Practical Guide For Mimetic Expression PDF

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Akutsu Satoru
A Text for Enriching Your Power of Expressing in Japanese
A Practical Guide To Mimetic Expressions Through Pictures
J'JIJ'?0)8*liT~A".ALCPress Japanese
Textbook Series
Akutsu Satoru
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Contents
Preface
Words in Japanese which directly express sounds or voices, such as the zaazaa in arne ga zaazaa furu or the wan wan in inu ga wan wan hoeru, are known as giongo or giseigo (words mimicking sounds or voices). Words which directly express states or actions of people and things, such express states or actions of people and things, such as the kirakira in hoshi ga kirakira hikaru or the furafura in furafura aruku,are known as gitaigo (words mimicking states). Because Japanese is filled with these mimetic expressions, I decided to write this book to help people who wish to learn their meanings and usages. In each section I have put together 4-5 expressions which are similar in meaning and usage, and all the expressions in this book are ones that are frequently used in daily conversation. Start with the sections in which you are interested, and memorize the expressions along with their example sentences. There are many other mimetic expressions which are not covered by this book, so I have included pointers in the One-point Lessons, Roundup, and Mini Info Corner to assist you as a reference tool when studying additional expressions. At the end of the book is a collection of review exercises. Some ofthem may be a bit difficult. but they will allow you to check your mastery of the expressions and to prepare for exams. This book is a re-edited and expanded version of a series of articles featured in The Nihongo Journal from April 1990 to March 1992. I wish to thank the many people whose kind assistance made this book possible. April 1994 Akutsu Satoru
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,t.?;:~
Preface Explanation of Terms •·•••• .. •.. •.... •· .... ·•••• .... •....
·8 ·····0
m~gO)~aJ.l
tt""?lbl.~
AO)j\Mo'f.>~59~a9 v-t ~ 'b

i66b
Expressing People's Feelings and Conditions
1. l.. \t-'tJ:~ffl~,
!! 'b
I.. \1.. \~~~
.... •• ........
• .. • .. • ......
· ........
•••• ..
···48
.
Bad Feelings, Good Feelings
2. ~E
;:7"''''
Excitement
3. ~P"Jt.::®cO)~~~,
s
d3c:'-3~
L
.
Surprise
Feeling at the End of Something,
4. Mfflt-';;;"~tj'®-@J:59
!!
. ~ @i
tcv
... "''''
Having Expectations or Uneasiness
5. m"J<:I-\-@J:59
;:.,
Being in a Difficult Situation
6. 1-'-3I-'-3td:~ '11t-'J:59
tl'J:?1;.,t:?
Various Facial Expressions and Conditions
7. ~*O)tcJ:1.'J:59
i!",t;~?
. 1m .
Lacking Energy
8. tJ\6t:':0)U-C:'I-'~
t:.t:'3t.:Iol
Unpleasant Physical Conditions
One-point
Lesson
Pekopeka-de
and Pekopeko-suru .
(361~~
I)-~
~ 1J1J:-:>I"16:"5
?I:f",ry ~
More Expressions
<
CD
(J;(b)
"k
G) Pain
Contents
-at t~? ~ ;5~b Expressing People's Actions and Conditions
A(1)l1Ji1=~~5g~~g
=b0)0)~5g'i~g ;5l?,b
Expressing the State or Condition of Things
1. 5B~, ij:to: ~59 ;"

Looking, Speaking
$ ~
r<'-@,-@Jcr<:'-~D(c)·<:'-@-:>cJ
Guruguru and Gururittol t Gurutto
-'Z .•..•...•....... _
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1:;'
1. J'[;~,
On'
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Shining, Shaking
2.
l. \~ t, \~td:11J11=
1:'5 ~
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One-point lesson
~
r::.\=-5::.\=-5J c: r-ij'_-ij'-J
Kirakira and Zaazaa
. ~ @i
Various Physical Movements
.?~~~~"V,.!I.A.~
One-point lesson
2. ;m;f1.-~, m:b~
q:i)~
3.
Ict-f-ll. '11111=,
105 ~
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Flowing, Falling
3.
l, '~L
,~td:~t->~59
J$t
Fast Movements, Serious Attitudes
4. S~Uitd:~m"f->'I~~ ························· J!
bl)lr).~~< . f,:1.r~ itl,t:l.l?
e
(f)
Various Sounds and Appearances
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One-point
c,A-t!'?
r;:~;:~J
c:
r~~~~J
5. f.:' O"!l
Definite Attitudes and Dispositions
lesson
Korokoro and Gorogoro
4. I5L~td:~59
Disorder
e
.
Ways of Doing Something
• ?~~~/"V'.!l.A.~
One-point lesson
r~~~~J
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r/3:;6/3\6J
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One-point lesson
Gorogoro and Burabura
rtl":dJ'OJ
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Gakkari and Gakkuri
6." ~1t TJl

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5. ()c'l'~59
Bad Conditions
~ .
Changes
~51;:~
More Expressions
v"
:l ff '" ~" <
m 1J1d:-:JI:td::-5
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t» I;
(IIiQ)
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(jll<)
to:
.... ····· ......... fD Crying
6. ~, 'I~~
.,t;
;t"I,-?
@Laughing/Smiling,
Sleeping,
Flavors, Dispositions
7. t:l1<fOlj, ;im~
1,-., fj
··· .... ··· .. ···· ........ ·········· .. ······ .... ·.. ·· .... ·.. e
.
Stickiness, Mugginess
8.
<!P?t:::.lJtjL;
fJ'A-
Textures
9. l:!!:0)~e:!, .at. me:! iJ'f

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······················
.. ·.. ·.... ·· .. ······ .. ·· .. ··········8
Large Numbers, Heaviness
------------------------~~r----------------------Contents
1o. ;l!f.:f§O)fjm
J:
~7
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trYj\
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Degrees of Margin
<5 61~~ De 1J ~~tt d::? V,JH:f;.,~.t< More Exoressions
(i1.I#.It.)'DI <) (=bO)t.j\DI~) t''')'':? '" '"
Di]~~(7)~~
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Explanation of
Ten::==J
@ Animal Sounds, Sounds of Objects
Nouns Adverbs; +V,
a:: elY.>
1 .• 2 .•
Roundup
~;t;A..;::
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Mimetic Expressions: Form and Accent

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L",,:l 0.t (
Used as is or in the form - to to modify verbs.
~~g ••
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.t:.A..~
J:-51:i3
Mimetic Expressions: Categories of Usage
.-1:::
.i(
-ni+V
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1.
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r - ~::'J O)*;;;-C', jJJ~iIJ fl~ ifIj-r -6 ~

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L- .. :lL-"
Mini Info Corner

L1:"'; L-
<
Always used in the form - ni to modify verbs,
ff3g~~~~~~jJ\
ff"'J:';
G C:'i!5:tc.;::2:::d:' .•••..••...•..••..••..•••.••.••.•.••..• I
Gfj . ~ .
Expressions Created from Adjectives and Verbs
.-t.:
l_t~'J
1:"")0
-da, -desu, -ni+V, "\" r--C'TJ

0"?
-de+S
2. t, 2:::d:.§~g •• 1i'"k.I,;}::: ( ~~Bt.= -:J tc.;:: 2:::d:' I 't! ~A.-;::

Words Originally Used as Mimetic Expressions
O)JfJ"l\
fJ~t.:-Js.
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j!t'J'l:H::'~~o
.1t-::,
r_~::'J "\" r--C'J
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3.• ~~g .• tf t.:.,,-:. ~ ~~jJ\GC:-'i!5:tc.mtJ~~ c'>? L..

~ j:;jA,. ~
Used in the forms - da and - desu as a predicate,
Also used in the forms
VI
Verbs Created from Mimetic Expressions
- ni and - de to modify verbs and other parts of speech,
4 .•
~ SA. ~
~~B· .~~B1J\6c'-'i!5:tc.-rff~g~~
~
t..:l-~
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thlJ::
oj
i.
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-na+N
0
-Ne Adjectives Created from Mimetic Expressions
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Review Exercises •·····•··· .•......•............•.........•
Used in the form - na to modify nouns.
lIP
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Index
~
~
.-0)
r_O)J
-no+N O)JfJ"l\ :t~P)~fl~ tiJJ-r~o

'h4;:t?
!D1r:>
l"t91?J.....j:
<
Used in the form - no to modify nouns,
.-9~
1_-r~J,
-suru, =to-suru it.:Lt r_t-r~J O)*J-C',

~>t, "-'
jJJ~P)t L.l'f~-L
1:'; 0
'?~>
Used in the forms - suru and - to -suru as a verb.
Explanation of Terms
*
tn.
r ':::=~[]ilJ (pP.117-123)
i:; L ~
O)'i=1o)ffl~
"IJ;.iI'
.1:3;::
Terms Used in Mini Info Corner
(pp.
117-123)
.4'Jf~3~~ ttl,.\J::'" L..

-I adjectives:
b·t;
'-I.-'J
O)ff~L"-1;lIRJ~fl~
tpt.:~
<'Jt)t,.~
l.,.~-?lr.t<
j]pT~ff~~~RJo
'tlt)J:1
L.
Adjectives
in the -i form that modify nouns.

tcs»
i9lJ : \.,\ l', ;;*;:: e: l', B t t.., -':> l -, ~ l',

t, tpt:::.~
~
t,11)
l\
a
.TJf~3~~ '-:>d:- J O)ff~"C'-1;~1iJ~~~ j]pT ~ff~~~1iJ fh~..t? a9J..~ Lt..~?l_.,.t<

tj",)~?
L,
-Ne adjectives:
ttt.l
Adjectives
in the -na form that modify nouns.
19ti : e::t'Ll \ (t~), 5C3K (t~), tJl.-tJ) (t~), Me: (t~), iJiflJ (t~) ~f..- ~ A l-'l~ ... -tt"":) '9 ~A. iJ
T1ff~
};':S l.,
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'-e'iJ
-U verbs:
tp"':JJ::1
'-a:>d:-I.-'J,
7.A.ff~ '-iiTJ,
/"ff~
O)J: -)1.:il5fflT~jJJlIliJo
Verbs whose dictionary form is -u, -nai form is -anai,
-masu form is -imasu, and -ba form is -eba.
.-mJ1J~
"t,to.U:3
t.
19U: ~fJ.. -), V*~, tH~ tJ .. ~

0)
..IJ~ C ~t.._ ~159, Hi"":>, :0f~~~ ~;i1J: t> ~.If(J)
M~ff~ 15 l,,~IH,
ff~ ,- ttl;f J
-Ru verbs:
'-~J, T1ff~ '-:>d:-I.-'J, J: -) I;: iii ffl T ~ !!:hllliJ

0
7.A.ff~ '-:1;TJ,
/'\'
iI'-O.l::;
C'? l"
Verbs whose dictionary
form is -ru, -nai form is +nai,
-masu form is -masu, and -ba form is <reba.
.ml1J~~
IH' b.> l5 1?3
t,
i9u:mHt~, iWe:~,
t;
(,
§ a~~fi~
< 1: i'! ;::
c ~ :>d:-1.-,jJJ~liJo
I?? l"
1>'1-.1>'
~;t~,
~~{),
rc
~{)
O!>-
Intransitive
verbs:
b.>'t t;
Verbs which do not take a direct object.
19U:IfflC IH' b.>
iQ!.~~, iWe:{),
~{), t,,~
1:it.\ -;
I:!:I{),
l'
1l:.1{) t
.1t1ll1Ji~ l" t: t':;

Transitive
lIMRJ r - ~ J 't\ tJ§ a"H1!f~ c ~ tIJ~RJo t; ~ t. < c 1! :::: c':j L

verbs: Verbs that take a direct object, using the particle o.
1 . L\~tcJ:3Kf!J't5, ~~
L\L \3Kf!J't5
M I
""" ~
1
B (J) .: t fhlt
1"1"
,t ~ (t-'?J?,~~) T'3n~ii~L
l,.)tJ~ ~
l,;A,
b~
\ J: -) 9"
•
*
Feeling bad due to nausea or anger .
r -9QJ
OJff~c::' ~ ~~OJ~~b1d;~9;:: 7l't<t; ~ ~'" ~t 156b·
C::t.j\~I..'
jot;
.~~~~.
to
0 1.- ..
~h~~~,
(j)
Ifta
~~~~~~~6
1;1:6
The following words are often used with form to express one's own feelings.
the
-suru
.U*0)~!~rwll.-rl)6 i» u' h' L -r
".?
lj:qL,
<
l!
t. nlh{.lr"':)-r. ~
t,
t,(
< -c,
3nt=!i1? ii h 1? -::> 1.l't,( l! tJ
l'\
J: -) 9"
0
A feeling of irritation caused by an action or event that remains incomplete.
,\\\\
...
t -) n.L-)('J:. ,t ::.
\"!5J::.j
L\
-'?J t: t }G1. -) J: -) 9"

h·tJ
Fed up, disgusted .
• tm*O)*~)~!~::L:l:hlv7J:'-J
$1:;. J: ..;
• $iJ
~")K-J:;,jo;td:
ElIPlt*4l.f -C' t± -3 Iv ~"I) L -r L i -3

.,
1'd:'f.lt
~.tt~ L
Iv~°l)
L-rl'~o
0
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Exercises
~ L. \, \
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t (7)
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h
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1.
at
bO) -) 'f€"
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if~U~ fj: t;l -) t.r~U

,~t?
;I.'"
fj: ~ \.'0
A drunken-like pleasant feeling caused by seeing or hearing something beautifu I.
CD1'\ .7.. tJ<~n

(£) r ~ EI
~ .l:
* t:
T L\ {,
lStd!
(7)
To, ;.;. f.J~(a \.\ .; \. d:,
-) "?
LJ) L. T L\ {,o
[tIJ
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bt,!t,t""!
A-(j:;/Jii
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i (J)T',
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t.:
IJ' t;IJ' ) "9.Q @6iJ
I) /\:/oft
J..,. t~(J)T:\
(a -)? t
L)
b t;1J't;IJ')
L.T
L.
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2. (
) (::A tL ll(7) t::. -t iii E!:i f.I: -t 0) t.r "F IJ' .; ~ (f f.I: t!- \. \ 0 (1 18I"f?
tl'?c -r~.:?
Lt.::;t.;
t-l"?:!J~'i.l
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CD~ L \ t (7) ~ b~
(£)~.f,Ij
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Et Iv (J)~51j: L\ '") t [tIJ L:: t~(J) T,

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it: G L.
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un
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) t=
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l;tP.16(=
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* "9
Excitement
Excitement
Excited because of some pleasant expectation .
r....... 9~J
o)Jf~C::., 1S7}-0)~~~~~9;:::c1j\~L'o
i:J't"l? l5 ~Iv 1'i l> ib6t>
•b
-suru
<b<
~fJ'I
ry~;:?
G 7°v-t·/ ~O)fii~ 1~IHtt.:o

It;:
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:lS:lS
The following words are often used with form to express one's own feelings.
the
.~L~~G*ft~O)~.
~~b<b<~6o un
j)!tIJ >?~ ~~O) t.: ~ t.:, 'L'llilO) tIJ ~ 1J'1;1: >?

3J...C"3
~A,,~J:3
llv.e?
?~
< t~ ~
J: -J 9
0
An increased heartbeat resulting from exercise or nervousness .
• c: ~ c ~ L~fJ~'G.
•h
*7-~iOO~~t.:o
;tt~
tJ1
tC ~
0) Flil ~ ~ ~ :t!-. ~j;r"'l
L t: t ~. t
r ,
fJ
c: ~ c: ~
L r:
'-0
'l1J'O)A~tO)O)J:
at
-J 91J'ffit~
iIi>~
< JLt -co

1;.
t/C.'~Ct:,'!t-J
LA-I;n, ~;,
J: -J 90
Nervous due to seeing others in some dangerous situation .
• u. ~ Li ,j: G.' j: G L ~ fJ~'G -lj" ~)h...~~<
iJ A 0) ~
'ft~
~ L~' tc; ;;,.
• ~~L'·~tC
/!-,'"
"'~
-C'l,., 6 -1- C ~ ~ ~ ~ t
;:
1;.'
Ij: ~ Ii
P.15(7)!;Z.1.
CDa ®b @b @a
2.CDd CVe
o»
@a
GT~o
Excitement
Exercises
t->-'t 0 L. C' ~~
~ t.: ~ J: -J 90 *- tz ; tJ, G t=tJ~.~, ~ ~ ~ b'le

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Body shaking due to fear or cold. Also used to express being so moved or excited that one's body trembles. ."-..U:iJ~-~ ~
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Feeling at the End of Something, Surprise
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An elevated mood following the end of a problem or nuisance.
The following words are often used with the form to express one's own feelings.
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A feeling of relief after a worry has gone away.
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A feeling of dispiritedness due to a hope that was unfulfilled.

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Looking forward to something and moving spritely.
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The following words are often used with the =shite-iru form to describe others.
ss
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Happy and in a bouncy mood .
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Restlessness resulting from excitement about something .
anxiety
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Dread due to uneasiness or lack of self-confidence,
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Discomposure due to worrying that something undesirable will happen,
• V'
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To be at a loss and spending time uselessly from not knowing how to get somewhere or how to do something.
The following words are often used with the -shite-iru form to describe the condition of other people.
• f±~~ 0) ill! ~) nlto:. iJ~'b iJ' i? ~ < ~. 1]

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To be in a flu rry, not knowing what to do, when something frightening, unexpected, or sad has occu rred.
• ~~t~~~WL.
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A flustered state when something must be done immediately. • ~~,

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t.f. >? Iv -C'
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t: fJ{ t.f. L\.:. C ~,
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~ Constantly fretting over some past event that can't be changed.
3n(: 9 {, J: -J 90
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< J: < J:
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Embarrassment due to an inability to speak one's mind .
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~~~ Ut
a6b
The following words are often used with the -shite-iru form to describe the condition of other people,
A loss of concentration. A state in which the mind is blank. Also used when colors or shapes are blurred.
l \l(:> tJ .::::. 'Ii iVJ
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Dispiritedness due to an unpleasant happening,
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Happiness accompanied by a broad grin,
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Cooly acting as though nothing happened when something major occurred. (The variant kerotto is also used.)
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'fiiJ ::_.. c
(t~.:.
t t.[. <,
JI;3n.""(+1., \
~"Iv~
-s J: -J
@~* ¢ Iv Ii
"'1" ~
~o
~rt1S-t= ~ It t.: 0) t=,

L "-'"
t.[. tJ, -:J
-J
'=,
Used when someone such as an elderly person seems hale and hearty.
• -) 'GG7)H tl,,>~A.-'i90~t':·iJ:f,
• +"'* ~
~~.~
A.-L""C\,>Qo A.- tH,;'i5X I:. ~

u~
?
~"
i: t
itD.YA.-1Y
))
[a
t1"))
'J t
L J: A.,Iif 'J "9

0
c t.:.:. t.: .:.
d U' A.,U A.,
e (if A.,~
'JJ
.~u, x t;j:P.36(=;JI)
I) ;:I:
Iifl I,> t: iJ:f, 1Y IC ~
1YIC L""C \,>t.:o
Lacking Energy
7
I!? t!
~ Iv'?
.~O)td:L'~?9
tilv 15.1:5
Lacking Energy
5JcIc..,-,?~.:yl1JiJ'~l\d:
.1?L.1v ::-';I!'; $H
-J 9
Slowness of action or decision . • ~$

otT.>
r~
L'-LL.
'~J (7)Jf~Z:fi!5 z C:i'J'~L. '0

-/),t:'?
?-/),
EE
The following form.
words are often used with the
=sbtte-iru
• <"-9 <"-9 t. z v- ~ (:,
'j:mv)~'~ t, "'d:"< g; < ~

.;.
l,
('-9
(' -9 L -c v' ~
/~A.i:::r",'i:::1}b"'d:"lt·o ,. ot
11Jf'F1=~ ~iJ,t~
J:?
<,
f~t,:t,
t: ~ L
t~ l \ d:
-J 9
Slothfulness with a lack of energy in movements .
• 17:.. (J) -1- t: 1? 1J~·~t l"'d:" IJ~'t;" ~

~A,t,:::
t::: t;, t: t;, tV It -c It

>
otl>
>~
0
r t::: t;, t: t, L ~
It >
"'C\ !f!. < i± $- ~ l"'d:" ~

'~'I> L. ~I::
It > J
~<"ri!!
~~{_j-'?1JrE:JfJ{d:
1.>,::-5
<
;f?fJ'~t~l\£
'
~~ £;f?~
'>'"
Ido
7- +0
"1
Wandering around without definite purpose or direction.
P.350)~~.1.
<:Db(Va @a @a @a
2. <:Dde» @e @b @a
Lacking Energy
Exercises
JEt cf.l{~~5Ec\ t.L. a;A..,,("~

..h
1iUtL~ -)1:.ttJ
t.:$J
?~
<
J -)90
Tottering on one's feet almost to the point of toppling over.
• .J: 'J Ii ~I,- \ 1J~'.J: 6 J: 6 tv: 1,-) • fij!f&J1J~'.m:<

'" t, '0 :tit,
-r,
;1;-';
J: 6 .J: 6
-r ~)~ L -r L i
(2) (a
0
<-1"<-1"
b t:.~t:~) hA.,L-",oj *.l~L-CI.,\~t,

b (a
k
<I'>
~it.g-~:";l:Im-ct~L\o
L
a5-J,..~
0
fJ)
'J
tc;
(:3H~A iJ{ (a .:;;:,.:;;:,

d.-;~Iv
J: 7;, J: 7;,) Jt 1:> il-:d.: J:.
@*~~7tIvTI.,'~-)1:>I:'
1~1v J:
.:;t.:;t
b
S~
t:~t:~)
L-CL..1:-:>t::.o
0
@IIlJ (7)~ ~ *~ ~~
(a .:; t
.:;t
b':;
;z, .:; ;z,) ~ f5 1: h -:> t.:
2. (
) t::AtLg.Q)t:::Il=&iliE!P:'::&o)~"'F:IJ'~~U·t.J:itl.,\o
... ' L?c
-c·~t"
l-t~;t6
(ll§l1"?~':;
(,l?'IJ'''l
-:.>1:1'
.:.) t
((
CD1HH;I:~El(7)*7$'-1f.l'~1:
iJ}tt ~ J:.
C:>t~
I"",
<
-c,
~
L..-CL\~o
(2) r (
) ~ I.,\ -c I.,\ t~ L\ -C+,

;1;-1>
if. < ~U~ C' I.,\ J

~I.,\-C
<1'> ..
(3)'"") t» tL -c I.,\ r: (7)C\ @~
( I.,\ iz;
-:>
(7)~ ';l:5~ I:.~tj::'? -C,

:tit;: ~11
@:t~PJTf.lq?f.l'
If G"
C:>
t~ < -c,
J:
) L -c L 1:
tt:
• .g:;tId:P.40t=~
u<
t)
a: 90
~ ~ attrB' -c. ,;I: t~ I.,\ C f5 ~:.,

... 15 1o>/'"
1";:
:P L..D~'? -c L.. 1: -) J -)90

atr
Dozing off at a time outside of one's regular sleeping hours .
•T
•~
v 1:: ~
~ J:j=I,
.. -;
15",1l"~?"'
-r ~)~ -) i? t::, -) t -) t!l& -r -) t -) L -r L i ··:d.: t

'J btr
0
Li
'?
t:
8.
;/J'Gt.::O)oc:'l.'tl\ ml
~,J:"3~lrl
vol: 5
1::1.1
•
•
• '<""', '<""
-:> fJ'n
f.: ~) L. -C,
"I;/J'6
11fJ{t,J.
<
tJ '),
/f'~)E
""
;l;A,'C;,
,= f1>
-@ J:
-J 9
Tiredness, a lack of energy, or a feeling of shakiness.

-~J
r(-tJ'\)
o)ff~z:'fi@5~ctJ'\~~\o
Ide';
-'1;>
##
.l<mh~~~~0~, bu
J; f.J~A,.$Q
The following form .
words are often used in the (-ga) -da
~~bGkG~~o • -If ~'If.fr,,,, tV< v>t: 0 -C\ JE 1J~'b G .s. G t·:::o t:l:.tJ{ ihL.
;l;1o:~
,,-0..,. ,,-0..,.
+tc; ---d:, -0)
1."
St,J.tJ, tJ{ c
t,J.
-c t 9 L \ -c l \ -@ J:
0) ff~ T'{~
""10:';
-;>/»
-J 9 -J
0
0 _~,
-:>
-J r S
tr fl·~ ::.. f:: J «::..
A strong feeling of hunger. Usually used in the form onaka ga pekopeko-da.
;T?~
,\//
.tJ\btJ\b
~~;lit,J.
-t=., -fcJ:,
-C,
fJ'ih
-0)
< t,J.
'?
l\
-c l \ -@ J: -) 9
Completely dried out. ~'tt,J.l\

?~
<
8l\,
V't"( -:>tJ'n-CL\-@,J:
-J 9
i:
Exhaustion to the point of being almost unable to move .
• !It ~>W~o/J ~
P,390)~;t.1. CDa (2)b @b @a (5)b 2. CDc (2)d @a @e (5)b
f;f ~ "'( tV< v

(,
;1;.,
.t: 0)"("
• < t: <
!it,
'" be>
<
< t: V: ~
tc:
i: -C"
1PJ t l t: < tth:
~ ~ '0
I. Ao)~~t5~d::59~~9_
V'
~"
';;';b
~J, /f''ti:~ ,: ItJ < J: -) I: tt

.k 1i.>A-""(I,1 -;~
-:>
t: J: -) 9'
r"'c:"'c:t:J
0
C: r"'C:"'C:g~J
m~t.N~Qo
J;1Ii?
Pekopeko-da and Pekopeko-suru

•
The instability of an object that has lost its stability due to wear and tear, etc.
r ~;::~;::J
r;:fct 2 ?O)~D*
.s.t: .,;,.
.~.~e7+~-~L~~~, ~~~<~<~
• l' T ~ ~ L iJ'7'Js' < 7'Js'
~~!fI?
< L"ll'
lJ\t,:
~'*o r"'C::::"'C::::9~J (])~'*o

P h
r"'C::::"'C::::~J 'i, r}) tt "h'iJ'"9

(i
{, J
L\
-c L \ ~
I>t.--:3::
J (])
~
r'fiiJ[§Jt~~~T'1'
t:tlv-n'("
Exercises 1. at b(7)? -;, ifj~ ~'l?
CD
,~I:~
.~U·~ ~\.'0
J_';
r})
tt iJ'9
(2)- EI 5/J:. L \ t::. ore, ~)~'':1:.I5~-;.i>'"t

@5:E 'J "9 In
L\
t: ?
r (a iJ' ~"IJ'~ (a "h~' "h~' <<
b....::.:.....::.:.)
b
r: J: J
t:.) I:-:J iJ' tL r:
0
The expression pekopeko has two meanings depending on the form in which it is. used. Pekopeko-da means to be hungry, whereas pekopeko-suru means to bow one's head repeatedly.
s«,
<
t:.
<
U <'!-""h{(a iJ< < "h~'< "h'0d:::'"h{ (a
b....::.:.....::.:.)
t:::.o "9~0
~ c: • i:...)
@});@~~JJ."9~"-C, il of (})
@7' '5 '/ /- ~ l.,
< t: < t:.

'J
b ~i.~~i,~) b
~"-J~h-.1
t:(]) :', a: C"·M (a ~'i:...~, T IJ -.IN

b"?t
c: '.1
t::'0 ..
?1J'
2. (
) '=AtLg(7)t:.tifj~t~t(7)."F"IJ'~~Ut~~\.\o
~)
.:.c )
l~'/::-?
L.,t,,:
A.JS
(1 [§J"f-:>~?
t.~?IJ'\;)
CDiJ't;:L\ t(])~1i;.«.t::.(])-C<,
t:
"i[tf
IJ:
(
0
9~o
(2)$iJ{iVJ ~
to>? if> il (,"7 ,",Ie
(])T:\
t:
Stc'£
~~iJ{ (
)"9 ~
@~Jj"h' J? 'fiiJt ]t«.-C L \ tt L -a: -C', }) tt"h' iJ{ @Xln"h{ ( ) I: "h';b L \
) tz.; rt?<D-J 'i, riflv.~~"'_'J (])~f!:;t.o
@(
) I: -:J "h' tL -C,
-c L \ ~ ~ -c L
Q
-:>
t:
The expression sokkuri has two meanings as well. Sokkuri-da means to strongly resemble each other, whereas sokkuri - means all- .
P.420)*~.1.
c z:
• *;tI~P.43C=if.,I)
~to
;;1:90 CDb (Ilb
ma
®b (5)a 2. CDa ®d
me
®b (5)c
More Expressions
-:J'~
~®~5~.~~·.g~~~<~bn~o t!" ss ); :::

'tl
t.:~~ ;:: ~t;l
The following mimetic expressions are also often used.
Pain
~t<:.:l
~~iJ{ t.:
t: iJ'n.Q J: -J
t= mJ l '0
...»r:
A pounding headache,
ll* <.H-:> J: -J
#.sf> -j
,=~ '0
\')t.::
A throbbing pain.
'.i IJ
ilitT Ct Ct :tL.Q J:
-J t=~ l '0 ,,~t.:
-t-> It c' ~ L t.: J: -J '=mJ

A burning pain.
t,\t.:
l '0
A prickly pain.
Expressing People's Actions and Conditions
Looking, Speaking
1
o t "'") t
0) )~
II
~Q .. 1!9
«J
{;I;~
AO)J.. -) 9ft t"~,

!.it
;tlv
'J
J;
ts < ~~
Looking, Speaking
J: -) 9
~Uii!lo s. < (.,
L'L'1'
;o<'--::;';t/t.L\o
(",JE.~)
~*::>
~
~i1Jii!lcL 1:7 (., .
'::> L.. d: (;:1f5 2: c1J\~L '0

"?iJ>
Staring unreservedly at a person in a negative sense. (Typically used with miru.)
J3~
Adverbs. Usually used with specific verbs.
• '3t 7£~IJ{h i: L ~ t 7:> t 7:> ~ "(

~4
• -=f
::
c' t ,::~ t 0 t 0 ~ c:'ht.:o ~

~jo h
jot::
1",
tz;
0)
z: t (: ~9 ~ J: -1 9 ~
L~)&~) (.,f
( '"
~,
""
~4~
;t ~ )
ilJiJ'ft
L\ -C-'L ~ J: -) 9 0 ~~iJ":iJ{ £ Iv 9 ~ J: -190 ("-'9 ~, "'-'iJ{ £ Iv 9 ~) \
Concentration on a specific thing or event. (Typically used with miru or kangaeru. ) Motionlessness. Quiet perseverance. (Typically used with suru or gaman -suru. )
• -t- 0) -=f
&.d(.,,,,
c t Ij: +,~~ ":) ~ t C:

~t~
jo _
• ii. ijtlJ;*~h Q i -C',
-t- O)-fli t":) t L "(~, tc:
;,.
"( ~,
t:
J:
<
L. '?> r<. ~ J: -) 90
< :::_"
L\ L' -{ ;0<' -
-::;
Cd:ft. L '0
(...... ~~9, ,.t~
'" l.,
'?> r<. ~)
5'H~~~ C ~
tJt~\ ~
J: -)
'9 t: ~t;9 J: -190

t;tt~
("'-'t:!.,
""a59)
T~lkativeness. in a negative sense. (Typically used with hanasu or sheberu.) Proficiency in a foreign language. (Typically used with da or hanasu.)
• W Lit
l,oj'
tf.J
• *~If Iv 1;1:-1 /' ~
iIi;;;""~
< Iv 'H£:~
~« c:,« c:, L ~«":) "( L i ":) tz;

F :t, :/ 7 ~~IJ~'«C:,« C:,t.:'o
-
!.i .,_..,
Looking, Speaking
IHd.,
.~ft.~~~.
L,
M Exercises
1. atbQ)-}"'?
()t
II
-? ;t
<.
< 1"1" ~<t:

::.t"
c.'t
~~~t~h~=t~<. 1::",.,,3
0
d: -? 9
("-'~59, ....... ~~t;, "'. iJ' fl:id: J:
iI:~~'i?
'''to;
~~tft.t~\.'o
;1.6
,,-,*;Z ~,
....... ~<t:)
CD r.A.(J)g~.a- (a t:"t:~
,,'to
b 1"c,1"c,)
~tJL\-c·<t':~L\J
1>-
r
~.
The smooth, unbroken progression of spoken remarks, a job, etc. (Typically used with henesu, vomu. keku, koteeru, or susumu.)
(£l r~c.;t:g:~.aL \ -c
~ nlv
L, '" L,1v
t: ~) 19;/)' G, JJ.tJ ~ Iv (a t:"? t

(a
b~
c,~
C,)
l,-c
@~*
.1tI~ ~ ;C(;:):7
:;
< ;;"'D
7' /
~!c7)~~T ~T ~~~;C
0
T~ I!
< t: ~ L \ J < Idi"") :1 G tJ L \ = c.a~
(!Y~.h{~tUJ
-c.. A,l_....rp
t.:trl-,';:lr
L \(J)"1\
t <:
I,,~
JJ. A.JJ (a
t:" t: " t:"? t b
b ~ C, -e C,)
t_,)
l, ~ ~"'") tz.;
0
"i~? "i~-}) ~"'")""( \.~ L
® •• ~Iv~~.(J)~~~(a1"C,9C,
:tl.l ;::
1,,)
b~?~-})*~~o ;:t;: (llEl"f--=>fi-)

\ll?b)~l
I[ ~ '" 1i
-t- '" roll!!!10 T t, T t, 'l'i-'-t: ~ Ivto" c. to
2. ( ) (::Att.QO)(::.:&iI:~t.t:&Q)~Ti.J'C,~tf~~\.'o
t.?C
~~t?
l..t~;tl?,.
-:Jfp
.:.) t
CD-t(J)-1'-(imJ<-ct,
;: I,,)t.::
) fi:1lvl.,""(L\t.:o
"'" <
(£l r~-l::'A;/){~L\J
@=(J)7Jif.jff(i~
... <
no
z,
'i;(i (
) :;t1:i].a-~"'")t.:o ~Ht~o
~
*~~~O~
I!
~5~~1
fJktJ(J)-C". ( G, JJ.lvtJ'=
i:
~/"
.'
@'j:-r,tJ~&~ji-CL't.:
>J:ip15~ t?l9t?;::-<
®~ ~ ~ Iv Cj:~ ~~gh{ (
tz;
.*~t:tP.50':iFJ 'J u,
* 90
Incessant voicing of gripes and complaints.
(Typically used with iu.)

..1;.-) )(1iJ'~ i§ 'LA. < ir~ ..1;' -J g --:J "C I,>
rr",UJ!/.r;"trriJ'LI,'J
t.l-vtf_,~
t. 1:1JEt.:t~";:):..k-J t
it!")
-:d':·
~
0
• :7 - 7' - iJs" .:. h h '"( I,, ~
c7)
""C'.
h ;C ~ ..1;' -J
"
Various Physical Movemenls
2
kh'
*yg-c--, ~~~~
(: ct.j\~L
""""
7._A-
'J
J: t,J.
< ~-J b~
Jt L,
;,.
J: -J 90 ("'~-J)
... <
;U~i!lo>l'
L-
~*?~i11~i!lcL'? v ~ l~ff5
1:'", L-:>tJ,
'0
Laughing loudly and unrestrainedly. (Typically used with warau.)
• LlJ B3 ~ ,z, LtT

-1'>:1'
Adverbs.
Usually used with specific verbs.
t!
i- 1:: ~
If t;, If t;,~
b~
--:J
~>
,Q
• i'it* ~ ,z, ';;1:, A*,/,

"1'1" >l'
b~
iJ{~ .J.;,tL L '"> t: 0) L:,
h,z, ~~::: (t' t;, tJ t;,~vtLt.:o
;~ < , c vP 1_~tA-:H~~ J: 19 ' nO'

~)
("'H~~, "'~
t.>
Deep, satisfying sleep. (Typically used with nemuru or neru.)
• i:i:Jil < ,z, U: (' ~ 1:')

j@~~~\o
Js
--:J
I)
nis
IIR --:J L '">"'C -If ,z,..1:f ,z,
• ~ -)«:
'i ('
--:J
T I) ;r.l tc;
I>
~ ~ ~ =- ;b ~ t~ t: -c- ,
~t!I
J \ ~ ~. JJ..
,=_~,~ ;;t ~ J:
(Typically
-J To ("'-~' ~ ;;t ~)
Repeated rotating or wrapping. used with mawaru or maku.) (Typically Trembling due to cold, fear, etc. used with furueru.)
• Hl! 0) i V
1,\11
t) ~ ('
,Q <"' ,Q i V
I.') 1::"
• 't7J{~
t: t .;6 ~:::,
~*~
--:J
t:
.aB3~,z,';;I:::1_1-7J1'~~>0)-C·,
J:L-
t!
~-f-)
~o
,:::.J.;:
(',Q (' ,Q~"'>

:I'
,Q.J.;:,Q,J,,Q.z. L\->,Qo
.1c~t:: L7J>t;,tL,Q7J>~
1tA.1tr.·l
Lh~"'>o)L·,
-f0)
P.49OJ*;t.1.
'::f::.
<l)a <1)a @b @b (5)a
2.
<l)a <1)d @c @b (5)e
M II
?J:
~~ < -= "9 Q J: -5 "90
("''_:"9
Q,
'""":Jt
;/bl;
-5 )
r<'Q<'QJ
r('-@('-@J ~ .Q ~--)'(tl~':'
0
e r<'Q~ (e) • <'Q-:>eJ

O)J:-5t,(, rO.O.J :7'1'7°O)tO)I;I:,
Rubbing vigorously, kosuru or ereu.}

• t-i))1)' ~ ':_" L.:_'
(Typically used with
Guruguru and Gururi(to) / Gurutto

r(;:~I;:~J
?~
<l5Gh
L.:_ T -:J"C
"It
h--}J~'~)
tc;
• -i'- t'
.;
t 1J~':X~Cl) 'W «~,~ .: L.:_' L iJl: -:J ""[I.-) r:p

T,t;:IS'1'>
;/bE>
:IS
Qi1J~ ~~9o
Words in the form 0.0 •. such as in. guruguru and nikoniko, are used to express continuous action.
Exercises
1.
at
tr~id
bO)?~,
~
jj~HM;fJ:1? ~ij!(."';fJ: ~ '

"[:'!c?
ctG
1,.'0
CD*fJ'*O)*b') CV~"IJ:h t: ::/"> i

J:~
~
'Y ~
(a (+g ('g
b (1';'1';) .tb"?ll.\Qo
b ~)~ .. ~ g ) g) :Jt"?
;/b~
(a
z: L c L
(a ('.., (a
t:
(3)fJ'rl- t,(
It«l.,
I)
fJ{-= b < l,
1!
9 'J
b ~)~ ~i~g) g
.s. Q ;{ l
*-"?t.:o .,'"
l i "? i:
®-fO)~!~riUl.\l, @~fJ':hll\t:::'O)l', 2. (
J;.lvt,(
,1.;tf.;
b .:'L':·L)
t.>te
(a ('""":)9')
b ("g{'g)
~~"?lL*"?t:::.o (1 !§J-r-:>fi?
I.r)"J1J} ....) '?t.;l
r('Q~(C)'
('Q":=JcJ -'? rl;:~~(c)
'1;:~":)cJ
O)J:
-5
t,(,
0
rO
) (=Ango)t=:!iItiiM~t..:tO)~"Ff1'';ij!U't..:~I..\o
~:. ll?C
• ') U::) • O."?
:7' -r 7°0) t O)'i,
~!?~/:::':'tO)!JI,~
~~.,9
.: z )
Q)9H=
'f I:
-c~t5
J....t.:;t>S
l±I t:::. I?, &-., £ ') ~~H0) -C\ ( \
(2)'I' < -1:/':'0 Iv f-:.' 0) ~

@;;fCf ~
IVl.,k
'0
,;tr
) .~,Q;{
lL
" Iv 1;1:7' :;t )J,. -C'IlI[ ~ :

O:lS
l,
(
J;. Iv t,(
,;I:
* "? r:
Words in the form O.ri(to) or O.tto,such as in gururi(t?)/ gurutto and nlkorttto) /nikotto, are used to express an action that occurs just one time.
*-"? tz;
.,'"
®(
~t.:O)-C',
t.>
~5.tfJ{l.\l\o
1! ~Iv
P,52Q)*.t.1.
;:t.:.
CDa CIla
@b
®a @a
2. CDe CIlc (3)d ®a @b
i~~o ,;,< t...
Fast Movements, Serious Attitudes L '-3{' \-3fcJ:I1J~i!lcL \? l,., d:: (;:fi@:5o

1:"1 L
-:>iJ'
iIlfFil C"'(t"9
1"-3 ~
,;t'~ I" \
J: 790
Moving with extreme swiftness .
• -t- 0) -r c' t U: b t: L ~ ~ Q t, ::
",.
~"?
t /p
<
Adverbs. Used with variety of verbs.
ht::.o
• ;/d..::. iP' ~
"?
till '1' t:
'0
9 <'~~'L't. -C t;t=t~ c It? 1-1.,
9'!~
< tM'F~9~ J: 79 1"-5 ~
Making an immediate decision in something, then moving with swiftness and efficiency in action .
• /J'iR ~ A.,I.:t4ij_:8J;; 5 ~'.:~ 1< ifb :1:>,,1: t:

• i"/' ~A., l.:t Jff;!J ~ ~
J:-3 t: "? ~
Q t,
~"?
t I)WQ
b'it._
0
-jp t':'--~n t
t:
"")-:1{t"'(,
.
AA'L't=,
-G?t..-A.-
3: C:d)t=1±.t~C:·~9~J: L.. ~l":.
790
Serious and enthusiastic continuation of a job or similar task .
• ~jjH'f~ < A., l.:t, Tbt:!J.:I.: it"? it t '77" v ;7 - ~ • Sf: Ii iII: 8 it"? it t In It, tz;
J;;"I;
~mt:~
ift" tc; ~
,1<1","1;
IU,,,
3.
Ictt->l \1111'10, 3': u/1)fd:~~ c~ t:? ~

t.;~~
...~ W
I I I I
Exercises
~;;;.*0:>':' C t~
L.J;:-_'
-c ~:t.r9 ~ J: oJ "90 I:'~J;<

• I=j:I JIJ
-:J
i;!,~
c·~~;Z
tpA--IJt
... , r
l, TJ,
J-:ftt
1"'::
1. atbo)?
-;1" ~
J::;
Continuing efforts little by little for some future purpose.

~b~l;tb
CDifi* ~ Iv t;1
(a @~t;J:
Pb?t
15
<
II- L:t .;
---:J .; ---:J:B
1ft z. t: btJ "C

bl-G,'
< ii £:
]fi:
z. Jl
fJ~
~m.~
1:"
(a
t.~
~~t~,;t.? .a-iX(ft~~\.\o
'u't:;
;toO
(a ~ ~ ~ t
bit?
it t ) n~~t.:6b-Cl.,\~o ~'n '91tt

\..;~<.t':l.)
~?t ~?~t
b .:.?.:.?) b it-?-ttt)
... '9<-'~?t::o C
~>;t .}.;
1i§m~*~hGtt
... lQf[ft:1T?t::o C
1.> {
'II)
tz;
@ (a .:.?.:.? @ (a .:.?.:.?
b "t €i Ii €i) "? G t~ L' z , f±$ti.Ef. ~ ~t Ii'"

b ~-?~t) ~::tJ'9nti, t~1'J <
J:
< *~.tJG t~ l.,'0

t;
~?tpx:rJ:J'9~o 1tp..:1 (11E1-r?~?

L-l?il>J,.l
2. (
) [=AtLQO)[:::Iilt~~fd:tO)~"F1.J'&?~t'-fd:~\.\o
tJ?C:
-r~C?
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_ J:;:
r T t- 1:::' ~
5114
11
t. -c,
1>'"
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) '9
c
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< Iv t;tfiHl ::,t~L..

;t"'~'':::~
@fit 13 (
H>I"'"
)
(
~'* ~
t.., ~
~n t~ ~ l.,\ _j ~*a~~l., \ -c l.,\ ~

"(fJth ,/:;)
I:
nf"t. .. .,
n (j:',
J..,.
~?
t?1
<
t~ ~
@~:!~Ji
t;~~.t?
) {±.O)j~~ ~
15
t,
iz ;
.*..z [;tP.581=
::.t<
ci'J ~) ;;: To
ft~ ~?
1 C ';1~
<~ ~
J: ? To
Performing a job quickly and proficiently .
• uHi-C ~ ti~t~5F L -c \,. ~ tJ~1t

L,.C
• l ~ Lf~~
-:J
t: (7) -C", f±.tJ{lj!

t.
~t
In'
< *~ b
i1
-:J
tc:
61JL\ tr« 1::1.\ e. ttL\ Definite Attitudes and Dispositions
BJJiltcJ:.=~I~tI
Lo
¥~><='~JH!Ijt=fr-:;J
1!1; .. '"
MU~i!JoL'-3 L'-3tcJ:I1J~~c L'? l_, J; f~{f5o ~ < Ii?? I?iJ'

~ r......t: l.!
I': 'f'
$:>
-c L\ ~
J: .oJTo
~~T
h'<
;I)~ L \ ;I)~ t~ L \
J: .oJ"90
1;>
1~
r _17""
1H,V'>
V '-"
,2.
"QI
Matching a standard or rule perfectly. Certainly, without a doubt.
(Ab
VI::
tcJ: o)Jf~C::... A ~=o(])(])~f\!tJ!J:~9 C

'IN;:'!?
$:>';;1:>
• 4' iff ~ h"

1;;1;>0)
C=O®Qo
Adverbs. Used with a variety of verbs. Also used with the forms =shite-iru and -shita (hito) to describe the nature of people or things.
,:t w B i? ~ h" t ffl Jm ~ ~

:};..,\!-;:,i:,
l_,~<t!.l"l
'J
-c <
~o
• .A...~0)9=' ~
fct'bl
i?~ h" t.f -)t Lt::.o
f~~S:Lt:::.=
~-C'~"9 I: $:>
I;h
t~, GV.>l.\1 L\Cttit~L\1~ t: J: .oJ"90 .= t: b -:;Jt::: 'J _ ><='/1)

I. ~
t::: 'J "9 ~
ij]-fr'= J: It
~I,,~
< 1~.oJ 0
-:>b\
Showing clear determination in one's decision. Often used when one turning something down or quitting . • r~;f_±~~,)t:)~J
f.I~t.~L-~
t, f~jj'j~h"Li~
~
C?
-::J(:P)
§ -:;Jtc;
~,
~ ~ c' p:; {,'!v-Co~ ~ J: .oJ"90 r,.._. L -c L \ ~ G'? SA-Iv

tp(
J 0) 3f~-C·i~~Ji.
iJ~t.::.t7
l.,.A..6\,-l
-Co~ ~ '1'1: j'i ~:-:~ 9" 0

1t1.~t_.."? .I;.~.tJ
Reliable and certain. Used with the =sbite-iru form to express reliability .
• m;l;'~3.i.-> \
h'<!'
":>,1:
0)
L'"
F7 ~ L 'J;I;'
~h~
t)
roll ~ ic:
l-
P.57(7)~;;t.1.
CDb (Va @a ®b
(IDa 2. CDc (Vb @d ®a (IDe
.000)
at
A ,j:i1f\.->
b~
0) ~.::,
~.z;l;'
L 'J
;1;>1')
L -c I.>
m
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II
Exercises
1.
Something that is clearly distinct from other things and easily distinguishable. Not ambiguous.
at bO)-; -t;"
;,;;,; to
~~
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Ij: (1 -; ~~U't~
;t",
\.\0
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t;: It '"
~?~ij
b L? 1)")) ~:iE
t} -rio}
'-:c7)NJllHj:it'~'J
f)J;?iJ
c, ~
U,
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I)
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\.)
L t:
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,,":!I
< c7)LlJi.Jqj:--:J
ell I",,-~O)"f~
J;tfJI
/::;
(a -t;,~A.,t
(;J:?~
~J) fJ,t::-:ftttJ2Ctl'J
@;f:$" /fJ'l&ntJ'L\J: ®ff;-~rnU:An'ljjL\t::Y1

h.1,,}~"-j .: p
-J
t= (a ~ ?t;f'J
A71)-L.~,
b L ?b"J)
J5C?C
dlL\'?'tt::o b-t;,~
mfJ' (a -t;,~A.,t
?1)'~J) It''''-'l L
t,
a: -s t:;
7t~O)flSfJ'
'trf...,1"t1"l .:.'-.
@a:h')fJ{-J
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(a
-t;,~?b"J
b ti?~
')) liM.:.
~
2. (
) t:'AtLgO)t::~tii1EMlj:tQ)~"'F1)'~~U'Ij:~\.\o
~> {'-::d:
"(~t?
L-t.:;t~
(1 @"9-:>ft!-;
I"l-;.otpl"l "'?1J)
~ z)
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ellrmt~O)t~t;j:
~'"1t~
c:
tOl,l
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-J
t= (
L-CL\~o
(
(
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) Lt::ij&~~LtJtttL,~'tJ2l?tJ2L\o
k(~?
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-t!"1u-tt~~
) L'lL\~(7)·t\ ) S ~ G r/) tz:
11fl~~9"L\o
~
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b>O)
t (i (
11'1:
t;: J;
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t,
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t;:.I:,"
t<
fJ'O)AO)':'
11't
t ~£VJ ~ n
-c ~ -J .:. c>;o;,;
L\ 'l,
L \0
~~ ~ O)fJ{ Ct L\ J: tJ2
~ I»c>
-J
9"
(I
t fJ'~
.~;UiP.62t:;b
;::t.:
I)
19
Quickly realizing a profitable opportunity and taking advantage of it. Often used to describe being flabbergasted by someone.
• m* ~ Iv Ij:,
L,
1i-t"
1? ~ "') i.J' I) 'j:' < c7)frI'n:. -t.b"') 't: l i "') 1':0

1t~
l;b ~,'"'),j: 7d:: Iv -C.
i> i:>1fL~ C ~
n'iO.
1? ~ --:Ji.J>t) l--r ~ J: J
Ways 01 Doing Something
~~n
1t~
::g: ~ Jt -c tt
st
to
~\ J: -) t: t. -C, ij~IJ'<= fnJlJ' ~

Vf ""10
9~
-)
j~i~o L\-3 L\-3tc;l:i1.J~i!lt:L'? I,., ~ 1':::~5o k< 1:'3 -:JiJ'

L, L,
J: -) 901
i: ; 1~IJ'O).A.'=:hIJ,~tt~\J:
V't
,=
fnJIJ' ~ 9 ~ J: -) 90
Performing an action carefully to avoid making a sound. Also, performing an action in such a way that it won't be discovered by others .
Adverbs. Used with a variety of verbs.
• ~ ~"C'T
A ~~
JiJ;:
t) -c~\td.~\,=-c·tttJ"
<, };};
£. lJ'cfnJlJ'
t.l",,::
~J:-5L'"'.)
L L" ~\ ~
0)
1:",0"7 1:J' ~-f
Performing an action in loose, general fashion .

• ~ij,
J;~ t.l'tL
~Jf~ ~ t!:. -:> t ~1t,z,t::_·o

~'""''"
• fIt (= 'i t!:. -:> t ~~L -c :B ~) t20 ~

,;tt!'L-
J:
'~IJ'O).A.'=:hIJ,~t..:~\J:
VI;:
-J '=, fIDm'=fnJlJ'~ v h'? ~~,:
I;J:"A..>(J')
~
V"CL\t::.I),
t~~~
=1'~~~t~-')t::.l)
..;.-t,~
-?~l
L-C,
~IJ~-:J tJ'tJ" ~\ -C·fnJlJ'~
9" ~ J: -) 9
r -) -')IJ' I)
Performing an action in secret so as to conceal it from others.
l-CJ
O)]f~Tt>J: <1~-Jo
b;.t=.i?
-:>1)'
Not realizing something due to carelessness or absentmindedness. Also used in the form
ukkari -shite .
• TA ~ 0) t ~, t ~I) O)-to)~.t
~ ~t<
~.::
-:>-f
• oJ -:>ipl)
LL", }:·7t::i.»~:f~/)"tT,::jjt)
h~l.} L.,.--:>
tH
L""( L g; -:> tc;

• ~ -:> /)\
lrt9'
P.61(7)~;t.1.
(Da (2)a @b ®b @b
2.
(Db lI)d @e ®a @e
ra H! ~:E\.fL
< t!")
h1"
L" L i
-:>
t20
ttJ ~
Slowness in movement, in a negative sense.

.Afl>J;~,(J)-C·,
(j~
.,,:'
fJ'ilI
*''"
s*,
L\ J: -J "9
L\ L\ l' _)( (j: tJ_'L\ - -s;
r~'~~'~J
a
C r,3\b/3\bJ
Gorogoro and Burabura
(J);S(J);S7P:~,t..:o
Jl<'
r~~~~J
~~,
~<~~A~~~~o
0)
• :@:iJ' .: tC c' ~ ~ (J) c', ,

h~
~,~ a
!'Ii' J: (J) 0 (J) ;S !Ili) ~ , "C <~£?~
r;::-3;::-3~-3ti\-@J
to)iJ'=7;,t.J'~~,,?J:
0)
~t
r;::-3;::-3J
"
lJ.
tt, rmL\
-J"9Jo r;::-3~-3e-@J
~
*'''
r;:: -3 ~ -3J
""-
(i,
r 1J' J;. tJ_' ~) "? <b tt

0)
fJ' tJ{~~ ~
Exercise$ 1. atbO)'3~, irI~t.J:'i'3

,'" t., L \ ~ 0)-(\
:g.Jo r*C';::-3~-3VC:I,'-@J
r;::-3;::-3J
~~tft.J:~\.'o
it"
CD
(3)
(a
'3'? tJ, 'J AH~-r

l>
b.:t "? t)
L. "C
,,< '" <
*"J*~ $n "C L .t -:d:::

t,"j"
(2) (p;J
(fro"'\'
(a t/"? t
b ..!f"?t) '$R
I,,);t
c·;S if -J fJ{
0)~i5(j:
li"'~
(a .:."?.:t 'J 'J

b
b
b~'"?
0) 7, 0) 7,)
,= A -s t:
l;l;l.;)
1':"7~1'~~Htt:::o
Jl
0
@)-f
(a ':'"?..!f
t)
Bfl L \ t::: t: It
i!
tJ_'0) LtJ_'~
"l\ L\J
J:
< ~OG tJ_'L

L
The expression gorogoro has many meanings. It can express the sound of a heavy object rolling along, such as in gorogoro korogaru. It is also used to express the rumbling of thunder or one's stomach, as in gorogoro neru, and it can mean to pass time doing nothing, as in ie de gorogoro\0
@ rCa?
"?1J"J
0)7)0)7))
LtJ_'L\"l\
!f. <
Ii"
shite-iru.
r/3\b/3\bJ
(1 1El9"-:>1i?
1,.)?;¢~~' "')t;>
2. (
) t=AtLQO)t=~:&~~t.J::&o)~"FtJ'J?~tft.t~\.'o
1",
'tl'"?c
"'(~t?
L-t;:;t~
ri3,r2)13,6i1J<
-j.:"'
I~=t;, "It. < c!IvA~tj\~~o .. " ;,

J 0)
r/3\6/3\6J
,j:,
r.~t I? 6 Ii
<1;0
.:. t)
CD*,A,;l:j)~
JiJ~'
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II?
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r § ((.J t tJ_'
;, c r s
0)
0)
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l>
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f)
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= L"C L.t
0
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"") tz.;
,j:,
< :$; <
J: -J "9Jo r*
{j:,
,>it
C'/3\6/3\b
(t"C
L/Cl, ''''J
r/3\r2)13\bJ
rtt.t
®~rEl'fJ'tJ_'
15 iJ'A.
"C", B~
tJ)n
) ~51)lA"9 ~
-t!?i!tJP
-:Jtp
<
I? "9 J: -J "9Jo
c" t tJ{
C
( ):m~
I;: L"'?
~i~ "")C L .t "")tz; "

"CoL\ ~
0
(5)4:13'
t.
~ji;A,
,;to?::.
-o-of'he expression burabura also has many meanings, It can express the swaying of a drooping object, as in buraburaugoku. It can also mean to walk around without a particular purpose, as in burabura aruku. In addition, it can mean to live a lazy life, as in ie de burabura-shite-iru.
1',64(7)~;z.1.
::__t_:-..
Q)a (ljb @a @b @b
2, Q)d ®a @c ®b @e
.it
"Ju 1J'
Changes
I- \
eo tJ I.\ J:
< f$ tJ" t: I),

Q)
it. Iv t:: I) 9" ~ J: -J 9"

1"1'
mu~~oL.-3L. '-31([IJJ~~C{. ' .... < t, 1:''; t,

Adverbs.
Growing or moving forward quickly .
'? V ~ 1;:1f?o
CJtJ,
• .; -::. , 2
• 7...
3 "fe'" f*O)1f7J~' (" A..- (' kf$lft..::

t>1v
*;:'
-It
Q)
Used with a variety of verbs.
if - ''/7J - (:H& 6 0).1l!

-y L
(i5*
('Iv (' Iv v- ~
(;j:
-:J?
(1""(
jsjs
eo
< gr1t 9" ~

""~
tJl
J:
-J 9"
?If
~iJ'
a? ~ '"
c.
fiiIiJ'iJ''""J?1- \ t:
t,t.r;.::
~), fiiIiJ'
~ L r: 'J 9" ~ J: -) 9"
Continuously changing greatly. Doing one thing after another or continuously happening .
• I) :;..-~
A..-~;j: B *~:g:7J~"A..C
fi: ';J:A,
c A..- t J: -) T I:. 7';( -::>1"::0

cA..-t'A..-tkA..-e"<
Q)
r;fSil!m!;j:t..::<
;;~t
~A..-Gf>1J
iT7J'G,
t'::"~~'J
d) t: "?
-c !f!. <
101:-1'>
L; J: -)
0
9' r: t~ "? r:
I),
J:
<
t~"?
r:
I)
9" ~ J: -J 9"
Progressing or improving noticeably .
• **~
~;I:I'> -
\.,
A..- 0) 1::." 7 /
0) -) "C"!;j:
YJ ~ YJ ~ J:::il~""J
<I;
tz:
Exercises
PL~~~*~k~,~~k~~~~~~D
TC: Itt:
To start something little by little,
1. a
c bO) ? i;"
.;:'?
ilI~ fd:t;l ?
,'" t~
tJ'>
~~(f
~"
fd: I.'0
b t1)tf;l/>tf;) J::...t/·~t::.o
J5
e.
• 'Hi < lJ:"'J

<6
t::.iJ'~.
tI·"')tI·"')11l'P) i L.J: -] J
$~
CD-1/7v-z:'~m{iffi(j: CJ)1Jl1iiiilFp(])ttff(j:
iJI 1:: -; it J.." L
I1J
(a c"/vc-/v
• InJ' Iv iJ{Jli
"'''
~='I'",) ~l'''') l:I't i b I) U: t I!i) tc; -c.
(a
c'?c
b b
b l/>tf;l/>tf;)
(;t:'?t;t:'?)
Ii
@~alo)~I.\t.J,tj:
~~n
(a ('/v('/v
*~
#.
< tj:~-Cl.\~t::.o < tj:~t::.o
@;iJtt.J{
2. (
~~?~~
(a cs.c):
c'?c)
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) t=}d·LgO)t=~tiiH~fd:to)~"FfJ'~~(ft.t~\'\o
~) {;")-C '(~t1 l-t..:;ti?,
(1
[§]"f?1l?
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?'"
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r:.t::h -z:'tj:, (
at
) tlJ'l L ~ itt::.o
#
) ~~
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:a-~iid.) 1L i;t15
J: ~ J
CJ)JJ.1vtj: -z:'t.J~ Iv '~f tz: 0) -C', ~ @-=T-c·tO)1ftj:,

:: " liL,,,t
::"0)
l1J:.rEl,r.: (
t>~b'J..,
{±*t.J~ ::'c
t,
) tr t: -1L' t:
{$U-C,
Ii)
Y:fJ!~
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I)*~
< tc-s t«,
@~j;*~ IvO)t~1i1\Hj:
"to.,,?
t:~?t,,?
J::...:it L tz.;
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::.to
190
t::.
<
~A.O)to)fi-~'=:£~:h~~
"t,
t'
St,b
~9o
The sudden appearance of many things, • ':g. iJ{
Ii,,( "'J
c'
"'J
C :~U.:: ) -C' • 0
Ii
c "( ~ ~)-t- iJ{ L <

-:J
lJ:
t:
• 1if~11'0) <t
~~~~
c c\
-» i» tL iJl C
C ted.::
~
More Expressions
More Expressions
(.~)
tltl'
Sleeping
(~5)
bE,
~ ~ ~rB~-c·t~.\ c: s , ;~< H!\:;~o \

t.>
t5 ~,;,_
Laughing/Smiling
<!>I!
t.>tl'
(\. {f ~ ~ tJ, L \ 'C) \
d:
< H!\:;~ t.>tl'
Dozing off outside of one's regular sleeping hours.
Fast asleep (and snoring).
tJ, < tL .. C I J \ c\ \. \ F -c.~ -) Chuckling to oneself,

"'" ;:;t D<O
t;t;C;t
:*:F-C'~-)
vi',
Laughing loudly.
titi ~t:o Smiling.
;~ < H!\:;~o t.>n

.b~.
~A,±jjtJ{3{U=lj:1:>
<!>~, 1£"
l!1"
d: c\ ~ -) '=HEt~o
t.>tl'
Sleeping soundly.
Sleeping peacefully like a baby.
;:;t
F~I±I c\ t~ \.\ '(\

t!
\.\ -'? G [_, <
~ -) vb
'Smirking,
t<:IS
:*:t! t~~\.\Fo
vb
"J'J'J'~ J'J'J'
C~
The sound of loud laughter,

P.69(J)~;t.1, (Da (Va ®b eva @b 2, (Db (Vd ®e eva @e
(5L<) i;t
Crying
.;t-/u;t-/u
=f t" t
;:
ar);
j=]j3
t!- t~ i.lz.t!- ~
td:
C~
The loud crying of a child.
t? t t:JH1iJ{*~-C·;.lz.
t!A.."i:tlrl
jSjS~i.
<
The loud crying of mainly a man.
;r,~,
'#. Iv tJj ())iJi. t!- p;:

It? '"
C~
The crying of a baby.
'k'I1:-,?>=f t" t h{~"h' t= iJi..

1: J: "it 1.-)
.:
t,..-r
<
The quiet crying of a woman or child.
;1I..!- .9:l.iJ{DiJ' t=;1I.. < t

'" &L-
VI"
The whimpering of a crybaby,
Shining, Shaking
1
I
7tQ~tPtLQ
l.N1'
III
Shining, Shaking
;Ui~o ~~ ?t.:l1.Ji~C:L'? ~ ~ r~f9!5z c:t.j\~L .}. < l-" 1:-5 l

'")11>,z,z
(----l \ -J,
'0 ~t.: ..
"'~~.-Q) i;l (-~.-Q7...
.~~=-h~~~.-Q7....-QJ:190
H,
r-~LL'QJ
o)ff~z:'1E5~C=E,~L'o
tJ>t<
.-Q)
to
Adverbs. Usually used with specific verbs. Also used in the =shite-iru form.
The sound or appearance of two hard objects hitting. (Typically used with iu or naru. ) Trembling from the cold or fear. (Typically used with furueru.)
• JlI. --C' P b~' r: b~' u.~ L \,,)~ b" t: -:>
J\ ~
~l,..~
<
=- 1 fJ'
I., \
C1)
0
b',
<')
•• ~~~G~~.
fJ' 7...L.~ L. < 7C
? -:J- <
O-7J~
1J>~
~1r
~~~~b~L~o
i;l
f)
fJ'fJ{~
<
d: -J 9
("-"7C~,
"-'fJ'fP?? <)
Attractive, repeated glimmerings from a small, fine object. (Typically used with hikaru or kagayaku.)
.*~:!J.;O)]'t--C'~Blb~·~ G ~ Gfpb{~~\-rt.\~o
t,c, J;?
th'» ~
q:;,.
<
Vip!)
1)f)'7...L.*~
:IS$i
<l'Pn~d:-J9o
(-l'Pn.-Q,
7C-a-t±I L.-r, t!.
5£ < "':JJ::
fJ'fJ{~
<
d: -J 90
* tz.;
1,) ~ ~
0 0
1E:t~d:-J9o
J;.f)'tJ'n
~~~
----~<,
?~
1t::., /G~ 3;4

..
'"'-'9.-Q)
t::tO)iJ'7C.-QJ:-J9o V1J>
(-7C.-Q,
-iJ'iJ'~<)
Giving off a bright light. The glittering of a polished object. (Typically used with hikaru or kagayaku.)
Shaking greatly over and over. Unstable. (Typically used with yureru, ugoku, or suru.)
• :t&~'"C'*b~- <. G (. G ~ht.:.o

t.: \"4
• '*JT ll" B Pl:Eb~'U"b>CFb>]'t -:> -r
• '*
m~6
D.C~4~.
:;t
;'./,11'
-1 /' b"CFb> U"b>]'t -:> L 1,) VIp
V~
• 2:
0)
~'T ti (-G (. G t, L I,)'C T b I)
,,~
~:.
<
Shining, ShaKing
~¥t.)"=U
~1"
~'-i>
< VPn~J:
-J 90 (,..._,itPn~,'"'-'JJJ <)
?::
Kirakira and Zaazaa
Shaking quietly and softly. (Typically used with vureru or ugoku. )
~~~R·~ii~~RC;j:,
"",;"'c_"
• 0 -) .f < (7.)1< 7'J{~ G ~ G L --C ~ 'I.~

0-
gt,,,::'~'
1J$':tJj---('~<-=cbib:t>o
c<,=,
~~~9t
Jst
0)
C;j: :tJ $' 1J j- T'~ ,
< .:.
"'';h
c :li~
JsJs
I" '0
.00. -C'*(7.) fX 7'J"1WG

6>f!' ~
«r:
I{):>
G IWtL "C ~ .. ~
Mimetic expressions are sometimes written in katakana, particularly in the case of words that express sounds.
Exercises
1.
ill :
ff:j i)Hf' "''''
+f' - ~~~
.s.
--c t> t:
at
bO)
'5 i?, i1I~ f.I: ,a: -; ~iIHlt..: ~ \.'0

r s tc; (flJ'
CDJiJ{17'i (a
"'''' (2) J: <

C3J£tJ'
'"~
a 13'
b 11> &; 11> &;) VP n T
ct"
I" \ .@
JJ.:li' I" \
t: 0) -Co,
< -:;J:li
(a (' &; (' .:,

0-6'
b OOl3'al3')
t=
td-,'
-:>
r:
(a ~.:,~&;
b 11>&;11>&;)7C-:>--CI,,\.@o
(a <'&; <.&;
@.:.O)-"')
<
;tC;l:i5'I,,\O)-C',
b-i>
b 11>&;11>':') 9.@o
2. (
) I:AtLQo)l:~ti1l~f.l:to)~"'Fl3'&;~(ff.l:~\.'o
1,-1
:. z )
CD
'k)f:;. ~
L'?t
-c~t"
(1 [§]"f"?-(i-;
~1?il'1..1
L-t.:;;t6
-:JtJ~
iph 7C -:> -Cl" \ ~

V/J'I 0 /,;lp
iJ:
t) 7'J>':i 0 :f 0 ~~ tz; ~
~Jf L. \..\~O) tr ct Iv tJ~ (

t;:
'"
(2)*~t.d-fjl,~--C't:'·)V:li
Js.jo'
1.-;..,
(
(1)
) itPnf::.o
® J!I. --Co'.i? Iv .:: t./~ ( !p;f'

@flO)7tT';!JlfJ{
"'''' V't"ry ;"1"'5fl.
n--C I" \ :t>

L.
1J'ii~I,,'--CI,,'~o
@.:: h
< --c, (
.s. .@ ~
--C
-:>
t:
.,*;Zt;W77'=if:>
::.t.::.
I)
90
P,76(J)*A_.1.
c
t~
(Db (2)b (3)a ®a ®a
2, CDd (Zlc (3)e ®b ®a
Flowing, Falling
~n~...
mU< ~i!1 0 ...
G
• *":)
~
~
Flowing, Falling
t,;:IJ'
t;~
v d:: r~1S@ -5 ~ C t.j\~
-;tJ>;lSS
tt: I1J ~i!1 l..,":) C i::'-5 G
l.. '0
The continuous dripping of a liquid. (Typically used with nagareru or tareru. )
Adverbs. Usually used with specific verbs.
*t,U::"n~j..' l "f ""':)~m:tL~ li'r"? J: -) "90 (.....,~m:tL ~,

!I-"f"
J
-t::
J \ c't
l,yb 0) n\
i?l;'
"9 Ii L .:. < tIJ ~ i

-J~
t;;.IJ'
13i:.
.......±I ~) I
..,.
;b ~
J: -) "90 ( ....... ~, "9
,.,_,IJ t
<)
The sound or appearance of water or other liquid trickling, (Typically used with nagareru or deru. ) Used to describe a small thing running around. (Typically used with suru or ugoku.)
The sound or appearance of water or other liquid continuously dripping, (Typically used with ocbiru or tareru.)
• iJt~i!~iJJj'p *iJ~n,?.::Lrte:: t: h -c \-) ~ t-:,
• o-t: ~)iJ'
tJ:At,<
«,«)
,,_"f"
t-:, J)-1tiJ~H.?e::liot.::~ i?
13
tc:
Exercises
IJ\~
1;.. ~ ~
III
~
\0
l,\to)fJ\
(....__='~'n~,
-:;,-:ntT, ='l'n~i?~J:-J Js
"'~iS~)
1.
at b(J)
CD7.k~O)
-;"1:>-'>
~>Iv /::3
oj
1?, irilHl:i t.a; l;t

'l~!:?
oj
.a-~Cffd: l' L
;t~
Continuously overflowing of something small. (Typically used with koboreru or ochiru. )
it Q fJ' J? 7.kfJ~ (a t: C, tz C, b (!C, (£

u .. <"'>
",;to
;,.1'
c,)
tz: nT \..\ t:
i>
CZ)~ii.JL-T*~t~;~fJ~ ®/J\)II~*IJ{
jS
t./;;,.t,
(a t=.c,t=.c, b I;t"t=.t;rt=.)
_[{[]_IJ{ '>
b I;t"7,I;t";') ~i?t.:o
tJ;.t;'f.
iib
h1"
(a 1?.t;'1?.t7, (a (£C,(£c,
b I;t"7,';t"7,)~mnll,\~o
®*O)~fJ{
.::
~O)~n.':~iST
t.l;l j;j
tz;
@T1'7l·f~~t;JJ"JlL-£\..\,
~V' ~
(a 1?.t;'1:,.t7,
b t;t"t=.t;t"t=.) r:
nt.:o
2. (
) t':AngO)t.:~til:~t.a;tO).a-"'FfJ'';~Cft~l'L'o
1.,1 {)?t
.::z )
n' t! A.,
";'.4,..
-c~.t?
Lt:.
x;
(1
[§)'f-::>1ioj
t.},,:d))\')
'?TP
CD*LllfJ~Pjj:* t. r , IJ\:P-fJ{
'IJ) .:.
l;ll,..-
~'?
.J..
T ~ iz; \ tz:
0
CZ).tj::.0)
oj!" ~~~~? {,
® ~ # "'C" n. 9' JJ. fJ{

®j=lfi?~nt~<l,
('>
fJ' J? J: t::_'nfJ{ (
'l ?L
t':
n Tl,
) ~ l, \ T \..\ {,
~1J'J?-t-1'/T-(-fJ{
) .::t;j:'nt.:o
@~ #fJ'J?7.kfJ{
,IoU,_";,.-r
~iSll,\{,o
i>
.~;Z
:::"1;:
t;tP.82t=
a; 'J
* "90
r: ~) ~ fi~ J: -J 90 (....__~~....__~ 9 ~, is ~)
The sound or appearance of a thing falling slightly, such as light rainfall. (Typically used with furu or ochiru.)
"'I:
• rlilJ,'Cf G ii G ~>¥-:J -c :e- tc ;
• *O)~iJ"';r G ,~r m: t:, -c :e- tc; G .:. ,j.: t::J'
s.»
.l-
L\~L
,~tcJ:==~~-5g
if5c
•
.:. <
*.ff\':>;ffitJ c'~~-~~.Q:g~J:
iJ'"
<brD
lS t
-J 90 ('""'-'~,~~.Q)
0 (-
~~JJ c;iC ~
~,
t-
C"I: L Un.Q
J: -J 9
<
.Q, "-'~ C
iJ>iC
Ig~o ~*"::>1~I1:fi~C:l.'? LJ~{~ff5Z.c:t,.,~("o

1! 1:"'5 l
-,iJ>
"'9.Q)
ss
Adverbs.
Usually
used with
specific
verbs.
The sound or appearance being torn. (Typically used with yaburu.) Being shocked by electricity. (Typically used with kuru, kanjiru, or suru. )
• f&:U:f*~~"(1 t) y V) ~J-;~ *m~L \ t (J) ~ t: <

Il-<"'IJ'
A.Afi~:g~
tI lSt
J:
-J 90 (----tfi
.~;tfflH::~ b~ t::.~, Y
~ :1!l\~'
IJ*
-r IJI"
tc; Y
I) ~
t)
tc;
« The sound or appearance of many long, thin objects being bent. (Typically used with oru or narasu.)
.Q, -q~t::,9)
• .:e- (7) i- A '7 - (j:tlj~'io ~ ,t

r
*=
.;:
~1l'
~P,~ ~
«
Li;cfyr ~,
1,)
! J t ~~t:
1,.\
f:f:iiJ";Hf'L
#,/1)
< i!ll? t: 'J,

.l.
'J 9.Qif~J:
#c
oj
("'i!ll~, "'5liLn~)
"1"
*iJ"~
t1 L CliLn
"'iJ'
t:
lS~
11L ' t
(J) ff·:::.. .1::>
f.1' .Q if ~ J:
tit
-J "90 ( "-':::.. .1::> iJ'
.Q, -:::.. .1::>iJ'"9, "-'9{,) iJ'fh.t.f_ 'J (J):go (",q~{,)

lS t t~
The sound or appearance of heavy rainfall or rushing water. (Typically used with furu or nagareru .) .lj1~fp ~ ff:jiJ1~' ~ ~.~~~~~ ll" ~
NJ~ SilO
.iJb~ L t::.~ t, tiC~<

P.8 I~ ~ :t.1. CDa (2)b (3)a (!la (5)b
*~~'~ ~"~jnt
..J-.
The sound or appearance of a heavy object rolling about. (Typically used with koroqsru, korogasu, or suru.) The sound of lightning. (Typically used with naru.)
,,1"
~~
Lt::.o
• i» h i;c
t)
2. CDc (2)a (3)b (!le (5)d
iJf::: 7::> .::' .is p.~ ~ ll" ~ ~
t;hO):±l~1!f~J: fJ' --:>
= -J ~
~
131::
-)"90
(,...,_,t:Jj~) t ~)
rC:~C:~J
C r;::~;::-3J
v'i>
< .~,
Korokoro and Gorogoro
t --:>r: J: -J "90 ("'.~'
The sound or appearance of something bubbling. (Typically used with deru. ) Fat in an unappealing way. (Typically used with futoru.)
• ;IS
~J:
iJt
-J "9i5:-~"9o
"
.b
.:s iJ' G ob b ;lJl'...t. < ...t' <
tI:'r '"(
~
It -, Q
Words that begin with unvoiced consonants, such as korokoro and tonton, represent sounds or states of things that are small. light. or dry.
"'v
Exercises
1.
at bO) .; CD-EI "P,

"",,,,<;1: .. ,,
1313
-;, ~fJ~
,,'"
ifj ~
"[~I::?
t.J: L;t .; ~~tf t.J: ~ \, '0

vs
(2)*
®-=f
;:
tI'tl
ec tJ'~ "v
c'
i5:- (a
t fJ~7 '/
@{Bzt;tT.A @5.5ttilj i5:-An

1!~g ...
1. ... ~
I- )::IUai5:.I;? l-
T.
1£1
k
(a tf'6Jtf'6J
b tfL)tf'J) b ..~~ <
z: ~ z: ~
..~~ <)
= 7:> t.>q_,"C
"" ti
~--:>t::.o
~f.v
I~;:
tz;
i5:- (a tf '6J ~. '6J

(a tf LJtf 'J
b (1" ~ (;to ~) b (1" ~ (1" Si)
tfT --:>""(
L,
~.~~ --:>""( L,
t; h f.l~:±l ~
7'.!
0
~ z , (a
z: 7, =..7,
b ..~~
< ..i~<)
* *
--:>t: 0
?
t': ;
2. (
) t=An g 0)(=11:t, ifj~ t.J: t, 0) ~""F tJ, ~ ~tft.t ~ \,'0 (1 [§] 1'?{f .; .,.) ,tJ'?t l~t? lot.::l6 -:JiJ'
1,).?f.Pl.il
.:.z )
CD (
(2) ~O)~
r~~~~J~re~e~JO)J:-J~,
~1!f~ L', m\'\,

til>
)
l.t!
tiifJ{L,""(,
13t
fJ'J.J.tJ'~)fJ~rii?t::.o
ti
13
P:#i* ~ to)t;t, r:;l;:ec

"I:
tl <'8A,
fJ'hL'"""(L"J'
~<'"
i£?jI/J.
i5:- (
) tfT--:>"""( l.vi: G,
®~fJ{
(
i'='
) ~--:>"""(\"~O)I~\
® =- 0) :J -
,= ~ h ~ c ,
Al.'~'=1Tec tt:
IJ'> 'tlo) ... ~
<; .. 1"
~i.~ ~ nt:.o
\'\J
1!f~J:
131:: 1313
-J "9~~9o
1313
-1 ,>l-';/O)J:
< tJ'\,\o
=- c fJ{~ \, '0
j;",v
<
tJ'L\
"9 ~ 0
Words that begin with voiced consonants, such as gorogoro and dondon, represent sounds or states of things that are big, heavy, or not dry. These expressions are usually negative in nuance .
1.840)~~.1.
CDa (2)a @b @a ®b
• *;U;:t:P.85(::i.II.> 'J 19
;::_t.::.
2. CDa CVe @b @c @d
4
1,a:-:>t:'d:?90
I11III
iL.tctct -5 9
rbN
~?
"'
Disorder
r-
~J
CJ.)Jt~z:'~
iJ,t~t;
"?iJ'
'5 t: C: 1j\~ l.
1O1O
'0 Y -( -r A CJ.)-{
)I. -
:)-/j"
A disordered collection of various objects.
Often used in the -da form. Usually negative in nuance.
,;I: L; IrtH.H:::-:J C *-
*-
-:>
I: L' t:. t
q)
tJ\
b t.dl. I:
The breaking up of something that once was a whole . • iJ'U:/v ~
Vi t t. t:«; 1;;;,. t O)iJ{li t, ii t, t~;J.-"PO) -:> -c L i -:> tz;

.t;
• ¥- ~O) 1J t, ? 7
~-:>~.?
7. ~ -
r ,± Ii
~ ii ~ t~;J.--
-:>
ts;
.:. tt i: 'J, b
t,i"L'd:
i!iLtt tz 'J t, I: L' 1:,

;,.t!
"~,-:J
-J
1:.,;1:
f;:,f,p
~ L\
t: .:. 0 -'?>1!kL ,t .:. 0 0- <
tJ{ db ')
'
t: L' i? 1: to' "'"

0
-J 90
L'd:-J90
Uneven and bumpy .
Broken or disordered. not in a normal state.
• *ff:i-C __ :7'7? /' ""iJ{-r..::_,'P,' v d: -:> ....,.. ':_r. I I.. v&._ I.. L...t;.t;iI)d.>
-:>
t.:.o
h-i;
.":'O)iiL:I:-c'..:.t:f":'
L-C~>-C
...
~~t~<
.j)g
v-,
_._<_u_~_<_u_~_~_tc._, _ _~_td:_,_-_O)_ ~
Gakkari and Gakkuri
Paper or cloth that has become wrinkled.
• if{
~ ~
III
7"
'.'1
r i» G
II
< L -'\> < L-'\> 7J." T

,n,"/ iJ
<;tA.;tA.<'!"?
PHLiJ~ ili l ~ i: <:.
~O)tO')(d:,
0
"'>iff
-i"n':ftL;Jf~tg,*t(=-C\.\.Qml~~g·
lJ't,t; ,.;;,.
iff .'"
c::
mltHg,,"(',;Ii').Qo
iff t:»> ::_'
• i~ ~.b
t:t.h-t=.·
t: G,
1- iJ~' < L-'\>
< L ~ t= ~
-::>
The following are sets of mimetic expressions which are similar in form and meaning,
• r~~~~J
disordered
r~b~ ~b~ J
r ",cr\;,cJ
Exercises
1.
• rr\;,~r\;,~J
at b(7)"5 'f:"
t.;./:;)
ii~UM (1"5 triKUf.I: ~ \.'0 fd:

'un:?
(j)* "T '/ I- 0') 9=' 0').;( .:c H (a

(2)~~-C.*1i~1J{
<t"Ic-f? b'
-f'( ;;,.i;
(a
':'~1? J(:>
(a
L-.t-ltl,.)
*' < L *' b -C"':' (i" .:. H= t~ -c L- * -:d.: .:.'-f:, *' b'~ ~,~ ~) t= -c L .t ti: :
<
;t",
sticky
0
-:>
.r~b~<b~J rt;b~<b~J
absurd
r~b~~b~J
t~"J
"J
@-= O')J1i:td: (a -C"':' (;1' .:.
b t~ ~ t~ ~)
t~ 0') -Co, / '\ A iJ{ J:
CJ:mi 0') 9=' td:iJ' i? < t.: C'

1:1:;:
:t.J:i:J'
<
(5)--( / 71J'::' tl';h -C, .!tJl.1J'
*' < L *' b.:.~ 1:1 *' z: 1:1 *,) L-C \. \ .Q (a .:.,,~ *' ':"of:, *' b lIJ 1:1 *' < of:, *,) ts,
0
<
11>;h.Q
• r 1J"> -:J tJ\ t') J r tJ"> -:J
< t') J
dejected
• r 1J"\ -:J
2. ( ) t=AtLi»O)t=.tJi.~t~tO)1rTIJ'~iKUt~~\.\o ~~ 'b'?t: t~2:.';'

l_,t;:_;t.;
(1 1ID-r?~"5
~l?jpl"l
U t') J r tJ"\ -:J b t') J
-:>iJ~
.:. ) t
solid
(j)Wi~~~c',
Ii Ul:"? G ;:
~~;li
t~<:t,O)
) r:.:. b;h
( -C', ~I)(:'<
I;I;L
-c L
l\o
0
-:>
tz ;
(2)':0')7""5,//1'(d: @iBl (d: ( @1J'ti A, 0') 9=' (5)~n

tit"
~n
) t~J
~n)
\ :/
JJ T c'M ~ ,~, .\ t': \

••
(:.
(d: l \? l \? t~ to') iJ{ ( ) (:. U -C, 1ljII L t:

L .. ?~
0
.~;{(;tP.89,:iIi)
;:.1,
I) 1'90
P.880)~;t."
CDa
(2)b
CDa
@b (5)b
2.
(De (2)e
CDa
@b (5)d
~ ~
5. Oc::L\d;:59I
Bad Conditions
5•
?~
...
~
Bad Conditions r ~~J r ~OJJ r -(=:1d:QJ
1d:c'OJff~~fSI!5 ~ ct.J\~l tJ,t~1; ?tJ, ~t;
'0
\
~.
td~lJ.t
'*
III -.
!if!
m(7)*t=
-3
b-.r
~n ""(.Q J: i I..\
' ... <
90
Sopping wet .
• ffit::.lQn "(
;!;iIl
~liiJ~'lj' L
J;
tF L
J;
t:::
o '"(
Often used with such forms as -da, -no, -ni-naru.
• ;'-0' ~ .::. t;r L"C *iJ~'U'L J: lj'L 71< lilA,
J: ~:: ij:- --:J
\'
1seI..\ 9 ~'t::.), il < t~-;.t: ') [_,"C V I
~a
t: <
I.. r: Iv ""(-I.. .QJ: .-J 90 \ \
Old and worn out from overuse.

• .::. ) 0
'* t iiiJ + 1f'- {dt Iv r:

1"" ~'' (,
v)X
j:
id:A.15lf1?GI....
•~
1" ...
?'IJ~
lWi!fiJ~'tI';;s~;r ;;s ~::~

t.: J....J:
(7)
-C', ~ -) ~;r;;s~;r;;S t:
--:J
tc;
~: -:»:
/ \ 'c,t",,(C'·"S(7)J:it=t~.QJ:790 ",,(-J:':_'n ""(I..\.Q J: -J 90
Melted and of a muddy consistency. Also, soiled by mud.
1t:., C'''S
:>
5. V'c'L\J:59I
Bad Conditions
Exercises
iJ'nl.,,'t::.
I), .:.h"",)
0
t':
~
I) l, ··C
zr
c'
~'A,~'
tiJ't:::.
~,tc
<
tt""')""CI." \ ~
J: J "9
i: ;
tc"
:l~'¥~~ ~ 1JiJ{iJ'
1. a C bO)
S"lt
1is,
lfj~
-r~ t 3
t.J.: la 1 .a-~Lft" t' \. '0

x e, b LfLJ:LfLJ:)
CD~T"(·:/t"/'iJ{
(a '~7,I;r7, b '~7,'~7,)
t=.o
""')""C,~fU:::.o
~
(2) (a iJ'~iJ'~
Hard due to being dried out or becoming rigid. Also used to express a stiff, rigid attitude or way of thinking. @j]iiJ{':'
ht;
<!\?
O)ij~~7!ft:7-c:."tiJ{J:
k( ~ ;:
h ""')""C (a .:. is .:.is

""C"=;- 3:::]
1;.", '"
@~Ct
?J:
v- t- iJ{
(a
c+ 7, c+ 7,) (: t,i ""')r: ; ~"7, c' 7, b Lf L J:U L J:)

b (a iJ'~iJ'~ b ':'"f:,':'"f:,)
(:
t: (tt::.o
@~tl.,,'m.':~XiJ,tL""C,
lit::'iJ'
,:tt""')""Cl,~
""') t:,
2. ( ) t=A.tLQO),=.t~~:!HI~tO)~"FiJ'I?~Lft,,~\.,o \,) 'L"?~ -c:~t? xi?

Gf..:
(11EJ9?ff1
1r)?tpLl "?1:;)
.:.c)
(1)':'0)
< "?(i'fiiJ1f.t(i\.\""Cl\{'O)c',
f;(;lvnA,
t -)
)
""') t. ""C
rs,
~ ""') t:
0
(2) A t:" - =;- 0) c:. @~ Ct l \~ (
~,
~~
~1vt;~3
1,""C (
t= tt
) (: t,i ~ ~ '"(,~ ~
,,:
(f)1J' t!- 1J{ t,i 1J' ""') t: 0) ""C', (

@~3niJ{~l:%ll,
(?~
1J'A,'C3
) t= &:.l tL ""C l, ~ ""') r:
""CI." \ ~
0) '"(', ~
'r
iJ'
) t: t,i
""') t:
Dried out and rough .
• ,j: t:;I){~
1001)
.l.
tL"C ;I» ~ ;I» ~ L "C ~ \ ~

\,\0)""(\ ±;I){;I)'
?t;
• m;l)~"~~ ~ G
~';I)' ~ ~:,;I)'b\->
\-> ~
Ill..
3ij1J
...
~ ~
II!I( v?
ttLI
III
•
JOt;
~,:
h~
L. ~.:.
il>A,
i!:-1J{t,i<
0)::
-c, ~ n-"?1J't,i
~~~
0
J:
19
1..\-"?t,i~L~1l~t,iI..\J:
190 I..\I..\-{.;/-:';
r- L/Cl, \QJ
f.:»
r-
ut.:
(A)J
DI:
fcl:co)Jff~1J!5
il>t"t;
"?il>
~c:1J'
fJ{
iY> '),
'1'1~-"? ~&~ I: t i~ 1
~~)~( k<~~
~l,\O Often used with such forms as (tuto).
+shite-iru and -shita
Refreshing flavors that do not linger unpleasantly. Things that do not leave an objectionable feeling. Carrying a good nuance, this word is often used in reference to the clothing and personalities of people .
• .:.O)f4!fliGb.Mh
~ J:? ~
~1l!~-n,)~'-')O)-c,_
?i.J'
0
~
~~
•
~-"?"E.t,it:t./dJ1
#; 1,;
l,.\-?
-fl;
-c t,.) -c ;f:H) L '-') 71- i» h 1fif~ -c, y ~ 7 - ~~ tF t: h ,

~ lio t) L Ii
t)
');It< t,i< -C,

.::
L.~.:.
<
t,i 1..\ J:
L t::.o
il'~
19
1 t:; dJ 1 ') .:. n ~ t,i I..\ -C., t (J) z: t. ~ t: ~ li~~-"?'I'1~t: t {~-7o r:v» 1: < ?/J'
itl,);b)
~*-thr: 'J 9 ~
Flavors or colors that are not heavy or lingering. Also used to describe the attitude or personality of people who make decisions without becoming obsessed with the details.
<l>U
,*t,it."1J{;lt
;:.
< -c,
L.~':'I..\J:
190
Heaviness to the point of unpleasant, lingering richness .
•~?~-At+-~~~<~~Ah~O)~, t..::t: ....

':'o)Y+.::r..-li':'~-C
I)
L-C")~o
I)
• f4:f!1!.1:.. '·:? - ~ "

~ J:? ~
ire -)
?!:J'
t, .;~-c
L t::.'*iJ{
a; U
P.93(7)~;t."
(Db (2)b @a @a @a
2.
(De (2)b (3)c @d @a
ill ~o "c.
...
m
~
Exercises
if:> .~~ G t.J~J:
L\J: -) 90
III
< h' n L'"t

"It"IJ'
I,Y·C
'*t.Jq
",15
":).:
l' "
< t.,,:
'1'i~t"':C't.J~~0
<
L\ J: -) 90
(r t.J' G ~) C
iI;"' J
c r , 3nf~-t:,h'L\
C
1. atbO)-j"t;" CD':o)'J-AI;I:
.Mif.l:';J-j.iBUt~~\.'o
'(1!ci:3
;to;
t L\ -) )
(a 1J'~?t
tc
b UI)?t)
~J:?
L.."tL'"t,
&L..iJ'GL'o ,,;:. b ~..,'tlJ)
An absence of heaviness or oiliness in flavor. Also, the pleasant feelings associated with fair weather or a cheerful disposition. (The variant kararito is also used.)
(1)~O)-)';I:"f~Hllik-~""t::.O)"t·,
tjljl?1J~IJJ;?1')
-9-81;1: (a ':'?"'(1)
L..r:
1:t?
t 0) f./{ f!f. "" t: L\ t.:: '!En<

~I
@~ 1;1: (a ",? ~ ')
tfl)? t)
L..t': ~ -) d) "':IJ{ B L\ L L'0 b ~..,'tlJ)
@ffih{~"'"t·,
"'~
(a 1J'~?t
aJitL tz
a
\r~
@.:O)f4III;I:
"J
J:
'? ry
(a ~?~I)
b ':'?"'C1J) L.."(L'"t,
"~H=t:d:n~o
(1 [§J"f?-(l-3
.... "?tPlt:lo 1
.4- B Ltip 0 ~
~ J:
-J
tl
i:»> l,-;R~t..:·o
--r_ A~
2. ( ) l':AnQO)(.:.t,a~f.l:t,o)~TIJ''I;jJ§Uf.l:~\.\o
I.r)
b"'_'~
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-):IJ{ G L ik-~«t::.
t.::
G,
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t.:: 1:tIJ'
@.: 0) HII
IJ
..t
< .tv 0) H&?j~q;l: ( ~3 1;1: tV.h~~ ~ t: < C!: '" G

... (
L."-C~ L\ "t, (
C!: b J(:>:IJ' t::
'fY! -:,f::. 0) "t"

-:;fJ~
) L TL \ ~
@ 7 "5 1':IJ{ @.:O)HII(;:J:

~~3~
if:> :lJL? tz:
) L.."tL'"(,
nt.:L..'=I;l:tO)t::l)t,cL'o
t.J' G
IJ'\
c: t.,,: C·· ) 5il L'*IJ;~ 0

":)J:
L ~ft;
~ ~ L: 0 J: -) 90
fJ';"_
* tz ;
0
~~T'JL'h{(1)0h{t"':L'J:
t>:J .,:,:.;.
-) t.,,:~J!f':
t:v»
t'"
t15e-)
'JiJ">
(rU'~) f) CJ
tL\-))
.*,tttP.981:(!i)
:to
I)
90
Very spicy hot. Also used to describe a determined, unwavering attitude. (The variant piririto is also used.)
• Ji:,O)Wlffj:,
i:tL-~h.1v
'fi&!3th{l'''J ~ t» t)
t..:.l~
C'
t l'll'
.,
Stickiness. Mugginess
III
~ iIfi (:.:b .~:~ >(J~1*tJ t·fJ{"") \" "{ L' ,,(, tJ

V,1"'"
d) G fJ'''{', 9" ~ ~)>(J9"L\ J: ;t1!'"" Slippery or smooth due to grease or a liquid on the surface .
-J 9"
r -"9QJ ~ r -L/?:L 'QJ .. r -Vt.:(=tO)lJ~co)ff~c::'
i)'t: i;
• -IT /'1"1 Iv ~ d:! -:,1'::0 -C', t±t::_-IJ{d:!~ d:! ~ L -c 1"
."101:i'±d:!~d:!~ tp.v
J,.loL,.
L-Cv·~o
The following
words are often used with the forms
+suru, =sbite-iru, and -shita(mono).
Clinging easily due to stickiness.
• itrm-~:::-:H' -c~. ~ 0
~1t1
t)
iJ{bLfbLfT
. <l>>';
~o
• .:..:.0±ttbLfbti
..,'"
L -C~ ~ I::: <
\"0
s
t
({ ,t t::. I),
tJ_ -:,1::.
L d) -:>1::.
<
J:. -) '90
* iz ,
0
I)
L.. ,,(,
(J) I: "") >(J ~ 9"
"" i? .:: i? c: (i -:>1:::.
I) ,
r1J.. -:; t::. I)
9".@ J: -J 9" .
AfJ<A I: vt
0 ,?~,
< -:;"")
L' "{ ,
{;j:tJhtJL'J:
-J 9"1: t1~-)
Clinging easily to objects from melting or becoming wet. Pasting or spreading something all over the place. Also describes people who cling to others.
• tb -It 1:' ~ -v ''/ i;{« t,::« t:T ~

P.97c7)*.:t.1.
;::t!
(Db C2)b @a @a @b
2.
(De C2)d @c @b @a
• ir-:: t:::;f,
? -IJ"'«
t,::«
t: t± ") "C tb ~
Exercises 5~3Ki.J'~ L..-?

It~.:f;
m
\.\0
c,
== !!i!
III
=1''1:;11; ti. J: 790

s:
:Q'~~
Discomfort or displeasure due to high humidity.
1. a C bQ)?"f:"
CDifi>&)i.J'C:tt-r,
iii~ fd:1~ -5 .a-~(ffd: ~

T~
t-5
1.~
•• *- Bffi~,
\,l~;:
't;,@/f)
*0~~t~t~~6D
\o};t_ t~tp
(a [;llI'.> [;llI'.>
b ~t:"'t:)
10" i'!
9?Jo
(2):J/1t-~*-Jv';l:77/O)AA3K-r'
L\
(a [;llI'.>L:llI'.>
b t;A"t;A,,)
i. r
t':
(3)'"Jrpt"~';l:1'ilEl (Vti.-::>
c: 7
* ~~,;: ~
(a L:llI'.>L:llI'.> b
nltnlt)
L-rL\{,o ~
(;I: (a lQQ1QQ
nltnCt) L -rL'~o)-Z\
c:, L't:.o
@-) ti.~'·';I: (a lQQ1QQ
b "'t::.~t:.) L-r,
"'"Ji.J'Ji..C < L\o
2. (
'=J-.n Q C7) (=~ t iiI~ -c~t?

~~ 8?t .::.-.jx..J..
fd: t Q).a-"f iJ''::' ~(ffd: ~ L'0 (1 18I-r~1l!?

Lt.: *.17
"~.:Jl'J>J..)'
-;.t;l
.:. c)
CD;IJ'/7°Jvt.J'0~T 001'il El f:ffi 'i.
f: ,,\~;: tj it tb
L-rL'?Jo ) ( L -r L' ~ 0 ) '9?J

0
0) -r'
tz: t: Ji..i.J' (
-::>
(3)Jjt1j[i.J'<I?L' Llf
~~< ~
p~t
-r L' -r, L-rL\-r,
(4Yt!!,O)-Et;l:
1,,~
(
of;:
'9r<:I)-'?9L\o (
@;IJ"bi.J'
<
"'"J0)~1:
<
-::>
"'"JL'-r,
.*~Ij:P.I02t:ib
::t.::
I) .;
To
L'?JJ:790 Unpleasantly stuffy from heat or an odor .
• 1H~JH A It > j:,

h'lr~ 15 ~ -:;
I::
n-c' t.i' A..:u t\., L l

iI>?
\" i:
• "-..~0
~ ,j:,
I]:~>
t.i' L~
<l
t.i' t\., t.i' t\., T 60
;g
~
III
Textures
UJ;511JA,
lID fJ< t: L' G -C', 9«~ oJ:

-j
tj. /1)
0
G fJ' tj. J:
-j
"9
1:
t:
-,
oJ:
<
r-9QJ
?iJ'
~ r ....... L,-'Cl.\QJ,
$;$;
c::'iS@5;::c:1J~~I,\o Qo
*~, r_~J
r_l.!~
(=OO»J 1d:co)Jf~ o)Jf~c::'iS@5;::c:=O®
Smooth with a flat surface. Very slippery.
;"to t;
• J:
•
< h- 7P'I"
t: V')-C',
;;S iJ~'-::> -::>.Q t.: ~""") .Q

PL-
tz:
r6~~#-::>.Q-::>.Q~'--';:.Q~G,
~~-::>0
i!'
The following words are often used with the forms -suru, -shite-iru, and -shita(mono). They are also sometimes used with the - da form.
I/
//
,/
.:.*
fJ''''' -C• .:. '1'':' 1i.:b -:> r: 'J, iiPfJ<--:>

"tt.l;
L' --C L'
tz: 'J L.. -C, ~
V.:;I!>'\'
WifJ<tJ,'N) G fJ,-c·tJ,' L' oJ: -j
"90
Describes a surface which is rough due to small bumps, clinging sand, etc .
• -:::. ')"-~V')iJ''--';:'j: V ••
'h~~
~ G ~ G L L" 1,'.Qo ~~#~G~G
~8#A~L"~~V')~,
Til: UI.-)
tr t: < --C. c'':',~':' fJ<t:: <

1:t::. ~~n~ JH,*¢n--CL,tJ,'< --C,
¢ A,.:b ~
oJ:
-j
dbG-:>'XL'fi'\lt" '~~kvO
Hard with many surface irregularities. Also used to describe something crude and unpolished .
• !ffH~IvV')f'j:*~
IJ)tI-~
"(;3$
<L",
::::-::>:='-::>LL"I"
.Qo • EE q:.
P.IOI(l)~.t.1. CDb (Vb @a @b <IDa 2. CDd (Va @e @b <IDe
te l;J.iJ~
~
J:
Iv V')i!F 1, .. t::.)( jiUj: :::_"-::> ::::-::>L L" 1"
L", ~jth t.:
<
til
.£1vL-J:-J.
1,'0
;r;
Exercises
1. atbO)-}f:"
~;t
III
iOO~t.l:t;t-}~j!l(ft.l:~I.'o
Til
t-5
-<."
CD .: O:>LIH: l;t (a ':'? =.'? b~'

(2).:r-?~~,0').=§,;t
=.
11
0
i? c'" i? ) L t::.:!iS- iJ' ~ L'0

l,.~;bJ':}:td
(a ?g?g
b v~,bvhb) L-CL'-C,
t-ct~;b'::'
fJ' \.,\
@hL::L\CtfvO')g~I;t~O).=§tJ'td2
;I; to "
iJ'h
17
<
c'" i?
-c, (a (,(:'-'(:0 <":'-'(:0 b vhbvhb) L -c I.. \

~
b ?g?g)t::o
0
@.: O')*,JHj:~
jJ,h
Vl"?!OA.-
OOiJ' (a ~. i?
J;?
@':O)tJ"~'fvl;t:i'L\t,
"9
<'
(a <":'-'(:0 <'C:'-t>
b =.'?=."?) c=td2~o
2. (
=.z
) ':'Ani>o)':..tiOO~t"to)~Tf.1'i?~rft.l:~\.'o
1,.)
B~,;I:
-c~C?
J....t.::
~~
(11B1-;?1J!;
J.,~'''::)jIJ)'')
-:;fJ)
CDJi\.Jtta fJ{ .s.-;1t1v

hi;
CZ}i:liJ'.: h -")"t, ( @:jij}iJ{A -")-C,

-t toe
,;tt,.~ ~;j;
< :;,
r:I 0')
~ iJ{ (
i;t..i;)
) 9~o
) L-Cl..\~o
@.: 0) 11I1j::!iS-tJ{~
lr~.b
j;;_jg'
c• (
) c: ea iJ{ -") -c L a: -") t:
"
.*~'j:P.I06,=m u,
~tJ ~ I}' < "t, "lJlA-t;:A., M.ijt':.m:*~ L ~"91.. \ J: -? "90 *- t:; .;.<~? ,:.eatJ{ -s r L *- ··:d.: J: -? "90 •• >t
"";"'~1\i"}
'J
* 90
Soft and malleable. Also, twisted and bent .
• 7'
:;:1
O)f:¥!±
b>
10 tt
<. ~:: ~ (, ~:: ~
L '( ~~ 0
:I<
• ~n:'i!kO)~:IJ{ t.>.'? ,-0> ft.,
<"I:. ~ <"I:: ~ I:. aH:IJ{ -") t::.o
9
fF.¥rs,-\'=I:Etf L
t: ~.;" ~ ~?
Bo)~~~!I~
11"'"
III
""" !iFllEJi:-\'=Im_ti:;l;: ~ l:
-rlrl
-)
a:;a:;
a:;'t.
I")J:-J
jB'~
I.\
J: -) "9 ~~"9
I);b
t~ c$
0'6
< 1~
?t,p
1§~B:o C
'1"(
Adverbs.
Often used to express a large degree or amount for a wide variety of situations. Slang. • -) 'f?1:.I;t,
Hifi::/)~-),z.t
!J'G
i£'>~o
B*~~:/)~-),z.t
~;: 'JA ~
.4ljB,
!\'ll: -;
~Iv~
~~mLt":(/)l\
J:?
t.J::
-)' I:.~ -')tz; l

f1> -)
.~~/v-Co S ~ J: -) "90
A plentitude of time or quantity . • ~4:J]U;tt,.:-')£ I) f'p-')

~~?~
• tt
?< ~ l;tt,.: -') £ t) ~t,.:o

G
tz;
t: <
/v (TJ't (J)ti"9 ~ ~
tj.
<,
A"? -c I.\ ~ J: lip

inside
Many objects something .
crowded
together
• ¥Ii 0) q:q:. l;t, ? 'Y ~;t:;:: ~"P • f~if-'- /v¥li I:. l;t,
t!;" It.::
I~;"
*:/)~ -') L rf
1-:/)f
rf -') L
I)
~;tt,.~
A -') l' 1"
I) "?
i -') 1" l'
P.I050)~~.1.
CDa CZlb (3)b @a @a
2. <De CZld (3)c @b @a
~o
Exercises
1. a c bO) oj"'?, iiI~ t..:(I oj ~~tft..: ""JtJ ttL'-)
"(~ t? ;to;
i' \.'0
'?
A row of many objects, (The variant zuratto is also used.)
CD~ J::? -ttA.-itP B, 5t~t: ~

(2) ~Jl.="i&~ (a
1.>'"
II10
(a oj Iv t
b~' b
'n
te
.t-J.= G tLt.::o tit~h'J'J'9'h't~\..\o

!,to;
t: '? ~in J
"Jo 3-tt-:>
IJ\g~1J'
t·,? L 'J
)1t.«t:::.O)-C·,
• *t._:'7'J:'~.:Ii, M~IJ~'T G t) t ~A.[<10 ~ L-, • fl!g AIJ{T G t) t,ill ~ -f;S .z tc;

!,to;
T'I,.) ~
@*t=t~I:Ii,
0
I~J.,
(a t='?~)~'J
b -rc,,'J)
(a tl'? L
t~lvc'\..\~o
@1J'IilvO)I:j:II=Ii\..'7;,\..\7;,tJtO)ti
t..:-tp
'J
b -r c"
'n t
-:J
£ ""J
~?i>'-')t:A,
1J\Jti
-CL\~o
III ill I III
I--- J..",
II III II III!
II
...
@ (a t='?~i~'J
II II II II II II II II II
',"
liS II [j
.".'
:.:
..
:.:.
....
l' I I.H .:: "::

, ,
i:f
::'6
Vii?
:
::
H:
"I
.<.
2. ( ) t=AttgO)t=.t.ili~t..:tO)~"'F1J'c,,~tft..:i'\.\o
v
t.,t
"(~~?
L-te
"-'"
(,~.,~,'f?1!,oj
.::) t
CD
"'~
r-) i":>1:Iij:iil§O)*h~
><10 II' 1<10
) ;1i)~h'G,
0
~lJ'(:.t-Jl\"(·J:J
",-l'
::Ii
(2)~ I: $' 7 ~ - h' ( @*i :l~='i (

L- ... ~"';
) t Mz.1v C'\..~ \
.':
,',
) t t, i: -:J
<
t:
!,t",
;Z ,,("1±, ~ l., -c L \ ~
L- ~
....
~
@/\'-T-1-h{d6~o)T',
~«tm~
to)
) ffl~l.,t.::o
J::~
Io~
0
III III
111111111
1111111111
@*~0) I:j:I I: 1;1t.:: £

It.:.
1;:.-1;\
::,:'J'J' (
-:J
£ -:;"( \.. ~ \
.*;tl;l:P.IIOI:iVJ
;::_t.:.
I)
19
",.IS
"*~ < "( ~

~~~!,t
.1St
<
~;Z ~ J: -)
'"
9'
To look big and heavy,
• C ""J llJ L t: IJ>I;t: A.-1J!ii:

~~
.IS
I,,
"C ib ~
0
• nUllGHi C -:; llJ t fflH.: T b -:; r:
Degrees of Margin
...
m
~
*MCDtI= •
d: ~~
'l:1.\
III
Degrees of Margin
9" ~
r -~J
r -(J)J
(J)Jf~c.::'1f5
I>'to-;
"?-/»
z ct.j\~l. \0
##
Often used with the
-da and -no forms.
without any gap. Fitting or tallying perfectly. Used when clothing, etc. Looks good on a person.
'" Keeping close together,
< .g. -) J: -) 9"
tj.
<, <?
0
-:>
< J: -) 9"
t:, J: -)
0
t: -)
J:
< 1= £b -)
J: -) 9"
*~J41Jtj. c"1J{Cl
(I)
;'(1)
t 9" L \ l
L\ ~
J: -) 9"
Describes vehicles or places that are almost completely empty .
• ,t ~ 0)~1I! 1±1J-t G IJ-t G i: tz; -r''''t.., • -r'/'''- l- I± 1:>~.,< td:" < ...C IJ-t G /)'§ G t: tz; ~IJ-tv,
-:l -:l
~r,,'''?~~,
15 0'/0 1,1131?
J;:
T1 ~ ~ 'i ~?
~r,,'tj.C·1J{~RJ:tL\-")liL\1:\
< 3b'/o
,f", i!
n.l-:J._bl~:mO) tj.
L\
J: -) 9"
With very limited time, space, or quantity; no time/room to spare.

• ~: I) ~'I)
" • 7J ~ '7? /' I± ~.I) ~'IJ

--C 71:;t
/,(7)~~~
L.,.,[.,/o
1:"'> {A
~:.a' r
l:.iI- -:d::o
0)
'"
C .::. 6 i 1:":il("-:.n>
T;,,'
P.I090)~~.1.
(Da (Va @b @a @b
2. (Da
CVe
@e @d @b
C -:l t::.o
Degrees of Margin
t -) L- l' (l P
-t;:;
t:J'(7)
0)
,= <
.1'1.
? -:J
L\
l L-
Exercises
L\
m
~
\0
III
-f 1.
-) t,i
t .::::. L\ ~ t.J\ ~.&J3r id- .::::.X l L\ t,i L\ 0) ? ,=

e
to,
at bo)? 1:" lM~ fJ:'~ ? .a-~U fJ: e. \. ,~o-; xc,

I...-~)v
l"'\ !l.jJt.J'?lL\~J:
190
(1)1)'- t-:'
(a
"ttL"ttL
AlJ-
b t:f ..i:.t:f ..i:')
'=]f£t.J{Eltlt.J{? tz.; b t:f ..i:.t:f ..i:') L- tz;

t:? I=t,i?t.:o
Just about to come up against something, but saved by not going too far or not crossing a certain line.
(2)IO::t-D~itt.:G,
t-t.J' (a ~") ~")
(3)'::::'0) FI...-A'j:~.:r~A,t=
@ L &') @PL-!fT;:
IH. ;:;
(a'ttL"ttL
b~' ')
~(j: ~'I»
• JlIfHJ:.¥"i"
.btl ~'?>'J><'[)"
.~~~TnTn~~.~~~?~o
t,.,1.
,.b Tn Tnl:':)!,\, o " -C'l,t::..

?
I) (a
'b< iJ< i? I:;, t.: G, ~
,=.. ~~ id-I±!
LJ;.~t.l
b 'O'-:,f:.'» t::.o
t!
i;ts('>
< 1i?
\,)
D}1"Q5J:'J
(a iJ<l:;,iJ<1:;,
b U?t:. 'J)
tz;
2. ( ) t=AtL90)t=.tlM~t.tto)~"F'b'I:;,~Ut.tiq,\0
.:.c )
(1)~A
~,·do
'i-'
tJ ..:d.: :
'"(~t3
t...t.::
i...6
(1 [§).,?~-)
J..)?tJ}"~
"'"_)'/J}
c' -) L- iJ{
(
;@(j:
J:
(
I) )
-f
L\.~
(2)¥}l!f-L\O)l',
® r.::::. O)fiU~iJ{ ( ) l'9" .::::. tL.I-.:,"-.l:.'j:~ < T:~ it A,J ,.l5~? ~, @AA.~0).:r#~c1~A,0)~~~~.~G, ( ) ~?~o .1:-;"'''1. ~ ~ ®,~t:)"7.klm ( ,=~A, loL
tl 1:/'"
\~o
.~I"~
09-'"
tz ;
t~
"'>1>/..,
.*;tl.tP.114t:;;;'
u,
'J ~ 9
~&t,i t'''l:*:
.bc..
~ 9" s+. f.l''::'
t:i: is-b t,i L \ J: 1

•
Describes clothes, etc., which are too large and don't fit well.
• -1:i8:l6 ,\, ij: t.::·~J::·~~O) ::J

1,-\
~~
L.
t!
'-I't""c ~ .. tc:
~
• -:'O)_A'*/'iJ:,
ht::. U:,'j:t'::·~d.::·~~·t-=o
More Expressions
-Y~
~®~5~.~~·.~~~~<~P~~o
~ to).... ~ ~ t~1.1 ~
Roundup
"'";JtJ~
(11J~ fi'Di t<'-3 t:t

~'?
<)
.=v-=vtl.:.
1
'(9IJ :
iH' tH,
_fi~·g~~®~~~y~~~~ z:
~: t;,z
z:
~. t.:".::
It"
Mimetic Expressions: Form and Accent

_. 1;
Animal Sounds
C',j: 'r 7 -tz /- ~ O)ili:ii[)

-, indicates the position of the accented syllable .
• iJ-iJ-
.7.:J.-7.:J.tl f eli-
<. -'j <" -'j,
B.o./B.f:l..
~
G ~ G / iY;d:: ,~, iz ;
-r..:.II'
.:.
• -::J'- -::J'.~~ t:
• ~ - ~V'"J l:, >?~'
.~-~-
.9"/9"/ ~~
tF
. I
~I
:::...... ,
$1-1':111 O-:>i'rJ/Ofvi'~/Oi'rJ(c::) '(90 : <" -:>"9 I), ~ 71£ I) / -) f.v ~'I), II'A..>?> I) /9' $1-1':1111
tH,
·oi'-:>c::
G
I)
U:::) •
9' G
O":Ht/O-:>Oc/Ofvc
z,
117
'(90 : L: 7
t / ~7
c,
it -:> it t / "t:, '(:> f.v t
.:117°1
!i, r_(c.)+ItJ~II]J
t:"5
1-
r-T~JIHJ{r'm7:7-e/'~,
(t,O)fi'DlQ)
t:t
-'? r - ~:::J 7J." C I;l:1JZ:f&7 -e /' :7

...... "')~fA.,
~t.:~ttb'
r_t':':J r_(7)J
Sounds of Objects
Type I expressions which are used in the forms - (to) + verb or +suru are accented on the first syllable. If used with such forms as - da, - no or - ni, they are pronounced flatly.
.!::"/;f'e"/
T-\>-{J..,.,7+f-
• -::J'7'+f-
.~-"/
~~§,
-r;A,
• :117°11rOelJ
"'-.J["
(t)
J Ii,
rrr'm7:7 -e /' ~ (7)~lf.l'~=, r'm7:7 ~

t.<b'toti'
;Is
toiP
-e /'
r~
ch
~o
Type II [O_n'(to)] expressions sometimes at the end .
are accented usually in the middle and
• :11 7°III r 0
-:>
C. J r 0 Iv c. J ';l:, J.,. "J -) 1JZ:f& :7 -e /' l- t':'1J{, Wlf!=J: -:> 7

-A,,1.)~fA-
-c ii~j
P.1130Y*;Z.1, (Da Cl)b ®b @b @a 2. (De Cl)a <Vb @d @e
~t.: >!t!b'
r'm 7:7 -e/'
1-1= 7J." ~ .; c. ~ ch ~
(~-:>
c., I;l:-:> c.,
-) Iv c. )
Type III [Otto/Onto] expressions are usually pronounced flatly, but some of them (such as satto, hatto, and unto) are accented on the first syllable.
2
t: .!:,;,
_ff~g · _1m~g(})~IJc:m~
~ s,z:::
g<-
1,::,':::
J:,Z
-'?
J:-j
fl-j
Mimetic Expressions: Categories of Usage

l'!"
• §%(7)3ftM=t:di,
19U :
t",
L\
r_-t.'6J
~ r_ Lt":J -c'~-tc::
;!;';b
t/)~'$~>o
:i.llS
One's own feelings are usually expressed with the forms - suru and - shita. C:. L \ C:. ,
-J f.v c'!:' '),
fJL)
fJ' '),
"9? ~
f),
(;r:?
z,
;h
<
;h
<
• ~l ip(7) A (7):Ji. '11f~ J: -) -t ii,

vt
Vl-';(5l?
r - L""C v>.'6J -c':Ji.-t c:: t /)"$ I-'0

S';b lSlS
1
~+
ffag~~~I1J~~1J\ ~U tz ~ CI~ b c'

It" J: -j
-j
Expressions Created from Adjectives and Verbs
The facial expressions and appearances sed with the form =shite-iru.
of other people are usually expres-
rt::./),t.='iJ'J ~
jS'Jv ~ ~
r(7)V'(7)V'J ii,
t;:lt~
7fJ~~p]~iJJ~p]/)'G-c'~t::.C::
~tpJ;:3
J.....
tlf-C',
!!Jj"
J....
'/)}t.:.-&
:Jf_1~m
J:-5
"p
vt
19U: cl?t";t-;t',
;t-;7;,cI?7;"
('"9<'"9, r-L"{v'.'6J
LJ:f.v(I'I),
t:.:t::.:,
o
tete
-c':Ji.-tc::
s.;p
i~iJ~'ttEif~'g- ° t~U!H'IH::J!il.,'o ~*-C'~< IJ~ :i'3 'C 'I?:b~ 1J'>iv 0

t::.tz.if,
~ ~~
c::tiJ'$I-'o
.:f.;~
rt::.iJ,t::iJ'
l ,J
(t)J
r ?'-!l ~ 'J
I?
rc::vc::>v
(t)J
0
r;;b--:>;;b--:> (t'=')J
,j:, 1Jf3~
t"I,,~J:
.A~<b(7)(7)'I~~~DjJdi,
"It', v'
;!;t:
~ r-Lt..:
(A <b(7))J
~P] r r'iii ~ ) J r c::V
i» G -co~ t:
Takadaka and nobinobi are expressions that were created from adjectives and
verbs. Such expressions are similar to mimetic expressions in form and usage, and are often written in kanji. Examples of expressions created from -i adjectives are takadaka(to}, kowagowa(to}, and atsuatsuida), deriving from takai, kowai, and atsui. 19IJX :
t1.~\~Jv
t iJ"$I-'o
:IS:IS
The temperaments of people and the Qualities/taste of things are usually expressed with the forms +shite-iru and -shita (hito t mono).
""
19U : ;li)?c'!:
I),
fJ' C:. ? t, ~? 11 '),
L? fJ' '),
Ii? ~ '), -J:, ~ ? fJ' ')

tJ~tl)
• blf
t)
it, i~3ft,
t.,.~ ~j
~ V -:d..:Wit ~c'Ij:, r -T.'6

iJ)/v
J r - L"{ v>.'6J r - L t:
1E{3<:'~~~r.;;,q C Jh,t"t::.o 15 -c t.::.iJ>t':''/j>

J:
=t- c' t {i .:.;h ':"';h C c\

~O).~,
.Q (: ~
c\ ~ >??
t:
( <b(7)) J -C':Ji. t c:: t iJ~' l., '0 $

;<;';b lS:IS
t: ~) 'i~..q tz;
;I;?;<;?
Characteristics such as stickiness, dampness, and texture are usually expressed with the forms +suru, +shite-iru, and -shita (mono). 19IJ : ~ .. C:. c'!:' C:. ,
,n,
e /Jt) e s», -")~ -")~ ,

~L~~,
6A-tt-:J
0
/1;). ~
&J. ~,
tJ. (;I: ;f':;j. (;I: , ~
t:~ t:
r-t'='J ~
.VCI-,;JX!I!t
15J:3td"
~v-:d..:Wit,
h)/-v :IS:i.l
~rs(7)fjt&~c:lj:,
J:~?
(7) (<b(7)) J -C':Ji. t .; t iJ1$ I-, ;<;';b
-c\;~ t:
r-
Unpleasant conditions, disorder, texture, and degrees of margin are usually expressed with the forms - da and - no(mono}. 191]: ~"')
"',
~'I),
c'!:"C:.c'!:'C:.,
t=,~:t:,~:, .~,C:..~,C:.,
tI'7;,(I'7;"
/Jt)-J:,~
<-J:,~
2:=9:D~*Mini
i; [.,~
Info Corner
*t:.,
~J
r(J)"{./(])U' (t)J
f~ I::
r(itL(itL
(t)J
rtUtU
(C:)J
'i, it.J~EJ r1$U

It-j L. ~
r~tL~J
rm.~~J iJ'I?"""(·~t=o
harebareito), and
Examples of expressions created from verbs are nobinobiito), tobitobiini), deriving from nobiru, hareru, and tobu.
2
r~--:JCJ lHi'
11.1''''",
U L ~_
..I-
(-+m%c:E • m~:E oft.: -:::> e al:l _nBal:l/'-.

~. i;/C_::: ~.
t:»
z:
1_ <...- L ~
..1-'""",'
Words Originally Used as Mimetic Expressions rT--:JcJ rt:,J:--:JcJ rL--:JcJ r-'V--:JcJ ~cO)i!j~P]li,
.J.(
1..
no'.>!'"
19~t : l \ t.,( tr -C. (]) U' (]) U' t W » t: J ,

f:tl
7:;7..." 1:~iJ''Jt=(])T:\
tsl"3z:"Ii(itLlitLt
t U t UI:*iJ{~'J
it);t
t:
-c l\
.~~~
0
l-Cl\~o
ss): :::~ tf t.:l,};:: :f3t,t I,,~* L~ Adverbs such as kitto, zutto, chotto, motto, and yaito have the same form as mimetic expressions but are now not considered as mimetic expressions.
~!MHic
IPl tt::_'iJ-l', 4'-li~lHi·
~tt~~it::' C l>
-J ~~Ii~V'o ...,
~>t,?
*:31ittt
~
~o
19~Jt : ~ t. t=Ii
J;"
'J
t l\l\~~t::o
f~A J:
illiJ' I? "9 'J t ;;$: ~ ~7tIv T

r ~ J:
'J
-c'" ~ l ,~
0
:t 'J t
""
* "' *~
t
'J
-c < t:~ L , J
L\~iJ'la: i.v-,
o,;t
\ \ 1/
3
~?
L.
It~~~ · Wfm~~1J\6~~~~~i!I z: c· -)
i!<'
:t;",::._"
'tf"p'tf.p
L
noisy
---> 'tf p (' (~I (") make noise ---> l':t- (. --> :t- d: ('
-+
i!<'
r:»
Verbs Created from Mimetic Expressions

~ SA. .: ~
j:IJ~Wl,:: Lj:, tM:if~*· 1M:~~:g:iJ' -C' ~ t: t (7)iJ't::. < ~.4_,;b 60 t: t G

t.:\')
t:
;;?_
~!, r.::
iJ'G r~
cheerfully l':t-l':t:t-d::t-d: swaying (i. t: (i. t: flapping
(fe, (.)
hurry
sway swat
{;i: r:
6":6J
iJ>G r,,:;SiJ 6J,

i
rr.liJ>ij-°iJ>JiJ'G
rij-iJ>6J, b'7
r~'h~"hJ
h <" J ~ C iJ'--C' ~
tc; iJJ~p](7) C:t t ~t:: CL
-J r- J ~ r- J L:t'7 iJ>~ ~'0
<.I, I) .r.-y
:..->
,,~t;,t!Iv
Variation
15 C:7
t,
roeoeJ--->-tiQ)aliJ~rOe~g/oe~gJ
Intransitive -ru verbs: -geru and -keru
There are many verbs which were created from mimetic expressions, such as korogaru (from korokoro), hikaru (from pikapiha), and sawagu (from zawazawa). The first consonant of such verbs is usually not voiced or given a "p" sound (the first syllable of the verbs, when written in hiragana/ katakana, is not marked with" or
0 ) ••
.:.,:,.:.,:,
rolling
-->
(1)
rO.O.J
-+1itiQ)aliJ~
z: to;" t; 1:'3 L, Intransitive -u verbs: -mu and -ru

-+
rO.~·/O.gJ
* f-mlJJiWl ,± r.:: ;S iJ'-9 ($];;iJ'-9) tc c''; * The transitive form is korogasu.

L,
.:. ,:, t1'.Q C'it1'.Q ) = .:.,:,iJ{.Q C'iff.Q )

J
roll
t'·,:,t'-? I: "? I:"?
muddy
---> t-?'t~
melt
smirking ---> I:"? It .Q be effeminate
~=~.:.
~"l ~"l
dented creaky
'" .:.t' become dented i creak

(7t~)
---> ~ lit' ---> ViJ'{, ---> tJ.t;! {,

Variation
l:~?
L.-
~rO.O
shine
• .J-->-~Q)mliJ~rO.egJ
"i;"At;
1:'';
(eQ).~~.r.~~.bg)
fil' "A~,
L,
Vt.J'1..JiJ' shiny
Intransitive -ru verbs: -eru (The vowel in •

.: t!1v
h.
tJ. ,;;I:' tJ. ,;t'
sticky
stick
changes to an e sound.)
--->1i~iO)11P.I1.J~ rOeT.J
<...I) .r. ,
.
t·?
L-
~:I:"->
v}t;,t!t-...
Transitive -u verbs: -su
rO.O.J --aoHlib~
.~~~.~:~
Intransitive -ru verbs
VPI?VPI?
shaking
--> VPn~ ---> tJ'n.Q --> Vit.Q
(1in.Q ) -VPG9' ({i!in.Q ) -iJ'G9

(;q; it ~) -V"?9'
(1i G9') shake

({i!i G9) let wither drip
iJ'l? iJ' G dry tremble

t: G t: G dripping
trembling ---> .~,.Q;{.Q C~;{.Q)
--> t': n.Q (~n.Q)

(~n.Q)
L,
-t:. G9' (~G9')
* The
t<
*1-miJJ~P]L:t r b6bT
I:'?
L,
(!tbT)J
V"?V"? T.QT.Q
chilly
(;1;"? 9') chill
transitive
form is furuuiasu.
dragging --> 9'n.Q
scrape
(f~6)J form is suru.
(2)
rO.O.J --->3i.tiQ) a Ib~

C ti;., t: 1:'1
L,
roe <. /0.
< .J
*1-miJJ~Il]Lt rT~ ---> Tn.Q
* The
to t°-;
transitive
Intransitive -u verbs: -gu and -ku
-9'G9'
shift
2=~~*Mini
t.
L~
Info Corner
~rO.O.J-~.~eti~rO.~<J I::? 1.;:: f!'" 1;
Intransitive -u verbs: -meku
~~~~
glittering
~ ~ /1)<
glitter stagger z ~ /1) < flutter (as in heart)
4
T~$iP]':'
~t"'~J::?
R~~·R~~~6~~~~~g~
~t
ii,,-:':
~: t~c. z:
Itl'
.J: -5
-Ne Adjectives Created from Mimetic Expressions
d: 7::> d: 0
staggering -
d: 0/1)
<
t: ~ t: ~
(heart is) beating fast -
Ii r (} -t- (} -t- J (7) r (} -t- J
t..
Mili1r~~·miia~~iJ>G -co ~ t: t (7)iJi&i)

~ .:t:;A.::: ~
tev» ::
s.
t: t:Z. Cf. r(}-t-~iJ>J
':'1~~m
"It?
Tf
r~
1;
s» J
iJs'",) ~ >
-c -C' ~
tz;
~rO.O.J-~.~mti~rO.?<J I::? 1.;::t!", 1;
There are some -na adjectives which were created from mimetic expressions, such as hisoyaka, which was formed by the addition of the suffix yaka to hiso (from the mimetic expression hisohiso).
Intransitive -u verbs: -tsuku ~ -:d-:

~)jo
ro.O./OA.. 'J IO?

1,1"
ilcto
'J J -;-m3~
~:tc'J;?
J: -) T~1n.~i?
..
;,
(7)~I,-> J: -) T ~~T
1>'->
;1(;",1>
~t
$ ~>o
~
~(7)717°(7)b(7)'j:.
J1JiP](7)'j:t~~:.
/::'" 1.-
r"J~ rOJi.rf"')<
tiJl'.t;,~
0
5050 U'~U'~ (1/v0) vP? ~)
bewildered secretly faintly
~hese are often used to express troubling situations or feelings of nausea/ sickness, The first consonant of this type of verb is sometimes voiced or given a "p"sound (the first syllable of the verbs, when written in hiragana/ katakana is marked with" or
0 ).
£ .::."£.::.'
flurried unsteady loitering
.s. ~ .s. ~
-)0-)0
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ti~ (i~
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-Ne adjectives: -ke, -veke. -reke 50 tr (~dJ')

(10)1'1' faint vPt:1'1' (=-1'1') abundant
(;fi~ 1'1') gentle
1.-
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foolish
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t:!..~: -:> <

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tt ;b "?> iJ'
refreshing
(i I? -:> <
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softly
~b ~iJ'
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Review Exercises
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A Text for Enriching Your Power of Expressing in Japanese

A Practical Guide To Mimetic Expressions Through Pictures

A Text for Enriching Your Power of Expressing in Japanese

A Practical Guide To Mimetic Expressions Through Pictures

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Expressing People's Feelings and Conditions

I.. \1.. \~~~

Bad Feelings, Good Feelings

Feeling at the End of Something,

Having Expectations or Uneasiness

Being in a Difficult Situation

Various Facial Expressions and Conditions

Unpleasant Physical Conditions

-at t~? ~ ;5~b Expressing People's Actions and Conditions

1. 5B~, ij:to: ~59 ;"

Various Physical Movements

Fast Movements, Serious Attitudes

Various Sounds and Appearances

Definite Attitudes and Dispositions

Korokoro and Gorogoro

Ways of Doing Something

Gorogoro and Burabura

Gakkari and Gakkuri

6." ~1t TJl

:l ff '" ~" <

.... ····· ......... fD Crying

9. l:!!:0)~e:!, .at. me:! iJ'f

.. ·.. ·.... ·· .. ······ .. ·· .. ··········8

Large Numbers, Heaviness

<5 61~~ De 1J ~~tt d::? V,JH:f;.,~.t< More Exoressions

(i1.I#.It.)'DI <) (=bO)t.j\DI~) t''')'':? '" '"

@ Animal Sounds, Sounds of Objects

Nouns Adverbs; +V,

t: Lt r - t J O)~ -C', jJJ~iIJfl~ tiJJ-r ~ ~

Mimetic Expressions: Form and Accent

Used as is or in the form - to to modify verbs.

Mimetic Expressions: Categories of Usage

r - ~::'J O)*;;;-C', jJJ~iIJ fl~ ifIj-r -6 ~

Mini Info Corner

Always used in the form - ni to modify verbs,

Expressions Created from Adjectives and Verbs

-da, -desu, -ni+V, "\" r--C'TJ

2. t, 2:::d:.§~g •• 1i'"k.I,;}::: ( ~~Bt.= -:J tc.;:: 2:::d:' I 't! ~A.-;::

r_~::'J "\" r--C'J

-C\ iJJ~iIJ ~ ~ fl~ frIJ-r ~ ~

3.• ~~g .• tf t.:.,,-:. ~ ~~jJ\GC:-'i!5:tc.mtJ~~ c'>? L..

Used in the forms - da and - desu as a predicate,

Also used in the forms

Verbs Created from Mimetic Expressions

- ni and - de to modify verbs and other parts of speech,

-Ne Adjectives Created from Mimetic Expressions

1 1,456p:J +f5t

<5 61 De 1J tt d::? V,JH:f;.,~.t< More Exoressions

3.• ~~g .• tf t.:.,,-:. ~ jJ\GC:-'i!5:tc.mtJ c'>? L..

OJff~c::' ~ OJb1d;~9;:: 7l't<t; ~ ~'" ~t 156b·