HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL

(HIRARC)

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Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to: define hazards, danger and risk explain the Risk Assessment process Describe the method of identifying hazards Use the Risk Assessment Matrix Explain the hierarchy of control

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Scopes
Overview of Risk Assessment Planning for Risk Assessment Determine Risk Control

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Overview of Risk Assessment

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Definition
Hazard: A source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.

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Definition
Danger:
Relative exposure to hazard.

Risk:
A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event.

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Risk Assessment
What is Assessment:
The process of evaluating the risk to safety and health arising from hazard at the work place

Risk Assessment result should be documented and use for;

Risk Control in the OSH Management Future reference and review

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Why Carry Out Risk Assessment

Requirement of the Law;

OSHA 1994 CIMAH Regulation 1996 USECHH Regulation 2000

Give organisation a more effective way of managing hazards

Requirement of OSH Management System;

MS 1722 2003 OSHASS 18001-

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Risk Assessment Should Be Carry Out For

Routine and Non-Routine activities including emergencies Activities of all personnel having access to the workplace (including sub-contractors and visitors) Facilities at the workplace whether provided by organisation or others.

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When To Carry Out Risk Assessment Before operation During operation After operation

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When To Review Risk Assessment

Type of review
Initial review Periodic review

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When To Review Risk Assessment

Whenever there are changes;
Internal
Before modification, change or introduce of new;
Machinery Material Process Work procedure

External

New or amendment of national law Development of new knowledge or technologies

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Who To Carry Out Risk Assessment

Person or persons who was trained to identify hazard and to assess the risk
In some case, legally Competent Person - i.e: CHRA

Consultation with and involvement of the workers;

SHC members Workers or their representatives

Involvement of managers and supervisors

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Basic Components Of Risk Management

Hazard Identification

Review

Risk Assessment

Risk Control
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The Process of Risk Management

Start Classify Activities (Work, Product, Services, Activities) Identify Hazards Assess the Risk Risk Control Review Adequacy of Risk Control
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

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SOURCE OF HAZARD
Man Machinery Material Method Media
- Unsafe Acts - Installation, layout and design of the equipment - substance such as chemicals or gases use in the workplace - the way people carry out their work - Workplace condition such as air quality, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.

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5M

Relationships

Machine

Method

Man

Media

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HAZARDS AT WORK
CHEMICAL HAZARDS Gas/vapour dust fumes PHYSICAL HAZARDS

mechanical
electrical ergonomic noise/ vibration height heat pressure

PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

sexual harassment
stress Family drug / alcohol
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BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

bacteria / virus
vegetable dust
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Pre-Assessment Information Gathering

Information
on facilities, process and activities of the organisation include; Area map (layout) Site plan(s) own and neighbor Process Flow-Chart Inventory of material (raw material, chemical, waste, finished and by-product) e.g. Chemical register Toxicology data and other safety and health data Monitoring data (noise, dust, vibration, lighting etc)

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Pre-Assessment Classifying Work Activities

Geographical area within/ outside the premise
Stages in the production process or in the provision of service Defined the task (e.g. driver, window cleaner, operator, welder etc) Identify the work groups Land and property use previous and future

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Method of Identifying Hazard

Review of document and publications
Inspection and observation of workplace Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the environment or medical surveillance of the workers Hazard analysis (JSA / JHA)

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Document Review
Report of incidents, accidents & audit report Information from the publications; Acts, Regulations and C.O.P Statistics Incidents and complaints Handbooks, Guidelines, Manual CSDS / MSDS

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Inspection and Observation

Type of Inspections Formal informal Documentation Inspection checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record)

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Inspection and Observation

Activities to involve manager, supervisor and workers (SHC members)

Inspection outcomes Follow-up

to include action and time frame

to ensure effectiveness

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Exposure Monitoring
Type of monitoring Area Personal

Monitoring of;

Noise Heat / ventilation Radiation Air contaminant (Fume, dust) Chemical (CHRA)

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Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular

measurement activity selected validated indicator of the uptake of toxic substances in human body are determined in order to prevent health impairment. The monitoring could entail examination of blood, urine, saliva and expired air.

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Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring commonly feature in health or medical surveillance of person expose to hazardous environment especially complying to legal requirement. i.e. USECHH Reg., Lead Reg. Mineral Dust Reg. and Asbestos Reg.

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Medical Surveillance
Medical or health surveillance is

warranted if;

Substance is use in the workplace Substance is hazardous Evidence or reason to suspect injury Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

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Hazard Analysis
Method use: (example) Job Safety Analysis Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP) Fault Tree Analysis

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Job Safety Analysis

Method use: (example)
Job describe in less than 10 steps Action verb use to describe job List thing that can go wrong Note: The term JSA include the formulation of safe work procedures (SOP) using written instruction for workers (DO and DONT) Ideally all job should have JSA

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Hazard An Operability Studies (HAZOP)

To identify and evaluate safety hazard in the process plant To identify operability problem New design and process Multidisciplinary brainstorming What if questionnaire method Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.

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Fault Tree Analysis

to analyse how and why incident could occur graphic technique trace branches of event to calculate probability of end event
Incident

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Risk Assessment

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Risk Assessment
approach;

Qualitative Risk Assessment Quantitative Risk Assessment

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Determining Likelihood Of Occurrence

Base on statistic & Data, Professional judgment

Determine likelihood categories;

. Highly Likely -- Could happen frequently . Likely . Unlikely -- Could happen occasionally -- Could happen, but only rarely

. Highly Unlikely -- Could happen

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Determining Severity
Severity

in term of:

Injury or harm to health Damage the property Damage the environment Combination of above
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Determining Severity
Determine Severity Categories. i.e.

FATAL MAJOR INJURIES - Normally irreversible injury or

damage to health requiring extended time off work to recover

MINOR INJURIES - Typically a reversible injury or

damage to health need several days away from work to recover.

NEGLIGIBLE INJURIES - Would require first aid

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and may need the remainder of the work period or shift off before being able to return to work.
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QUALITATIVE RISK TABLE

CONSEQUANCE
HIGHLY LIKELY

LIKELIHOOD
LIKELY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM UNLIKELY HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW HIGHLY UNLIKELY HIGH MEDIUM LOW LOW

FATAL
SERIUOS INJURY MINOR INJURY NEGLIGIBLE INJURY

HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM

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QUANTITAVE RISK ASSESSMENT

Determine severity categories. i.e.

4 : Fatality and permanent disability 3 : more then 4 days MC 2 : less than 4 days MC 1 : First Aids and near miss

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QUANTITAVE RISK ASSESSMENT

Determine likelihood of occurrence. i.e.

4 : Daily 3 : weekly 2 : monthly 1 : yearly

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ASSESS THE RISK

Evaluate the Exposure
Persons (How Many) Period (How Long)

Number of people exposed to the hazard

Very Rare -- Once per year or less Rare -- A few times per year Unusual -- Once per month Occasional -- Once per week Frequent -- Daily Continuous -- Constantly

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QUANTITATIVE RISK TABLE

CONSECUENCE
First Aids & N. Miss

LIKELIHOOD
Yearly
1

Monthly
2

Weekly
3

Daily
4

SEVERITY

2 < 4 days MC 3 > 4 days MC 4

12

Fatal & Per. disability

8
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RISK CONTROL

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DICISION FOR ACTION CONTROLLING LOSS

All risks must be reduced RISK High

As
Low

UNACCEPTABLE REDUCE FURTHER IF POSSIBLE

As Reasonably Practicable.

Medium

Low

DESIRABLE

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL Control:

the measures we take to eliminate the hazard or reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

Hierarchy of Control:

the order in which controls should be considered when selecting methods of controlling a risk.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination
The best method of dealing with a hazard is to eliminate or remove it. Once the hazard has been eliminated the potential for harm has gone.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL FAIRLY EFFECTIVE Substitute

This involves substituting a dangerous equipment, process or substance with one that less dangerous. This may not be as satisfactory as elimination as there may still be a risk (even if it is reduced).

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

FAIRLY EFFECTIVE

Isolate & Engineering Control

Separate or isolate the hazard from people. This method has its problems in that the hazard has not been removed . The guard, fence or separation device is always at risk of being removed

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control
Usually involve modification of the likelihood of an accident happening. This can be done by reducing the number of people exposed to the danger reducing the amount of time exposed.
Work rotation Training Instruction Information Supervision Safe Work Practices Signage
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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Provision of personal protective equipment should only be considered when all other control methods are impractical, or to increase control when used with another method higher up in the hierarchy.

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Deciding Effective Control

NO
Is the task necessary?

ELIMINATE THE TASK

YES

OPTIONS
NO
Is risk reduction by isolating the task or redesign the process practicable?

Is risk reduction by substituting with less hazardous method/material practicable?

YES NO
Is risk reduction by administrative job rotation /training practicable?

+
YES

Risk is reduced by wearing and using suitable PPE

YES

YES

YES

YES

OPTIONS

OPTIONS

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OPTIONS

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LIMITATIONS OF PPE
Hazard still exists. Protection to the wearer only. If the protective equipment is defective or becomes ineffective, the user becomes exposed to hazard. Introduce additional hazard. May not be suitable for continuous use. May not be always worn properly. May transfer hazard to another location.
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Consideration Use of PPE

As an interim measure
impracticable application of other control measures; Complementary to other control measures

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REVIEW
Are the process working effectively to identify hazards and assess the risk? Are control measures eliminated the hazards or reduced the risk? Are the control measures introduced any new hazards?

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CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review not a task that is completed and then forgotten about. Hazard identification should be properly documented even in the simplest of situations Risk assessment should include a careful assessment of both likelihood and consequence. Control measures should conform to the recommendations of the hierarchy of control. The risk management process is an on going one.

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