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(1)
(2)
(3)
2
, para todo t s . Assim, o modelo de EA tem como
u = Cor (uit , uis ) = 2
+ 2
id empresa
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
1
GE
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
2
GM
y
33.1
45
77.2
44.6
48.1
74.4
113
91.9
61.3
56.8
93.6
159.9
147.2
146.3
98.3
93.5
135.2
157.3
179.5
189.6
317.6
391.8
410.6
257.7
330.8
461.2
512
448
499.6
547.5
561.2
688.1
568.9
529.2
555.1
642.9
755.9
891.2
1304.4
1486.7
x2
1170.6
2015.8
2803.3
2039.7
2256.2
2132.2
1834.1
1588
1749.4
1687.2
2007.7
2208.3
1656.7
1604.4
1431.8
1610.5
1819.4
2079.7
2371.6
2759.9
3078.5
4661.7
5387.1
2792.2
4313.2
4643.9
4551.2
3244.1
4053.7
4379.3
4840.9
4900
3526.5
3245.7
3700.2
3755.6
4833
4924.9
6241.7
5593.6
x3
97.8
104.4
118
156.2
172.6
186.6
220.9
287.8
319.9
321.3
319.6
346
456.4
543.4
618.3
647.4
671.3
726.1
800.3
888.9
2.8
52.6
156.9
209.2
203.4
207.2
255.2
303.7
264.1
201.6
265
402.2
761.5
922.4
1020.1
1099
1207.7
1430.5
1777.3
2226.3
ano
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
id empresa
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
3
US
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
4 WEST
y
209.9
355.3
469.9
262.3
230.4
361.6
472.8
445.6
361.6
288.2
258.7
420.3
420.5
494.5
405.1
418.8
588.2
645.2
641
459.3
12.93
25.9
35.05
22.89
18.84
28.57
48.51
43.34
37.02
37.81
39.27
53.46
55.56
49.56
32.04
32.24
54.38
71.78
90.08
68.6
x2
1362.4
1807.1
2673.3
1801.9
1957.3
2202.9
2380.5
2168.6
1985.1
1813.9
1850.2
2067.7
1796.7
1625.8
1667
1677.4
2289.5
2159.4
2031.3
2115.5
191.5
516
729
560.4
519.9
628.5
537.1
561.2
617.2
626.7
737.2
760.5
581.4
662.3
583.8
635.2
732.8
864.1
1193.5
1188.9
x3
53.8
50.5
118.1
260.2
312.7
254.2
261.4
298.7
301.8
279.1
213.8
232.6
264.8
306.9
351.1
357.8
341.1
444.2
623.6
669.7
1.8
0.8
7.4
18.1
23.5
26.5
36.2
60.8
84.4
91.2
92.4
86
111.1
130.6
141.8
136.7
129.7
145.5
174.8
213.5
ii) Comando 1:
xtset id ano, yearly
O termo yearly pra indicar que a srie anual.
. xtset id ano, yearly
panel variable:
time variable:
delta:
id (strongly balanced)
ano, 1935 to 1954
1 year
iii) Comando 2:
. tis ano
. iis id
3) Modelo pool
Nesse modelo, todos os coeficientes so constantes ao longo do tempo e entre
indivduos e a forma de estimao o habitual MQO.
. reg
y x2 x3
Source
SS
df
MS
Model
Residual
4849457.37
1560689.67
2
77
2424728.69
20268.697
Total
6410147.04
79
81141.1018
Coef.
x2
x3
_cons
.1100955
.3033932
-63.30413
Std. Err.
.0137297
.0492957
29.6142
t
8.02
6.15
-2.14
Number of obs
F( 2,
77)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE
P>|t|
0.000
0.000
0.036
=
=
=
=
=
=
80
119.63
0.0000
0.7565
0.7502
142.37
.1374348
.4015535
-4.334734
(4)
No Stata, o passo inicial a criao de dummies para cada uma das unidades:
. tabulate id, gen (d)
id
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
1
2
3
4
20
20
20
20
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
50.00
75.00
100.00
Total
80
100.00
Note que com o comando tabulate foram criadas quatro novas variveis, uma dummy
para cada empresa: d1, d2, d3 e d4.
y x2 x3 d2 d3 d4
Source
SS
df
MS
Model
Residual
5990684.14
419462.898
5
74
1198136.83
5668.41754
Total
6410147.04
79
81141.1018
Coef.
x2
x3
d2
d3
d4
_cons
.1079481
.3461617
161.5722
339.6328
186.5665
-245.7924
Std. Err.
.0175089
.0266645
46.45639
23.98633
31.50681
35.81112
Number of obs
F( 5,
74)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE
P>|t|
6.17
12.98
3.48
14.16
5.92
-6.86
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
=
=
=
=
=
=
80
211.37
0.0000
0.9346
0.9301
75.289
.1428354
.3992918
254.1386
387.4266
249.3452
-174.4371
(5)
t =1
. reg
ano
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
Total
80
100.00
y x2 x3 ano1-ano19
Source
SS
df
MS
Model
Residual
4938658.06
1471488.98
21
58
235174.193
25370.4997
Total
6410147.04
79
81141.1018
Coef.
x2
x3
ano1
ano2
ano3
ano4
ano5
ano6
ano7
ano8
ano9
ano10
ano11
ano12
ano13
ano14
ano15
ano16
ano17
ano18
ano19
_cons
.1159174
.2696593
21.02495
-14.03424
-58.41449
-48.66584
-96.80262
-36.10807
21.16647
30.29937
-12.76907
-17.82782
-38.96994
26.90836
27.81252
26.05879
-28.65514
-20.3938
.9819593
21.96068
39.43192
-56.33982
Std. Err.
.01817
.0833411
129.7675
133.1953
135.1823
126.5326
128.0009
129.116
127.7266
124.1757
124.8506
125.6498
126.769
125.7493
119.3515
117.3271
116.2965
115.8973
116.2576
114.6821
113.441
99.75287
t
6.38
3.24
0.16
-0.11
-0.43
-0.38
-0.76
-0.28
0.17
0.24
-0.10
-0.14
-0.31
0.21
0.23
0.22
-0.25
-0.18
0.01
0.19
0.35
-0.56
Number of obs
F( 21,
58)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE
P>|t|
0.000
0.002
0.872
0.916
0.667
0.702
0.453
0.781
0.869
0.808
0.919
0.888
0.760
0.831
0.817
0.825
0.806
0.861
0.993
0.849
0.729
0.574
=
=
=
=
=
=
80
9.27
0.0000
0.7704
0.6873
159.28
.1522886
.4364847
280.7828
252.5851
212.1823
204.6167
159.4191
222.3457
276.8391
278.864
237.1466
233.6875
214.7858
278.623
266.7204
260.9145
204.1376
211.5998
233.6969
251.5219
266.5087
143.3373
ii) Caso em que coeficientes angulares so constantes, mas o intercepto varia com os
indivduos e com o tempo (uma dummy para cada empresa e para cada ano).
. reg
y x2 x3 d2-d4 ano1-ano19
SS
Source
df
MS
Model
Residual
6082748.11
327398.928
24
55
253447.838
5952.70778
Total
6410147.04
79
81141.1018
Coef.
x2
x3
d2
d3
d4
ano1
ano2
ano3
ano4
ano5
ano6
ano7
ano8
ano9
ano10
ano11
ano12
ano13
ano14
ano15
ano16
ano17
ano18
ano19
_cons
.129307
.3672492
105.2457
341.1008
220.324
134.3636
87.3297
29.58592
48.12215
-7.886558
51.85022
107.7241
118.3592
71.99879
68.47821
44.28525
104.1942
100.1916
92.30316
31.20783
35.80472
47.8422
57.96435
54.01372
-359.5819
Std. Err.
.0274237
.0416591
67.68668
24.8116
41.16781
72.00957
66.46131
66.10801
66.82507
63.9173
63.78342
63.45228
64.92635
63.47345
63.65855
62.83216
61.82815
62.87224
63.16828
62.10854
61.1856
57.53413
56.39349
54.99911
82.63602
t
4.72
8.82
1.55
13.75
5.35
1.87
1.31
0.45
0.72
-0.12
0.81
1.70
1.82
1.13
1.08
0.70
1.69
1.59
1.46
0.50
0.59
0.83
1.03
0.98
-4.35
Number of obs
F( 24,
55)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE
P>|t|
0.000
0.000
0.126
0.000
0.000
0.067
0.194
0.656
0.474
0.902
0.420
0.095
0.074
0.262
0.287
0.484
0.098
0.117
0.150
0.617
0.561
0.409
0.309
0.330
0.000
=
=
=
=
=
=
80
42.58
0.0000
0.9489
0.9266
77.154
.1842653
.450736
240.8929
390.8244
302.8262
278.674
220.5211
162.0693
182.0426
120.2066
179.6751
234.8854
248.4745
199.2024
196.0528
170.2037
228.1006
226.1904
218.8952
155.6761
158.4234
163.1432
170.9794
164.2344
-193.9756
Number of obs
Number of groups
=
=
80
4
R-sq:
20
20.0
20
within = 0.8068
between = 0.7304
overall = 0.7554
corr(u_i, Xb)
F(2,74)
Prob > F
= -0.1001
Coef.
x2
x3
_cons
.1079481
.3461617
-73.84946
sigma_u
sigma_e
rho
139.05116
75.288894
.77329633
Std. Err.
.0175089
.0266645
37.52291
t
6.17
12.98
-1.97
P>|t|
0.000
0.000
0.053
=
=
154.53
0.0000
.1428354
.3992918
.9165759
67.11
2
uma estimativa da relao Corr ( it is ) = 2
, ou seja, a razo da varincia de i
+ 2
para a varincia do erro composto. O teste F na ltima linha o teste utilizado para
verificar se o modelo pool mais adequado que o modelo de efeitos fixos (Ho: modelo
pool prefervel ao modelo de efeitos fixos).
Efeitos fixos para unidades:
. predict fe_id, u
. list fe_id
fe_id
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
-171.9429
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
167.6899
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
-10.37068
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
14.62365
. tis id
. iis ano
. qui xtreg y x2 x3, fe
. predict ano_fe, u
. list ano_fe
ano_fe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
28.87476
-6.184439
-50.56469
-40.81604
-88.95282
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
-28.25827
29.01627
38.14917
-4.919267
-9.978021
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
-31.12014
34.75816
35.66232
33.90859
-20.80534
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
-12.544
8.831759
29.81048
47.28172
7.849801
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
28.87476
-6.184439
-50.56469
-40.81604
-88.95282
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
-28.25827
29.01627
38.14917
-4.919267
-9.978021
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
-31.12014
34.75816
35.66232
33.90859
-20.80534
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
-12.544
8.831759
29.81048
47.28172
7.849801
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
28.87476
-6.184439
-50.56469
-40.81604
-88.95282
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
-28.25827
29.01627
38.14917
-4.919267
-9.978021
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
-31.12014
34.75816
35.66232
33.90859
-20.80534
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
-12.544
8.831759
29.81048
47.28172
7.849801
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
28.87476
-6.184439
-50.56469
-40.81604
-88.95282
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
-28.25827
29.01627
38.14917
-4.919267
-9.978021
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
-31.12014
34.75816
35.66232
33.90859
-20.80534
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
-12.544
8.831759
29.81048
47.28172
7.849801
Number of obs
Number of groups
=
=
80
4
R-sq:
20
20.0
20
within = 0.8068
between = 0.7303
overall = 0.7554
Wald chi2(2)
Prob > chi2
Coef.
x2
x3
_cons
.1076555
.3457104
-73.03529
.0168169
.0265451
83.94957
sigma_u
sigma_e
rho
152.15823
75.288894
.80332024
6.40
13.02
-0.87
P>|z|
0.000
0.000
0.384
=
=
317.79
0.0000
.140616
.3977378
91.50284
TESTE LM DE
BREUSH-PAGAN
TESTE DE HAUSMAN
MODELO DE EFEITOS ALEATRIOS
i) Teste de Chow
H0: modelo restrito (pooled)
H1: modelo irrestrito (efeitos fixos)
A estatstica do teste F da linha inferior da estimativa de efeitos fixos, bem como
seu respectivo p-valor indica que o modelo de efeitos fixos melhor que o pool.
. xtreg y x2 x3, fe
Fixed-effects (within) regression
Group variable: id
Number of obs
Number of groups
=
=
80
4
R-sq:
20
20.0
20
within = 0.8068
between = 0.7304
overall = 0.7554
corr(u_i, Xb)
F(2,74)
Prob > F
= -0.1001
Coef.
x2
x3
_cons
.1079481
.3461617
-73.84946
sigma_u
sigma_e
rho
139.05116
75.288894
.77329633
Std. Err.
.0175089
.0266645
37.52291
P>|t|
6.17
12.98
-1.97
0.000
0.000
0.053
=
=
154.53
0.0000
.1428354
.3992918
.9165759
67.11
x2
x3
.1076555
.3457104
(b-B)
Difference
.0002926
.0004513
sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B))
S.E.
.0048738
.0025204
Ho:
Test:
sd = sqrt(Var)
81141.1
5668.418
23152.13
y
e
u
284.8528
75.28889
152.1582
Var(u) = 0
chi2(1) =
Prob > chi2 =
379.08
0.0000
y x2 x3, output
Linear regression
Number of obs =
F( 2,
3) =
Prob > F
=
R-squared
=
Root MSE
=
76
45.61
0.0057
0.4578
65.499
Coef.
Robust
Std. Err.
P>|t|
.0901393
.0168937
5.34
0.013
.0363761
.1439025
.3229579
.1240902
2.60
0.080
-.0719524
.7178683
240.33
0.0000