f ( x ) = ax 2 + c a < 0 x x = 1 f (x ) = 2ax f ( 1) = 2a ( 1) > 0 a < 0 a<0 Positive
f ( x ) = ax 2 + c f (0) = 0 + c . Construct the table using the values obtained below. Note that if the function has a local maximum at x = 0 requires that the coefficient of the x 2 , i.e. a must be a negative real number: f ( 1) = 2a( 1) > 0 a < 0 f ( 1) = 2a ( 1) > 0 a < 0 f (1) = 2a(1) < 0 a < 0 f (x ) = 2ax Note also that f ( x ) = 2a f (0 ) = 2a < 0 if a < 0
x=0 f ( x ) = 0
f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c is a function whose graph has a local maximum on y-axis, a < 0 and b = 0 . This may be extracted using a procedure similar that of the above, i.e.: f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x ) = 2ax + b f ( x ) = 2a b f ( x ) = 0 2ax + b = 0 2ax = b x = 2a If the function has a local maximum point on the y-axis, the x-coordinates of the b = 0 b = 0 . Therefore, the maximum point must be zero, i.e.: x = 0 x = 2a coordinate of the maximum point are: (0, c )
x =1 f (1) = 2a (1) < 0 a < 0 Negative
f ( x ) = ax 2 + c a<0
f ( x ) = 2a a<0
Global Maximum (0, c ) f (0 ) = 2a < 0 Maximum
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NV-College
The derivative of the function, f ( x ) = 2ax passes through the origin: f (0 ) = 2a (0 ) = 0 . The plot of f ( x ) = 8 2 x 2 and its derivative is illustrated in the figure.
10 8 f(x), y=f'(x) 6 4 2 0 -2 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3
f ( x ) = 4 x
f (x ) = 8 2 x 2
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NV-College
MaCMP4B28 MVG Investigate Cubic Box Improved, Maximization
How should the box look like?
[2/4/]
A box in the form of a cubic block has an square base and no lid. The total surface area of the lock is 192 cm 2 . i Find the volume of the box if each side of its square base is x = 10.0 cm . ii Find the volume of the box if its height is h = 10.0 cm . h cm iii Find the dimensions of the box if the volume of the box is maximal. iv When the volume of the box is maximum, there is a simple relationship between the x cm height of the box h and the dimensions of its square base, x . Investigate the x cm relationship if the total surface area of the box is 363 cm 2 . Generalize the problem and study the case if the surface area of the box is A cm 2 Suggested Solutions: If the height of the box is h cm and the length of each side of the square base x cm , the total surface area of four parallel sides of the box is 4 x h + x 2 = 192 cm 2 192 x 2 192 x 2 cm Answer: h = cm 4 x 4 x 192 x 2 192 10 2 i x = 10.0 cm h = = = 2.3 cm h = 2.3 cm 4 x 4 10 The volume of the box may be written as: V = x 2 h = 10 2 (2.3) cm 3 = 230. cm 3 Answer: V = 230. cm 3 ii h = 10.0 cm 4 x h + x 2 = 192 cm 2 4 x 10 + x 2 = 192 cm 2 4 x h = 192 x 2 cm 2 h = x 2 + 40 x 192 = 0 x = 20 400 + 192 x = 20 24.33 x = 4.33 cm The volume of the box may be written as: 2 V = x 2 h = (4.33) (10) cm 3 = 187.58 cm 3 188. cm 3 Answer: V = 188. cm 3
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NV-College
iii Substitute h =
192 x 2 cm into V = x 2 h : 4 x 1 192 x 2 1 V = 48 x x 3 cm3 V = x2 h = x2 = 48 x x 3 cm 3 4 4 x 4 The maximum volume is associated with the situation where the derivative of the volume is zero, i.e.: the solutions of V = 0 . 1 Therefore, we may find the derivative of the volume V = 48 x x 3 cm3 4 and then solve V = 0 for x . 1 3 3 V = 48 x x 3 V = 48 x 2 V = 0 48 x 2 = 0 4 4 4 3 2 48 4 x = 48 x 2 = = 64 x = 8.00 x = 8.00 cm 4 3 192 x 2 192 8 2 x = 8.00 cm h = cm = cm h = 4.00 cm 4 x 4 8 V = x 2 h = 8 2 4 cm 3 = 256. cm 3 Answer: x = 8.00 cm , h = 4.00 cm Vmax = 230. cm 3
Note that the negative answers for the length are nonphysical. iv If the total surface area of the box is A cm 2 , then
4 x h + x 2 = A cm 2 h =
A x2 cm . 4 x
A x2 cm into V = x 2 h : Substitute h = 4 x 1 A A x2 A 1 V = x x 3 cm3 V = x2 h = x2 = x x 3 cm 3 4 4 4 x 4 4 The maximum volume is associated with the situation where the derivative of the volume is zero, i.e.: the solutions of V = 0 . 1 A Therefore, we may find the derivative of the volume V = x x 3 cm3 4 4 and then solve V = 0 for x . 1 A A 3 A 3 V = x x 3 V = x 2 V = 0 x 2 = 0 A 3x 2 = 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 A A A A A 3x 2 = 0 3x 2 = A x 2 = x = cm x = cm x= cm 3 3 3 3 A A 2 A A x 1 A 3 = 2 A 1 = 1 A cm x= cm h = = h= cm 3 4 x 3 2 3 A A 2 3 4 4 3 3
Vmax A 1 = x h = 3 2
2 2
A 1 A A cm 3 = cm 3 3 2 3 3
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NV-College
1 A A cm 3 of total 2 3 3
Answer: The maximum volume of the box Vmax = surface area A cm 2 occurs when, x = If A cm 2 = 363 cm 2 , x =
A 1 cm and h = 3 2
A cm . 3
363 1 363 cm = 11 cm , h = cm = 5.5 cm , and 3 2 3
A A 363 363 363 cm 3 = cm 3 = 121 cm 3 = 665.5 cm 3 = 666 cm 3 6 3 6 3 6 Which is identical with V = x 2 h = 112 5.5 = 665.5 cm 3 666 cm 3 Vmax =
700 600 500 400 V 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 12
V=
A 1 x x 3 cm3 4 4
14
16
18
20
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NV-College
MaCMP4B28 MVG [MaC3NVCO08VT2010] Investigate Cubic Box Improved, Maximize!
How should the box look like?
[2/4/] Your task is to design a storage box with an square base. The box has a lid with an edge of 5.00 cm , as illustrated below. The volume of the storage box is 10.0 liter . Find the dimensions of the box such that the material used in making the box and its cover is as small as possible. If instead you decided to make instead a cylindrical storage box. Calculate the minimum necessary material to make it?
5 cm
h cm
x cm
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x h 10 000 cm in f ( x ) results in Substitute h = x2 10 000 40 000 f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x = 2 x 2 + 20 x + = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 40 000 x 1 2 x x f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 40 000 x 1 40 000 f ( x ) = 4 x + 20 40 000 x 2 = 4 x + 20 x2
Suggested Solutions: Lets name the height of the box h cm and the length of each side of the square base x cm . 10 000 cm The volume of the box may be written as: V = x 2 h = 10 000 cm 3 h = x2 The total surface area of the box and its lits is f ( x ) = 4 x h + 2 x x + 4 x 5
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NV-College
40 000 = 0 x 3 + 5 x 2 10 000 = 0 x2 x 3 + 5 x 2 10 000 = 0 x 2 ( x + 5) = 20 2 (20 + 5) x = 20.0 cm x = 20.0 cm 10 000 h= cm = 25.0 cm h = 25.0 cm 20 2 Answer: The dimensions of the rectangular box are (20.0 cm ) (20.0 cm ) (25.0 cm ) and the minimum area of the material to build the box is: f (20.0 ) = 3 200 cm 2 = 32.0 dm 2 : f ( x ) = 0 4 x + 20
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x h f (20 ) = 2 (20 ) + 20 (20 ) + 4 (20) (25) = 3 200 cm 2
2
5000
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x +
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 5 10 15 20 X

x x = 10 +
40 000 x
f(X) & f'(X)
f ( x ) = 4 x + 20
40 000 x2
25
30
35
40
40 000 f ( x ) = 4 x + 20 x2 40 000 f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + x
x = 20 0
Local minimum
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NV-College
If instead we chose to design a cylindrical storage box with the volume of 10.0 liter and a cover with 5.00 cm edge, and if we take the radius of its base as r cm and its height as h cm , the area function of the cylindrical box may then be written as: f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 2 r h + 2 r 5 = 2 r 2 + 10 r + 2 r h 10 000 The volume of the cylinder is: V = r 2 h = 10 000 cm 3 h = cm . Therefore r2 10 000 f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 10 r + 2 r = 2 r 2 + 10 r + 20 000 r 1 / / / r2 / f (r ) = 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2 f (r ) = 0 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2 = 0 4 r 3 + 10 r 2 20 000 = 0 The graphical solution of the third grade equation is r = 10.8988 cm 10.9 cm . The height 10 000 10 000 cm = cm = 26.7975 cm h 26.8 cm of the cylinder is then: h = 2 r (8.504)2 The minimum area of the material needed to build the cylindrical storage container is: 10 000 2 f (10.8988) = 2 ((10.8988)) + 10 (10.8988) + 2 2920 cm 2 (10.8988) The minimum total area of the material used to make a cylindrical container with a lid is 2920 cm 2 . The containers volume is 10.0 liter . The radius of the base of the cylinder is r 10.9 cm , and its height is h 26.8 cm .
5 cm
h cm
2 r cm
r f (r ) = 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2 20 000 f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 10 r + r
r = 10
+
r 10.9 cm 0
r = 15 _
Local minimum
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NV-College
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 5
f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 10 r +
20 000 r
f(X) [cm3] & f'(X)[cm2]
f (r ) = 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2
10
15 X [cm]
20
25
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NV-College
MaCMP4B29 MVG Investigate The dimensions of every block in the figure below are 80% of those of the prior block. The first block is 20 cm high. i. How many blocks are there if the height of first one is 20 cm and that of the smallest 4.2 cm ? ii. How high would the pile be if we stock the blocks on top of each other? iii. Investigate the height of the stock as a function of the height of the tallest block and as a function of the number of blocks piled up on each other. Suggested Solutions: Answer: n = 8 ; S 8 83 cm
Data: a1 = 20 cm ; an = 4.2 cm , k = 0.80 geometric progression. Problems: n = ? , S n = ? , S n (a1 , n ) = ? n 4.2 n 1 n 1 n 1 an = a1 k 4.2 = 20 (0.80) = (0.80) 20 n 1 n 1 an = (0.80) = 0.21 log(0.80) = log 0.21 (n 1) log(0.80) = log 0.21 n 1 = log 0.21 = 6.994 log(0.80) n = 6.994 + 1 n = 8 n=8 n a 1 k Sn = 1 1 k
S n = 100 1 (0 .80 )
1 5 10 20 25 30 35 40 70 80 100
cm
20 67 89 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
20 1 (0.80) 20 1 (0.80) 8 = = 100 1 (0.80) = 83.22 cm S 8 83 cm 1 0.8 0.2 n n 20 1 (0.80) 20 1 (0.80) n n = = 100 1 (0.80) cm Sn = S n = 100 1 (0.80) cm 1 0.8 0.2 n n a 1 (0.80) a 1 (0.80) n = 1 Sn = 1 cm S n = 5 a1 1 (0.80) cm S n = 5 a1 cm 1 0.8 0.2
8 8
S8 =
110 100 90 80 70 Sn 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 n 60 70 80 90 100
S n = 100 1 (0.80)
) cm
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NV-College
MaCMPFinal1 VG Tangent to a function Only answer is required [0/1] The line y ( x ) = kx + m is tangent to the curve of the function f (x ) at a give point (a, b ) . Which two of the following conditions a-h must be true? Only answer is required [0/1] a) y ( x ) = f (x ) b) y ( x ) = f ( x ) c) ka + m = f (a ) d) ka + m = f (a ) e) k = f (a ) f) m = f (a ) g) kx + m = b h) f (a ) = b
Answer: Alternatives c and e. This is due to the fact that the equation of a tangent, y = kx + m , to a curve of the function f ( x ) at a give point (a, b ) share two important properties: b = ka + m They share the point (a, b ) : This requirement implies that f (a ) = b The slope of the tangent is the same as the derivative of the function at the point: This requirement means that: k = f (a )
2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 200 = 1.01 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 199 Both the denominator and numerator of the expression are arithmetic n(a1 + an ) progression. Using the fact that S n = , we may calculate the 2 denominator as well as the numerator first. 100(2 + 200 ) 100(202 ) S100 = 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 200 = = = 10100 [0/1] 2 2 100(1 + 199) 100(200 ) S100 = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 199 = = = 10 000 [0/1] 2 2 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 200 10100 // = = 1.01 [1/0] 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 199 10 000 //
Suggested solutions: Answer:
MaCIP4 P4 VG arithmetic progression 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 200 Simplify . 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 199
[1/2]
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NV-College
MaCVPBA4P05 local minimum The function f ( x ) = (2 a ) x 3 + (a 2 2a 2) x 2 has a local minimum at x = 2 . Find a . [1/2] Suggested solutions: Answer: a = 1 If a function f ( x ) has a minimum point at x = 2 , f (2 ) = 0 f (1) < 0 f (3) > 0 Providing that the function f ( x ) = (2 a ) x 3 + (a 2 2a 2) x 2 does not have any other stationary point between 1 x 3 . [0/1] To find the constant a , we may follow the following algorithm: Find f ( x ) . Solve f ( x ) = 0 for x . Construct the necessary table: x f ( x ) f ( x ) . Apply the conditions necessary such that the function f ( x ) = (2 a ) x 3 + (a 2 2a 2) x 2 has a local minimum at x = 2 . f ( x ) = (2 a ) x 3 + (a 2 2a 2) x 2 f ( x ) = 3(2 a ) x 2 + 2 a 2 2a 2 x f ( x ) = 0 3(2 a ) x 2 + 2 a 2 2a 2 x = 0 3(2 a ) x 2 + 2(a 2 2a 2) x = 0 Factor out x : x(3(2 a ) x + 2(a 2 2a 2 )) = 0 3(2 a ) x + 2(a 2 2a 2) = 0 3(2 a ) x = 2(a 2 2a 2)
x1 = 0
f (1) = 3 12 6 1 = 3 6 = 3 < 0 f (3) = 3 32 6 3 = 27 18 = 9 > 0 Answer: As illustrated above, and tabulated below, if a = 1 the function f ( x ) = 3 x 2 6 x has a local minimum at x = 2 . a = 4 f ( x ) = 3(2 4 ) x 2 + 2 4 2 2 (4 ) 2 x f ( x ) = 6 x 2 + 12 x f (2) = 6 2 2 + 12 2 = 24 + 24 = 0
2 a 2 2a 2 2 a 2 2a 2 / / = 2 2 a 2 2a 2 = 2 3(2 a ) 3(2 a ) 3(2 a ) a 2 2a 2 = 3(2 a ) 3(2 a ) + a 2 2a 2 = 0 6 3a + a 2 2a 2 = 0 a = 1 a 2 5a + 4 = 0 (a 1)(a 4) = 0 a = 4 2 2 a = 1 f ( x ) = 3(2 1) x + 2 1 2 (1) 2 x f ( x ) = 3 x 2 6 x f (2) = 3 2 2 6 2 = 0 x=
( )
f (1) = 6 12 + 12 1 = 6 + 12 = 6 > 0 f (3) = 6 32 + 12 3 = 54 + 36 = 12 < 0
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NV-College
Therefore, if a = 4 the function has a local maximum at x = 2 , which is not what the problem has stated. f ( x ) = (2 a ) x 3 + a 2 2a 2 x 2 f ( x ) = (2 1) x 3 + 12 2 1 2 x 2
f (x ) = x 3 x f (1) = 3 < 0 f (3) = 9 > 0

3
x f ( x ) = 6 x 2 + 12 x
f (x ) = x 3 3 x 2
f ( x ) : Slope of f ( x )
x =1 f (1) = 3 < 0 Positive
x = 2.0 f (2.0 ) = 0 Stationary point local minimum f ( 1.0 ) < 0 minimum
x=3 f (3) = 9 > 0 Negative
8 6 4 f'(x), f(x) 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -2 -1 0
f (x) = 6 x2 +12x
f (x ) = x 3 3 x 2
1 x 2 3 4
MaCVPBA4P06 Geometry, Logic Find the relationship between the shaded area a and b in the figure below. B As it is clearly illustrated OAB is a circle quadrant whose radius is OA = OB . Both half circles have identical diameter OA = OB . Suggested solutions: Lets assume OA = OB = 2r (2r )2 r 2 r 2 b= +ab=a [0/1] O 4 2 2 Answer: b = a
[1/2]
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NV-College
MaCVPBA4P07 arithmetic progression Find the total sum of the numbers in the quadratic relationship between the shaded outline. [1/2]
Suggested solutions: Answer: S tot = 10 6 We may notice that series on each row as well as each column are arithmetic progression.
1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . . 99 100 101 100 101 102
99 100 101 . . . 197 198
100 101 102 . . . 198 199
S tot = S tot
100(101 + 299) S tot = 50 [0/1] 2 S tot = 50 2 (400 ) = 2500(400) = 10 6 [1/0] n(a1 + an ) Using S n = for the sum of an arithmetic progression, S n whose first term is a1 and 2 the last (i.e. n th) term is an . MaCVPBA4P08 Recursions formula, number sequence A number sequence (series, progression) is defined through the recursions formula (an+1 )3 = 99 (an )3 where a1 = 1 . Find a100 .
Suggested solutions:
100(1 + 100 ) 100(2 + 101) 100(99 + 198) 100(100 + 199) + + ... + 2 2 2 2 = 50(101 + 103 + 105 + ...297 + 299)
[0/1]
[1/2]
(a99+1 )3 = 99 (a99 )3 a100 = 99 3 a99 = 99 3 99 3 a98 = 99 3 a98 = 99 3 99 3 a97

98 1 99
[0/1]
a100 = 99 3 99 3 a1 a100 = 99 3 a1 = 99 33 a1 Using a1 = 1 .
[0/1]
a100 = 99 33
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MaC Collection of Solved Problems MaC4000 MaCVPBA4P09 Limit, f (a ) is given h i Find the function f ( x ) . ii Find a iii Calculate f (a ) exact. Suggested solutions:
h 0
NV-College [1/2]
f (a ) = lim
(8 + h )
1 3
To recognize the function, realizing that 2 = (8)3 , we may rewrite the derivative replacing 2 by (8)3
h h By comparing the relationship above with the main definition of the
1 1 1
(8 + h )3 2 = lim (8 + h )3 (8)3 f (a ) = lim h 0 h 0
[0/1]
derivative, i.e.
(8 + h )3 (8)3 , we may realize that f (a + h ) f (a ) f (a ) = lim = lim h 0 h 0 h h

1
The function is f ( x ) = ( x )3 , and a = 8 . [0/1] To calculate f (a ) , we may use the differentiation rule to calculate a polynomial function, i.e. use f ( x ) = A x n f ( x ) = A n x n1
1 1 1 f ( x ) = x f ( x ) = x 3 = x 3 = 3 3 f (8) = 1 1 3 83
2
1 3
1 3 x
2 3
f (a ) =
1 3 a
2 3
f (8) =
1 38
2 3
1 1 3 83
2
1 1 1 = = 2 3 2 3 4 12
[0/1]
Answer: f (8) =
1 12
MaCVPBA4P10 Sequence [1/2] In the a1 , a2 , a3 , ... number sequence a1 = 19 and a9 = 99 . For n 3 , an is the average of the first n 1 . Find a2 . Suggested solutions: a +a a3 = 1 2 a1 + a2 = 2a3 [1/0] 2 a + a2 + a3 2a3 + a3 3a3 a4 = 1 = = = a3 a3 = a 4 3 3 3 a + a + ... + a7 6a7 + a7 7a7 a8 = 1 2 = = = a7 a8 = a7 7 7 7 a + a2 + ... + a8 7 a8 + a8 8a8 a9 = 1 = = = a8 a9 = a8 8 8 8 Therefore for a3 = a4 = .. = a8 = a9 = 99 [0/1] a + a2 a3 = 1 a1 + a2 = 2a3 a2 = 2a3 a1 = 2 99 19 = 198 19 = 172 [0/1] 2
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NV-College
[3/3/] MaCPA4P11MVG 1 2 The bisector to the chord OA on the curve y = x has y-intercept P : (0 , P ) . Where does P end up as the point A : (a, a 2 ) approaches the origin, i.e. as a 0 ?
5 4 f(x), y=kx, y=k'x+m 3 2 1 0
A : a, a 2
M
O
-1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 x
Suggested solutions: The equation of the line that the chord OA is part of may be written as a2 0 a2 y = k x where k = = = a is the slope of the chord OA . [1/0] a0 a Therefore, the equation of the line that the chord OA is a part of is y = ax . [0/1] x + xO a + 0 a The coordinates of the midpoint of the chord are: M x = A = = , 2 2 2 2 2 y + yO a + 0 a and M y = A = = . [1/0] 2 2 2 The equation of the bisector of OA may be written as y = k n x + mn where
bisector: mittpunktnormalen
40/43
MaC Collection of Solved Problems MaC4000 kn = 1 1 = k a
NV-College
[1/0]
1 Therefore the equation of the bisector is y = x + mn . Y-intercept of the a line may be found using the fact that the bisector goes through the a a2 midpoint of the chord OA , i.e. through the point (M x , M y ) = , 2 2 .
Therefore, the coordinates of the midpoint must satisfy the equation of the bisector: 1 1 a 1 a2 a2 a2 1 y = x + mn = + mn = + m n mn = + 2 2 2 2 2 a a 2 1 a2 1 Hence, the equation of the bisector MP is: y = x + + [0/1] 2 2 a a2 1 1 lim mn = lim + = a 0 a 0 2 2 2 Answer: As the point A approaches O , i.e. as a 0 , the y-intercept of the 1 bisector MP , i.e. the point P approaches 0 , . [0/1/] 2
41/43
NV-College
NPMaCht2009P15 MVG Investigate A Function and its Derivative Modified In the figure below f (x ) along with g ( x ) are plotted in the same coordinate system. Martina claims that g ( x ) is the derivative of the function f (x ) . Investigate if she is right. Your investigation must include key futures of the stationary points, and the necessary functionderivative table. Just the answer yes or no is not accepted as an answer. [0/3/]
4 2 f(x), g(x) 0 -2 -4
g (x ) f (x )
-6 -3 -2 -1 0 x
We may analyze the graph of the function f (x ) and through that investigate if g ( x ) fulfils the key future of the derivative of f ( x ) , i.e. if g ( x ) = f ( x ) The function f ( x ) have two stationary points in the domain illustrated in the figure. It has a local maximum at x = 1.0 and an inflexion at x = 2.0 . Therefore the derivative of the function must be zero at these points, i.e.: f ( 1.0 ) = 0 and f (2.0 ) = 0 . As illustrated in the figure below these two conditions are fulfilled by g ( x ) : g ( 1.0 ) = 0 and g (2.0 ) = 0 . The function f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 1.0 as illustrated in the table below the derivative of the function must fulfil the condition f ( 2.0 ) > 0 and f (0 ) < 0 along with f ( 1.0 ) = 0 . The graph of the function g ( x ) fulfils these conditions, i.e. g ( 2.0 ) > 0 and g (0 ) < 0 along with g ( 1.0 ) = 0 . The function f ( x ) has an inflexion (terrace) point at x = 2.0 . As illustrated in the table below, the derivative of the function must have negative slope just before and just after x = 2.0 , i.e. f (0 ) < 0 and f (3.0 ) < 0 along with f (2.0 ) = 0 . The graph of the function g ( x ) fulfils these conditions, i.e. g (0 ) < 0 , g (3.0 ) < 0 along with g (2.0 ) = 0 .
42/43

x f ( x ) g (x ) x = 2 f ( 2 ) > 0 g ( 2.0 ) > 0 Positive x = 1.0 f ( 1.0 ) = 0 g ( 1.0 ) = 0 Stationary point x=0 f (0 ) < 0 g (0 ) < 0 Negative
NV-College
x = 2 .0 x=3 f (2.0 ) = 0 f (3) < 0 g (2.0 ) = 0 g (3.0) < 0 Stationary Negative point Inflexion Point
f (x ) f ( x ) : g (x ) Slope of f ( x )
local maximum f ( 1.0 ) < 0 g ( 1.0 ) < 0 maximum
f (2.0 ) = 0 g (2.0 ) = 0 Inflexion
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