Pure Mathematics – Calculus p.

1
King’s College
2007 – 2008 F.6 Pure Mathematics
Revision Test 10 Suggested Solution
x 1− t2 2dt
1. Let t = tan . Then, cos x = and dx = .
2 1+ t 2
1+ t2
⎛ ⎛ x⎞⎞
⎜ tan⎜ ⎟ ⎟
dx 2dt 2 ⎛ t ⎞ 2 −1 ⎜ ⎝2⎠⎟+C
∫ 2 + cos x = ∫ 3 + t 2
=
3
tan −1 ⎜⎜
⎝
⎟⎟ + C =
3⎠ 3
tan
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

ln ( tan 3 x + cos 4 x ) 3 sec 2 x − 4 sin 4 x 3− 0

lim(tan 3 x + cos 4 x ) = e
1 lim lim l
2. (a) x
x →0 x
=e x →0 tan 3 x + cos 4 x
= e 0+1 = e 3
x →0

(b) Note that

2004 + x + x 2004 + x − x
cos 2004 + x − cos x = −2 sin sin
2 2
2004 + x + x 1002
= −2 sin sin for all x > 0
2 2004 + x + x
1002
So, 0 ≤ cos 2004 + x − cos x ≤ 2 sin for all x > 0.
2004 + x + x
1002
Since 2 sin → 0 as x → ∞ ,
2004 + x + x

(
we have lim cos 2004 + x − cos x = 0 (by Sandwich Theorem).
x →∞
)
Let f ( x ) = cos x for all x > 0.

− sin x
Then, f ' ( x ) = . By Mean Value Theorem, for some ξ ∈ ( x,2004 + x ) , we have
2 x

1002 sin ξ
cos 2004 + x − cos x = f (2004 + x ) − f ( x ) = 2004 f ' (ξ ) = − .
ξ

1
Note that → 0 as ξ → ∞ and sin ξ ≤ 1 for all ξ > 0 .
ξ

1002 sin ξ
Therefore, − → 0 as ξ → ∞ .
ξ

Further note that as x → ∞ , ξ → ∞ .

(
Thus, we have lim cos 2004 + x − cos x = 0 .
x →∞
)
Pure Mathematics – Calculus p.2

∫ sec θdθ = ∫ sec θd tan θ = sec θ tan θ − ∫ tan 2 θ sec θdθ = sec θ tan θ − ∫ sec 3 θdθ + ∫ sec θdθ
3
3.

So we have
sec θ tan θ 1 sec θ tan θ 1
∫ sec θdθ = + ∫ sec θdθ = + ln sec θ + tan θ + C , where C is a constant.
3

2 2 2 2

1
4. Note that − 1 ≤ sin ≤ 1 for all x ≠ 0 .
x
1
So we have − sin x ≤ sin x sin ≤ sin x for all x ≠ 0 .
x

Since lim(− sin x ) = 0 = lim sin x , we have lim sin x sin

1
= 0 (by Sandwich Theorem).
x →0 x →0 x →0 x
1
Note that sin ≤ 1 for all x ≠ 0 and lim sin x = 0 .
x x →0

1
Thus, we have lim sin x sin =0
x →0 x

5. (a) (i) h(a) = f(a) – f(a) – 0 = 0

h(b) = f(b) – f(a) – (f(b) – f(a)) = 0
h(b ) − h(a )
(ii) By Mean Value Theorem, there exists β ∈ (a, b ) such that h' (β ) = = 0.
b−a
f (b ) − f (a )
Now, we have h' (β ) = f ' (β ) − g ' (β ) = 0 .
g (b ) − g (a )
f ' (β ) f (b ) − f (a )
Since g ' (β ) ≠ 0 , thus we have = .
g ' (β ) g (b ) − g (a )
(b) Note that F and G are differentiable in R, G (x ) ≠ G (c ) and G ' (t ) ≠ 0 for all t ∈ I .
F ' (γ ) F (c ) − F ( x )
By (a)(ii), there exists γ ∈ I such that = .
G ' (γ ) G (c ) − G ( x )

However, F(x) = u(x) – u(x) – 0 = 0 and G (x ) =

( x − x)
2
= 0.
2
F ' (γ ) F (c )
So, there exists γ ∈ I , such that = .
G ' (γ ) G (c )
Also, F ' (t ) = −u ' (t ) = u ' ' (t )( x − t ) + u ' (t ) = −u ' ' ( x − t ) .
Moreover, G ' (t ) = −(x − t ) .
Therefore, we have F ' (γ ) = −u ' ' ( x − γ ) and G' (γ ) = −( x − γ ) .
− u ' ' (γ )( x − γ ) u (x ) − u (c ) − u ' (c )( x − c )
So we have = .
− (x − γ ) ( x − c )2
2
u ' ' (γ )
Thus, we have u ( x ) = u (c ) + u ' (c )(x − c ) + ( x − c )2 .
2
Pure Mathematics – Calculus p.3
(c) (i) v(0 )

= lim v(x )
x →0

⎛ ⎛ v( x ) ⎞ ⎞
= lim⎜⎜ x⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ (since v is continuous at 0)
x →0
⎝ ⎝ x ⎠⎠

( )
x →0
⎛
= lim x ⎜ lim
⎝
v( x ) ⎞
x →0 x
⎟
⎠
=0

v( x ) − v(0) v(x )
v' (0) = lim = lim = 2006
x →0 x−0 x →0 x

(ii) Case 1: x = 0
LHS = v(0) = 0 (by (c)(i))
2
RHS = (2006)(0) + 0 = 0
So, the inequality holds for x = 0.
Case 2: x ≠ 0
Putting u = v and c = 0 in the latter result of (b), there exists d ∈ ℜ such that
v' ' (d ) 2 v' ' (d ) 2
v( x ) = v(0 ) + v' (0)x + x = 2006 x + x ≥ 2006 x + x 2 .
2 2
By combining the above two cases, v( x ) ≥ 2006 x + x 2 for all x ∈ ℜ .
Since v' ' (t ) ≥ 2 for all t ∈ ℜ , we have
Case 1: x ≥ 0

∫ v' ' (t )dt ≥ ∫ 2dt

s s
for all s ≥ 0
0 0

v' (s ) − v' (0) ≥ 2 s

v' (s ) ≥ 2s + 2006
v' (s )ds ≥ ∫ (2s + 2006 )ds
x x
∫ 0 0

v( x ) − v(0) ≥ x 2 + 2006 x
v( x ) ≥ 2006 x + x 2

Case 2: x < 0

v' ' (t ) ≥ 2 for all t ∈ ℜ

∫ v' ' (t )dt ≥ ∫

0 0
2dt for all s ≥ 0
s s

v' (0) − v' (s ) ≥ −2 s

− v' (s ) ≥ −(2 s + 2006 )
− ∫ v' (s )ds ≥ − ∫ (2s + 2006 )ds
0 0

x x

− v(0 ) + v( x ) ≥ x 2 + 2006 x
v( x ) ≥ 2006 x + x 2

By combining the above two cases, v( x ) ≥ 2006 x + x 2 for all x ∈ ℜ .