6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved.

1
Physics 2C
Fluid Motion
Gases, liquids, pressure, statics,
dynamics, Bernouli.
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 2
Two kinds of fluids
Fluids easily deform to any shape
Liquids
incompressible
high density, high
viscosity
surface tension
Gases
compressible
low density, low viscosity
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 3
Pressure
Is pressure a vector, or a scalar?
Pressure is constant in a horizontal plane
F
W
For constant density:
depth
W mg Ahg F PA
P gh where h

= = = =
=
A
h
P(h+dh)
dW dh
P(h)
For variable density:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
P h dh P h h g dh
P h dh P h h g dh
dP
h g
dh

+ = +
+ =
=
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 4
Pascals Law
A pressure added anywhere is felt everywhere
A force amplifier: a fluid lever
How is energy conserved?
F
1
A
1
F
2
A
2
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 5
Gauge pressure
We live in a world of 100 kPa
(1 bar, or ~15 psi)
Feels like nothing to us
When we inflate tires to 30 psi, thats
over and above the 15 psi outside
The absolute pressure is 45 psi
The pressure difference is 30 psi
The tire gauge reads the difference:
30 psi
The difference between absolute
and ambient pressure is called
gauge pressure
Can be negative
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 6
Absolute pressure outside at 35 kft =
0.25 atm, in plane = 0.75 atm (8 kft).
What is gauge pressure inside plane?
A -0.25 atm
B 0.25 atm
C 0.5 atm
D 0.75 atm
E 1.0 atm
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 7
In a plane at 35,000 feet, cabin
gauge pressure is ~0.5 atm
Jamie and Adam simulate flight by pressurizing the
plane to 0.5 atm gauge, on the ground
Then, they shoot a hole
through a window, to
see if things get sucked
out of it
Is this valid?
Shooting a hole in a plane
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 8
Archimedes Principle: buoyancy
Net of fluid pressure forces is upward
Magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced
Like negative gravity
But gravity still acts on object
What happens if
object
<
fluid
?
buoyancy:
upward force
W
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 9
A canoe floats in a swimming pool.
Which raises the water more: throwing
a penny in the canoe, or the water?
A in the canoe
B in the water
C doesnt matter
D depends if the water is salt or fresh
E depends if the penny is solid copper, or one
of the new, cheap zinc pennies
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 10
A canoe floats in a swimming pool.
Which raises the water more:
throwing a block of wood in the canoe,
or in the water where it floats?
A in the canoe
B in the water
C doesnt matter
D depends if the water is salt or fresh
E depends if the penny is solid copper, or one
of the new, cheap zinc pennies
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 11
My daughters helium balloon floats in
the car. I make a hard left, and we
both get thrown right. Which way
does the balloon float?
A left
B stays where it is
C right
D down
E through the roof
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 12
Center of buoyancy
Buoyant force acts as if located at center of
buoyancy
center of buoyancy is the center of gravity of the
displaced fluid
analogous to center of gravity, but upward
Does this boat capsize, or is it stable?
center of
gravity
center of
buoyancy
displaced
fluid
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 13
If the boat tips counter-clockwise,
which way is the torque?
A counter-clockwise
B there is no torque
C clockwise
center of
gravity
center of
buoyancy
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 14
Stability and center of buoyancy
High CB provides stability
CB above CG makes a restoring torque
CB below CG accelerates roll, capsizes
But ...
center of
gravity
center of
buoyancy
unstable stable
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 15
Stability, with high CG
It is possible to have CB below CG, and still be stable
Shape the hull so that the CB changes as the boat
rolls
Used by large commercial, industrial, and military vessels
and kayaks
Why?
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 16
Kayaks and such
Restoring torque vs. heel angle
constant waterline width
degrees of heel
r
e
s
t
o
r
i
n
g

t
o
r
q
u
e
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 17
What happens if I roll the round-
bottom boat (red) to 65
o
and let it
go?
constant waterline width
degrees of heel
A it rolls back upright
B it stays where it is
C it capsizes
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 18
Fluid flow
Traced by streamlines
Streamlines trace the path of one fluid point
High density lines = high speed
Low density lines = low speed
Flow tubes are imaginary enclosures around fluid
flow, bounded by streamlines
Fluid does not cross the flow tube
In steady state, the mass in any volume is constant
s
t
r
e
a
m
l
i
n
e
flowtube
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 19
Continuity (steady flow):
What goes in, must come out
Incompressible fluid has conservation of volume
In steady state, volume flow rate is
everywhere constant
Compressible fluid has conservation of mass
In steady state, mass flow rate is everywhere constant
Incompressible fluid also has
conservation of mass, but
is constant
1 1 1 2 2 2
constant v A v A = =
1 1 2 2
constant v A v A = =
high density
low
density
A
1
A
2
A
1
A
2
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 20
Bernoullis equation
Incompressible fluid, is constant, steady state
Energy is conserved
PAx = Work, V = Ax, so
P = W/V is Work per unit volume
Book says P is internal energy of fluid. I dont buy it.
Fluid is incompressible, so no elastic PE
The only energy in fluid is KE and gravitational PE
Energy in = Work done + KE + PE = energy out
all per unit volume
P
2
P
1
2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
1
2
1
constant
2
P v gy
P v gy


+ +
= + + =
v
1
v
2
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 21
How to drain a water bed
Not very water efficient
Why does it work?
from
waterbed
6/10/2011 Copyright 2011 Eric L. Michelsen. All rights reserved. 22
Venturi flowmeter
More quantitative use of continuity and
Bernoulis equations
merc
P g h A = A
A
1
A
2
1
2 1
2
A
v v
A
=
( )
2 2
1 2 2 1
2
2 1
1
2
1 1
0
2 2
1
1
2
fluid fluid
fluid
P P v v y
A
P v
A

= A =
(
| |
(
A =
|
(
\ .

manometer
(pressure
meter)