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Analysis of voltage control for a self-excited induction

generator using a current-controlledvoltage source


inverter (CC-VSl)

S.-C.Kuo and L.Wang

Abstract: The analysed results of both voltage regulation and current-harmonic suppression of a self-
excited induction generator (SEIG), under unbalanced and/or nonlinear loading conditions using a
current-controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) are presented. A hybrid induction-machine model
based on the three-phase a-b-c and the d-q frames of reference is employed to describe the dynamic
performance of the studied system. The three-phase a-b-c induction-machine model is employed to
derive dynamic equations of the SEIG under nonlinear loading conditions. The synchronously
rotating reference frame based on a d-q axis model is used to decompose three-phase load currents
into active and reactive power currents. The three-phase a-b-c stator voltages of the SEIG and the
DC bus voltage of the inverter are simultaneously controlled by a proportional-integral (PI) voltage
controller and a harmonic compensator. The simulated results show that the performance of the
SEIG under unbalanced and/or nonlinear loading conditions has been effectively improved by the
proposed compensating scheme.

1 Introduction SEIG fed an inductive load or a dynamic load such as an


induction motor. Ooj et al. proposed a reactive power
It is well known that an externally driven induction compensation scheme using a rotating synchronous
machine can be successfully operated as an induction condenser [7]. Nevertheless, both the maintenance require-
generator with sustained self excitation when an appropri- ment and large size of the rotating synchronous machine
ate value of a capacitor bank is appropriately connected overrode the advantages of the SEIGs. Some different
across the terminals of the induction machine [l]. Such an types of voltage regulator act as VAr controllers, which
induction machine is called a self-excited induction genera- were based on switched capacitors, variable inductors, or
tor (SEIG). The primary advantages of a SEIG over a saturated reactors [S-lo]. These approaches employed
conventional synchronous generator are the brushless relaykontactors or semiconductor switches that had disad-
construction with squirrel-cage rotor, reduced size, no DC vantages such as larger size and heavier weight of passive
supply for excitation, reduced maintenance cost, and better elements. The static VAr compensator (SVC) could also be
transient characteristics. In the last two decades, SEIGS
employed to control the conducting angle of the thyristors,
have received more attention and they have been widely and hence, the capacitor or inductor current could be
employed as suitable isolated power sources in wind,
varied to regulate the voltage profile of the SEIGs. T h s
tidal, and small hydroelectric renewable energy applications
method would generate low-order harmonic currents,
P-41. which were caused by the switching of the line currents.
Although the SEIGs have many advantages as described
above, a capacitor self-excited induction generator suffers Due to the fast development of high-capacity power semi-
from its inherent poor voltage regulation, and hence, its conductors and power-electronics application techniques,
practical applications to power systems have been limited. the available solid-state switches such as MOSFETs,
A number of methods have been proposed for regulating IGBTs, GTOs, etc. have been extensively employed as fast
the voltage profile of the SEIG. The long-shunt and short- power switches in the field of solid-state synchronous volt-
shunt connections of the stator windings and the series/ age source (SVS). The SVS consists of a DC-to-AC voltage
parallel capacitors of a SEIG provided a simple method for source inverter (VSI) with a pulse-width-modulation
improving the voltage regulation of a SEIG [5, 61. (PWM) switching technique. Such a high-frequency solid-
However, the series capacitors used in these configurations state SVS generates the low distortion capacitodinductive
could result in subsynchronous resonance when the studied reactive power from the DC bus capacitor. The function of
the solid-state SVS is similar to that of a rotating synchro-
0LEE, 2001 nous condenser, and it is called a static condenser (STAT-
IEE Proceedings online no. 20010477
CON) or a static compensator (STATCOM). In recent
DOL 10.1049/ipgtd:20010477
years, the inverter-based reactive power sources have been
Paper fxst received 19th September 2000 and in revised form 26th February
used for regulating the AC output voltage profile of a
2001 SEIG under balanced three-phase loading conditions.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Singh et al. used the STATCON to regulate the terminal
Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan 70101, Republic voltages of SEIG based on a d-q model under various
of China loading conditions and changes of excitation capacitance
IEE Proc.-Genes. Transni. Distrrb., Vol. 148, No. 5, September 2001 431
value [ll]. In this method, both the AC voltage and DC voltage source inverter (CC-VSI). A hybrid machine model
side voltage of the inverter are controlled with a reactive based on both a three-phase a-b-c frame of reference and a
power and active power control loop, respectively. To d-q axis frame of reference is employed to describe the
improve the Steadystate and dynamic impact of a wind dynamic equations of the studied system under unbalanced
farm on the netwoik, the optimal power flow of a wind and/or nonlinear loading conditions. The effective method
farm equipped with a STACOM has been investigated in based on a synchronously rotating d-q axis reference frame
[ 121. A simplified synchronously rotating reference d-q is used to decompose three-phase load currents into instan-
model of SEIG wii:h field-oriented controlled inverter is taneous active power and reactive power currents. The
also proposed to control the generated voltage with varia- three-phase voltages of the SEIG and the DC bus voltage
ble speed and load 1131. Nevertheless, the analyses of volt- of the inverter are controlled by two PI voltage controllers.
age control for a SEIG under unbalanced and/or nonlinear All models are described and simulated in real-time using
loading conditions have not yet been examined. A new MATLAB simulator software. The analysed results show
induction machine inodel called the a& stationary refer- that the voltage quality of the studied SEIG under unbal-
ence frame model has been proposed for voltage and anced and/or nonlinear loading conditions has been effec-
frequency control of a SEIG by a VS-PWM converter, and tively enhanced by the proposed compensating method.
simulated by using the PSpice program [14]. In such a
method, the SEIG suffering from the unbalanced and/or 2 System description
nonlinear loading conditions had been dealt with in the
experimental results. but has not evidently been expressed The block diagram of the proposed voltage regulator and
in the model and in the simulated results. Since most of the current harmonic suppression for a SEIG feeding an arbi-
residential loads are single-phase types such as lamps, trary three-phase load is shown in Fig. I . The prime mover
pumping motors, air conditioners, and heating loads, etc. is assumed to be an unregulated micro-hydro turbine, and
unbalanced operation of an isolated SEIG will frequently can be simulated by a separately excited DC motor. A
occur. In fact, these single-phase loads with different VA fixed capacitor bank ( C ) supplies the exciting currents to
ratings and various power factors cannot uniformly be sustain the voltage generation of the studied SEIG under
connected to a practical three-phase system. When an no-load condition. The CC-VSI provides the reactive
isolated SEIG feeds power to an unbalanced load, both the power and/or compensating harmonic currents to regulate
three-phase terminal voltages and stator currents are also the terminal voltage profile of the SEIG under various
unbalanced. In general, the unbalanced currents tend to loading conditions. The AC side of the inverter is con-
increase the power losses, create unequal heating in the nected to the stator terminals of the SEIG through the
windings, de-rate the output capacity, and cause torque inductor (Lf).Combining the inductor (Lf)with the capaci-
pulsation on the shaft of the studied SEIG. On the other tor bank (C), a second-order filter is used to filter out the
hand, if a rectified load such as a battery-charging system is high-order harmonic components, which are caused by the
connected to the terminals of a SEIG, the undesired prob- switching action of the inverter. The DC link of the inverter
lems caused by the harmonic currents, such as additional is composed of an electrolytic capacitor as the DC side
power losses, high-frequency pulsating torque, etc. will also voltage source. Since the VSI has no real power source in
happen in the SEIG. Meanwhile, the unbalanced three- the DC link, a small active power fed from the SEIG is
phase voltages and current harmonics severely affect the required for compensating the losses of the inverter to
performance and characteristics of the facilities, which are maintain the voltage of the DC capacitor at a specified
also connected to the same output terminals of the SEIG. level. The vector form of the terminal voltage is calculated
This paper deals with voltage regulation and current har- from the components of the d-q axis reference frame. Then,
monic suppression for a SEIG using a current-controlled threephase load currents are decomposed into active and

&(abc) k(abc) 4 Rf
n

prime
mover

‘(abc)
031 &(l23)

-U
/t
:“I- f), A
L

L
abc-deqeand
lowpass filter
-
id7
____L
/

deqe-abc
ic*(123)

ue iqe*
1 ieql
ide*
VDC

Fig. 1 Block diugrum qfproposed voltage regulator rmd h w n i c compnsatwnfor SEIG

432 IEE Proc.-Gener. Trwsm. Distrih.. Vol. 148, No. 5. September 2001
reactive components (id/ and iqr) using a synchronously and 0, (= q t ) is the angle between the machine rotor and
rotating reference frame. The voltages of the AC mains and the reference frame, which is in the direction of the
the DC bus voltage of the inverter are controlled by two PI magnetic flux axis of the winding of phase a.
voltage controllers. The desired active and reactive compo- The mechanical torque equations of the SEIG can be
nents, ide* and iqe*are transformed into three-phase current described by
commands for CC-VSI in order to inject calculated three- 2Hp(w,) = T, - T,
phase currents into the lines of the SEIG system.
(7)
p@r = wr (8)
where H i s the inertia constant, and the electrical torque Te
can be expressed by

rotor stator In eqn. 7, Tmis the mechanical torque of the prime mover,
and it can be simulated by a separately-excited DC motor.
The mechanical torque T, can be expressed by the follow-
Fi .2 Three-ple connection d b g w n of SEIG with capacitor bunk, CC- ing equation:
V# and arbitrary loud

3 Model
where VDo RA,KOand q5 are the DC input voltage, arma-
Although the d-q axis model of an induction machine has ture resistance, machine constant, and field flux of the DC
been widely used in the field of induction motor control, motor, respectively.
the model is usually adapted to analyse the machine per- The excitation capacitors of each phase are identical and
formance under three-phase balanced conditions. If the their values are equal to 1OOpF. The voltage-current equa-
studied system is under an unbalanced three-phase operat- tions of the excitation capacitors shown in Fig. 2 can be
ing condition, the results obtained from the d-q axis induc- expressed as follows:
tion-machine model will become very complicated, since a
zero-axis quantity corresponding to a zero-sequence com- C,P(V,) = 2,s -iLa +icl (11)
ponent will be generated. For an insolated SEIG applica-
Cbp(vb) = i b s - i L b + ic2 (12)
tion, the connected loads are practically unbalanced in
C , P ( V c ) = i c s - i L c + ic3
nature. Hence, the three-phase a-b-c frame of reference is
(13)
preferred to describe the dynamics of the studied SEIG
under unbalanced andor nonlinear loading conditions. where iLa, iLb and iLc are, respectively, the three-phase line
Fig. 2 shows the three-phase connection diagram of a currents of an arbitrary load, icl,ic2and ic3are, respectively,
SEIG with a Y-connected excitation capacitor bank, a CC- the compensating currents generated by the CC-VSI. The
VSI, and an arbitrary load. The rotor windings of the stud- voltages of the capacitor bank, v,, v b and v, are also the
ied SEIG are Y-connected and their terminals are short- voltages of the mains, since these voltages are identical to
circuited together. The three-phase voltage equations of the the line-to-line voltages of the SEIG.
stator and rotor windings of the induction machine can be
expressed by the following equations [15]:
us(abc) Rs(abc)is(abc) +PAs(abc) (1)
I110
2O i
100
vv(abc) R v ( a b c ) i v ( a b c )+ P A r ( a b c )
(2)
90
The stator and rotor flux-linkage vector in eqns. 1 and 2 G
can be written in matrix form as below: € 8 0

70

60
where

L, = [ +
L1, L,,
-O.5Lm,
-0.5Lm,
-0.5L,,
L I , +L,,
-O.5Lm,
-0.5L,,
-0.515,~
Lis + L,, 1 (4)
50

40
0.0
' I
0.5
I
1.o
I
1.5
Im, A
I
2.0
I I
2.5
I
3.0

Fig.3
+
LIT L,, -O.5Lm, -0.5L,,,
Magnetisation curve of SEIG

-0.5L,, Ll, +
L,, -0.5Lm,
The saturated characteristic of the magnetising reactance
-0.5LmT -0.5Lmr LIT L,,+ X, plays a very important role in the voltage buildup proc-
ess of a SEIG. The nonlinear characteristic relating X,(Q)
Lsr
and the magnetising current I,(A) of the studied SEIG is

1
cos(0,) cos(& +1200) cos(&.- 1200) obtained from an experimental test, and is shown in Fig. 3.
cos(&) cos(0,+1200) Such a nonlinear relationshp can be fitted with a continu-
ous function
cos(& - 120.) cos(&)
(6) X m = a[arctan(pI, - y) +S]/I, (14)
IEE Proc.-Gener Transm. Distrib., Vol. 148, No. 5, September 2001 433
where the coefficients in eqn. 1, a, 0, y and 6, are deter- The voltage of the DC bus can be calculated from the
mined as below: inductor currents as follows:
a = 69.386, p = 1.797, y = 0.96 and 6 = arctan(y) 2 C ~ c p ( v o c=
) FAi,l + FBic2 + FCic3(22)
and the value of thlz initial magnetising reactance can be The set point of the VDcmust be greater than the peak
derived from eqn. 14. using L’HBpital’s rule. value of the generated phase voltage in order to generate
Once the magnetising inductance M(= Xm/mb)is found, the desired line currents.
the mutual inductan’ceused in the above equations can be
determined by: 4 Control strategy
0

L,, = ‘3 M (15) The concept of voltage regulation for a SEIG is considered


as being that the controlled reactive currents, which are
supplied by the CC-VSI, are injected into the line currents
of the SEIG. The three-phase voltages of the SETG are
sensed and transferred into vector form as a feedback volt-
age, whose absolute value is a DC quantity, and it is
compared with the prespecified reference voltage. After the
error voltage is processed by the controller, the output
signal of the controller is used to control the reactive power
Since only a small capacity of the M-G set is available in flow of the studied system. If the feedback voltage is larger
our laboratory, it is expected that the laboratory prototype than the reference voltage, the CC-VSI provides the lagging
will be implemented in future work to verify the effective- reactive power for reducing the degree of saturation of the
ness of the proposed method. The employed induction SEIG, and hence, the magnitude of the output voltage of
machine has the following specifications on its nameplate: the SETG is also decreased. On the contrary, the leading
1.1kW, 127(A)/220(Y) V, 8.3(A)/4.8(Y) A, 60H2, 2 poles, reactive power is required when the feedback voltage is
3600rpm. The base values of the studied SETG are: V, = smaller than the reference voltage. The function of this
127V, I,, = 4.8A, Zb = 26.462Q Nb = 3600rpm, and w, = control strategy is operated well when the system is under a
377rads. It is also possible to simulate the performance of balanced condition. Nevertheless, the loads distributed
a larger generator wii h the proposed method, if its parame- among thee-phase terminals of the SEIG are practically
ters are available. unbalanced. The SElG may feed the nonlinear loads with a
The schematic diagram of a typical CC-VST is shown in front-end AC-to-DC converter such as a battery-charging
Fig. 4. The DC link of the inverter is composed of an elec- system. The feedback voltage is no longer a pure DC quan-
trolytic capacitor as the DC side voltage source. The tity when the system is under a three-phase unbalanced
switching function E4 is defined as follows: FA = 1 when condition. A significant ripple quantity corresponding to
the upper switch (either SI or DI) is conducting, and FA = the unbalanced three-phase voltages is superimposed on the
-1 when the lower switch either (S4 or D4) is conducting. feedback voltage. Hence, the complete concept of voltage
The switching functicins of other legs are defined by a simi- control is not only that the feedback DC quantity should
lar way. be regulated, but also the ripple of the generated voltage
should be reduced using the proposed CC-VSl.
To get the space vector form of the generated voltages,
the three-phase voltages are transformed into orthogonal
two-axis components based on a stationary d’-q&reference
frame. The transformation equation is of the form:
Us(dq0) = Ksu(abc) (23)
where the transformation matrix, K,, is given by

I I I
Fig. 4 Schemtic diugruw of cwrent-controlledvol~ugesource mverter
With this matrix, the transformation between the three-
The voltage<urrent equations of the filter inductors can phase a-b-c frame of reference and the ds-qJaxis frame of
be written as: reference is power invariant.
Since the ds-qs axes are orthogonal co-ordinates and the
LfP(ic1) = va - e a - R ~ i c l (18) dJ-axis is aligned with a-axis of the three-phase a-b-c frame
of reference, the stator voltages vdT and v can be converted
L f P ( i c 2 ) = vb - eb - R f i c 2 (19) to a polar form. The absolute value o r t h e vector stator
voltage, I V , ~ ~ , and its vector angle, e,, are, respectively,
Lfp(ics) = - - Rfics (20) expressed as:
where e,, eh and e, are the output voltages as a function of
both the capacitor voltage and state of the switches, and
they can be expressed as:
LO, = arctan % (25)
vds
The sensed voltage 1v.J is compared with the reference
voltage I v , ~ ~ * and the error is sent to the input point of the
434 IEE Pro,.-Gener. Trunsm.Distrib.. Vol. 148, N a 5 , September 2001
first PI controller (PI-AC), and its output is denoted as &*, reference can be represented as:
which is the reactive current command for regulating the
voltages of the mains.
In addition to the AC voltage being regulated, the DC
bus voltage should also be regulated. Since the switching +
iZe = 5 d l dc* (32)
losses and conductor losses of the inverter cause the DC Here, the DC term of the active power current is extracted
bus voltage to be varied, the additional power supplied by using a fourth-order Butterworth low-pass filter with
from the SEIG is needed to keep the DC bus voltage at a cut-off frequency at 15Hz. The reference currents of the
constant value. The control loop for the D C bus voltage CC-VSI can then be obtained by transferring and it,e*
regulation is also shown in Fig. 1. The error between the back to the three-phase system, i.e.
DC bus voltage, VDc,and the reference voltage, VDc*,is
fed to the second PI controller (PI-DC), whose output is (33)
denoted by iCic*. The switching patterns of the CC-VSI are generated
The effect of the control scheme using these two control- according to the compared results between the actual
lers has a good performance under a balanced condition. currents and the reference currents with a small hysteresis
As mentioned above, the controlled voltage still has the rip- current band. The complete block diagram of the proposed
ple when the studied SEIG feeds unbalanced three-phase voltage regulator and harmonic compensation for the
loads or nonlinear loads. A solution for this problem is that SEIG system is shown in Fig. 1. The differential equations
three-phase load currents should be balanced by injecting of the SEIG and the CC-VSI compensating model are
the desired compensating currents into the line of the calculated using the Runge-Kutta method of integration.
SEIG. Combining the PI controllers and a low-pass filter, the
If the three-phase load currents are transformed into d-q proposed algorithm is simulated by using a system-oriented
axis currents according to the stator voltage vector phase, MATLAB in real time.
e,, then the load currents in terms of synchronously rotat-
ing d'-q' frame of reference are derived as: 5 Results and discussion
ig(&o) = K e i L ( a b c ) (26) Since the studied SEIG must be excited by injecting a lead-
where ing reactive power into the stator, a fixed capacitor bank
with 100pF/phase is used to supply the required reactive
Ke = power under the over-excitation condition, which ensures
the generated voltage can be sustained under a no-load
condition. The function of voltage regulation is achieved by
injecting the proper amount of reactive power from CC-
VSI. The effects of voltage regulator and harmonic com-
pensator with CC-VSI are examined and illustrated using
Again, the voltages of the mains based on synchronously the following three loading conditions.
rotating d'-q' axis frame of reference is given as:
(i) A three-phase resistive load. The resistance values of
both phases b and c are lOOQ, while the resistance value of
the phase a is 25 k 0 . It is used to simulate an open-circuit
Then, the expression for the active and reactive power of
condition on phase a as compared to that of phases b
the load based on the synchronously rotating de-q' axis and c.
frame of reference are given by:
(ii) A three-phase inductive load. Originally, a 120R resis-
tor and a 132.6mH inductor are connected in series in each
phase to constitute a balanced three-phase inductive load.
The impedance of phase a is suddenly changed to be a
With the orientation of the reference frame stated above, 2600Q resistor and a 5mH inductor to obtain an unbal-
the q'-axis voltage is equal to zero (v; = 0), and hence, iCf anced three-phase loading condition.
is regarded as the active power current, and iq; is consid- (iii) A nonlinear rectified load. A three-phase diode bridge
ered as the reactive power current. Both currents can be rectifier with a resistive load of 1000 connected at the D C
decomposed into a DC component and an AC component, side is employed to simulate a nonlinear loading condition.
and they can be represented as:
Fig. 5 shows the transient responses of the studied system
under the loading condition of (a) with a voltage regulator
but without harmonic compensation. The three-phase volt-
ages of the mains are shown in Fig. 5a. The highest voltage
in the three phases in Fig. 5 n is the voltage of phase a,
If the load currents listed above are entirely supplied by since the magnitude of the load impedance of phase a is the
the CC-VSI, the currents of the mains could be balanced largest one in the three phases. The function of voltage
and are equal to the three exciting currents of the capacitor regulation is started at r = 0.1 s, and the three-phase volt-
bank. Under this condition, the three-phase voltages are no ages still exhibit unbalanced waveforms since the function
doubt balanced. However, the CC-VSI can only supply of current harmonic compensation does not activate. Fig.
reactive power and ripple active power since there is no 5b shows that the absolute value of the vector voltage, Iv,I
other active energy storage component except the electro- has an apparent ripple component about 0 . 0 6 ~ ~ and 1 , it
lytic capacitor at the DC side. The DC term of the active would be enlarged a little after the voltage regulator is
power current, i,,,must be supplied by the SEIG. From the included. It is found from Fig. 5b that the average of the
discussion given above, the reference signal of the complete vector voltage is indeed close to the reference voltage,
compensation currcnt based on the de-qe axis frame of which is set to be 0.9pu when the voltage regulator is oper-
IEE Proc.-Geiier. Tr(m~ii7.Dktrih.. Vu1 148. No. 5, September 2001 435
ating under the steady-state condition. Fig. 5c shows the unavoidable when the harmonic current is compensated by
voltage waveform of phase a of the mains and the compen- the CC-VSI. Fig. 6d shows the active current component,
sating current of phlase a supplied by the CC-VSI. It is id?, and the reactive current component, iJ, which are
found that the compensating current lags the voltage, and decomposed from the three-phase load currents. The upper
therefore, the CC-VSI supplies the lagging reactive power portion is the active current, while the lower one is the reac-
for regulating the vector voltage. This is due to that fact tive power current. It is found that the DC term of the
that the absolute value of the vector voltage is larger than active power current is about 0.2pu, while the DC term of
the reference one before compensation. the reactive power current is null. Since the average reactive
power is not required for the purely resistive load, the AC
1 .o term of the active and reactive power current, which are
caused by the unbalanced loads, must be compensated
2 0.5 completely.
ai
2
5 0.0 1 .o
0

g -0.5 2 0.5
ai
0

-1.o 7 0.0
c

0.00 0.05 0.ID 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Oh0


t
5 -0.5
t. s

1 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20


t, s
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

a
3 1.0 -1
4L 0.9

0.8 -+,
0.M) 0.05 0.ICl 0.15
I
0.20
I
0.25
I
0.30
I
0.35
I
0.40
1, s

b I I 1
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
1.o
t, s
1.5 b
Q
3

.-50 0.0
Q

>%
-0.5
Q
3

-1 .o
0.00 0.05 0:ICl 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0135 0140 l.9j
t, s
C 1.8 I I I I I I I I
Fig.5 , Trunsient res otzsei' o SEIG under unbulanced resistive loding cowl-
twn (with voliuge regdtor &$ 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
a mains voltages
b absolute value o f vector voltage t, s
c voltage and compensating current of phase a
C
0.4 3

The effects of the voltage regulator and harmonic


compensation are shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen from Fig.
6a that the amplitulrles of the three-phase voltages are
nearly equal when the voltage regulation and harmonic
compensation are simultaneously employed. The ripple of
the vector voltage is significant reduced to be a very small
amount, as shown in Fig. 6b and its average value -0.2
iqle
approaches a steady-state condition within 0.1s after the -0.3I I I I I I I I 1
complete compensation works. The response time is mostly 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
influenced by the time constant of magnetising inductance t, s
of the studied SEIG. The transient response of the DC
voltage of the CC-VSI is shown in Fig. 6c. The reference d
voltage on the DC side, VD,* is chosen to be 2.0pu, which Fig.6 Trmient reA omes of SEIG under unbulanced resistive loading c o d -
twn (with voltage regultor mi Iw"nic compemator)
is nearly equal to 360V in an actual system. It is obvious a mains voltages
from Fig. 6c that the control loop for DC voltage has b absolute value o f vector voltage
c voltage at DC bus
good performance, except that the ripple component is d active current and reactive current of load

436 IEE Prw-Gener. Transm. Distrib.. Vol 148, No. 5, September 2001
Fig. 7 shows the transient responses of the studied system Fig. 8. At the beginning of the simulation, the compen-
under the loading condition of (b). The inductive load sating function is not applied to the studied system and
changes from a three-phase balanced condition to an the mains currents are the distorted currents of the recti-
unbalanced one at 0.1 s. It can be found from Fig. 7a that fier load as depicted in Fig. 8a. Once the control scheme
the three-phase voltages have no evident change when the starts at t = 0.1 s, the mains current of phase a, which is
load is suddenly switched to an unbalanced condition. The almost in phase with the mains voltage, approaches a
mains phase voltage and compensating phase current are pure sinusoidal waveform but with high-order harmonics.
shown in Fig. 7b. It is seen that the compensating current Fig. 8b shows the actual compensating current of phase a
leads the mains voltage before 0.1 s, while the compensating with respect to the mains voltage. After three cycles, the
current lags the mains voltage after the change of the load- system approaches its steady-state condition. The time-
ing condition. T h s means that the CC-VSI provides the scalar zoomed waveforms of mains voltage and reference
reactive power to the system under a balanced condition compensating current of phase a are shown in Fig. 8c.
and it absorbs the reactive power from the system under an Comparing Fig. 86 and c, it is obvious that the actual
unbalanced condition. The active current power compo- compensating current follows the reference current in a
nent, $, and the reactive power current component, iJ, of very good manner. Besides, the voltages of the mains are
inductive load currents are shown in Fig. 7c. It is found
actually compensated and modified from a distorted
that both currents contain the purely DC quantities for the
waveform to a nearly pure sinusoidal waveform after
balanced loading condition and they also have AC compo-
0.1 s. The stator current, load current and capacitor
nents under an unbalanced load condition, which must be
compensated by the CC-VSI. current waveforms of the nonlinear loading condition are
also shown in Figs. 90, b and c, respectively. It is found
i* .”
n - that the shape of the stator current waveform is improved
after compensation. It is also noted that the high-order
2 0.5
harmonics generated by the CC-VSI are sunk into the
ai exciting capacitor.
cn
c
5 0.0
m
1.o
h -0.5
0.5
-1.0 I I I I 1 I I I I Q

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 25 0.0
t, s 9.
m

v 2, v 2,211 v v v v v 2,
a

i..”
n- > vvvvv
-0’5iv
-1.0 i I I I I I I I I
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
0.5 t, s
a
a
._
0
j 0.0 1.0 7
Q
m
-0.5

-1.0 1 I I I I I I I
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
t, s

b
-1.0 i
0.00 0.05 O.\O 0.115 0.20 O.h 0.bO 0.$5 0;40
0’4
0.3 . ^
t, s
0.2
b
3
4 0.1
a-
$ 0.0
a
al -0.1
b
._
-0.2 1 I I I I I I I I

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40


t, s

C
Fig.7 Trmiennt responses of SEIG under on unbahced uzrluctive loudirg -1.0-1 I 1 1

condition 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20


a mains voltages 1, s
h voltage and compensating current of phase a
c active current and reactive current of load
C
Fig.8 Trmient responws of’SEIG d e r nonlinear loudmg condition
a voltage and current of phase U
The ability of the proposed control scheme for handling b voltage and compensating current of phase a
the nonlinear loading condition of (c) is illustrated in c zoomed results of voltage and reference compensating current of phase a

IEE Proc.-Gener. Trunsm. Distrib , Vol. 148. No. 5, September 2001 437
1.o A digital processor is required to implement the transfor-
mation between three-phase a-b-c and d-q axis reference
0.5 frames, in which the synchronously rotating angle can be
calculated. Since the PLL (phase-locked loop) technique is
0
3
& 0.0
not needed for tracing the voltages of the mains in this
.-m proposed control method, there is no frequency problem
-0.5
when the controller is operating. With the fast development
of semi-conductors and the cost reduction of digital signal
-1 .o
processor (DSP) chips, power devices have become more
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 and more popular. A number of DSP-based vector-control
t, s
schemes for induction machine drives have been imple-
mented and are feasible for various industrial applications.
a
The implementation of the DSP-based voltage controller
for the SEIG will soon become practical.
’‘OI
0.5
7 References
1 BASSET, E.D., and POTTER, F.M.: ’Capacitive excitation of induc-
tion generators’, Truns. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 1935, 54, pp. 540-545
2 WATSON, D.B., AMLAGA, J., and DENSEM, T.: ‘Controllable
d.c. power supply from wind-driven self-excited induction machines’,
IEE Pruc., 1979, 126, (12), pp. 1245-1248
-1 .o
3 RAMAKUMAR, R.: ‘Renewable energy sources and developing
I I I 1 countries’, IEEE Truns. Power Appur. Syst., 1983, 102, (2), pp. 502-
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 510
t, s 4 MURTHY, S.S., MALIK, O.P., and TANDON, A.K.: ‘Analysis of
self excited induction generators’, IEE Proc. C., Gener. Trumin. Dis-
b trib., 1982, 129, (6), pp. 26&265
5 SHRIDHAR, L., SINGH, B., JHA, C.S., SINGH, B.P., and
1.0 1 MURTHY, S.S.: ‘Selection of capacitors for the self regulated short
shunt self excited induction generator’, IEEE Truns. Energy Cunvers.,
1995, 10, (l), pp. 1&16
0.5 6 WANG, L., and SU, J.E.: ‘Effects of long-shunt and short-shunt con-
nections on voltage variations of a self-excited induction generator’,
3
IEEE Truns. Energy Cunvers., 1997, 12, (4), pp. 368-374
4 0.0 7 001, B.T., and DAVID, R.A.: ‘Induction generator/synchronous-
.- condenser system for wind-turbine power’, IEE Proc. C., Gener.
-0.5 Trun.sin. Distrib., 1979, 126, (l), pp. 69-74
8 ELDER, J.M., BOYS, J.T., and WOODWARD, J.L.: ‘Self excites
induction machine as low cost generator’, IEE Proc. C., Gener.
-1..o
+, 1 1 I I 1 1 Trunsn7. DBtrib., 1984, 131, (2), pp. 3 3 4 0
0.00 0.05 0.113 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 9 SINGH, B., MISHRA, R.K., and VASANTHA, M.K.: ‘Voltage reg-
ulator for isolated self-excited cage generator’, J. Elecrr. Power Syst.
1, s
Res.. 1992. 24., (2).
\ DD. 75-83
C 10 BRENNEN, M.B., and ABBONDATI, A.: ‘Static exciter for induc-
Fig.9 Cui~eizti t ~ r r w j i m u
nfplu~~
UeLII&Y nunlitwur lo~uringcutzc/itiun tion generators’, IEEE Truns. Ind Appl., 1977, 13, (5), pp. 422428
CI stator current 1 I SINGH, B., and SHILPAKAR, L.B.: ‘Analysis of a novel solid state
b load current voltage regulator for a self-excited induction generators’, LEE Proc. C.,
c capacitor current Gener. Trunsnz. Distrib., 1998, 145, (6), pp. 647455
12 SAAD-SAOUD, Z., LISPOA, M.L., EKANAYAKE, J.B.,
JENKINA, N., and STRBAC, G.: ‘Application of STATCOMs to
6 Conclusions wind farms’, IEE Proc. C., Gener. Tmnsnz. Distrib., 1998, 145, (3,pp.
5 11-5 16
This paper has presented the voltage control strategy of 13 LEIDHALD, R., and GARCIA, G.: ‘Variable speed field-oriented
employing a voltage regulator and harmonic compensator controlled induction generator’. Proceedings of 33rd IAS-IEEE annual
meeting, 1998, pp. 540-546
to regulate and balance the generated voltage of an isolated 14 MARRA, E.G., and POMILLIO, J.A:: ‘Self-excited induction genera-
self-excited induction generator (SEIG), subject to unbal- tor controlled by a VS-PWM hi-directional converter for rural applica-
anced and/or nodi near loading conditions. The hybrid tions’. Proceedings of 13th APEC-IEEE annual meeting, 1998, pp.
11G112
induction-machine model based on a three-phase a-b-c 15 KRAUSE, P.C.: ‘Analysis of electric machinery’ (McGraw-Hili Book
reference frame and a d-q axis reference frame has been CO,New York, 1987)
proposed to describe dynamic characteristics of the studied
SEIG with the proposed current controlled voltage source 8 Appendix
inverter (CC-VSI). AI1 models associated with PI control-
lers and a low-pass filter are simulated in real time using 8. I Machine parameters
MATLAB simulator software. Transient responses of the 1.1 kW, 127(A)/220(Y) V, 8.3(A)/4.80 A, 60Hz, 2 poles,
studied system subject to balanced and unbalanced resistive R,s= R,. = 2.067Q X, = Xi,.= 2.382C2, H = 0.082s.
and inductive loading perturbations have been examined.
Dynamic characteristics of the studied SEIG with 8.2 CC-VSI parameters
harmonic compensal ion feeding a three-phase bridge diode Lr = 7mH, Rf= 0.35Q2,Cdc= 7200pF.
rectifier have also been performed. The analysed results
show that the performance of the studied SEIG under 8.3 Controller parameters
unbalanced and/or nonlinear loading conditions has been Both the PI-AC and PI-DC digital controllers have the fol-
effectively improved by the proposed compensating lowing parameters: proportional constant Kp = 0.012, inte-
method. gral constant Ki= 0.015.

438 IEE P r o c - G m e r . Trrr~srn.Distrib., Vol. 148, No. 5, Sepreniber 2001

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