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  • Eternity

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    api-3807983
    35 vizualizări21 pagini
    The document outlines the evolution and eventual death of the Sun over billions of years. It begins with the Sun in a stable state fusing hydrogen. Eventually, the core will run out of hydrogen and the Sun will expand into a red giant, enveloping the orbits of planets. Later, the Sun will throw off its outer layers and shrink into a white dwarf. Over time, the white dwarf will cool and the solar system will become unstable, with planets potentially colliding or being flung out of the galaxy, leaving the Earth utterly alone.

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    PowerPoint for the presentation "From Here to Eternity".

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    The document outlines the evolution and eventual death of the Sun over billions of years. It begins with the Sun in a stable state fusing hydrogen. Eventually, the core will run out of hydrogen and the Sun will expand into a red giant, enveloping the orbits of planets. Later, the Sun will throw off its outer layers and shrink into a white dwarf. Over time, the white dwarf will cool and the solar system will become unstable, with planets potentially colliding or being flung out of the galaxy, leaving the Earth utterly alone.

    Drepturi de autor:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PPS, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    35 vizualizări21 pagini

    Eternity

    Încărcat de

    api-3807983
    The document outlines the evolution and eventual death of the Sun over billions of years. It begins with the Sun in a stable state fusing hydrogen. Eventually, the core will run out of hydrogen and the Sun will expand into a red giant, enveloping the orbits of planets. Later, the Sun will throw off its outer layers and shrink into a white dwarf. Over time, the white dwarf will cool and the solar system will become unstable, with planets potentially colliding or being flung out of the galaxy, leaving the Earth utterly alone.

    Drepturi de autor:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PPS, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 21

    From

    Here to
    Eternity
    Lee Angelina Ka Yan
    Wong Ka Wing
    Outline
     Runaway Moist Greenhouse

     Balance in Sun

     Red Giant

     Death throes

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 2


    Runaway Moist Greenhouse
     Huge amount of CO2 is being released
     Temperature increases
     H2O vaporized

     Water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas


     Temperature increases further

     More H2O vaporized

     Process goes on until the oceans boil dry


    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 3
    Runaway Moist Greenhouse
     Too hot for water vapor to condense in
    troposphere (lowest layer of atmosphere)
     Water vapor goes up to reach
    stratosphere (where the ozone layer is)
     Water vapor is subject to photolysis

    γ
    H 2O( g ) 
    → 2H ( g ) + O ( g )

     Hydrogen atoms produced


    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 4
    Runaway Moist Greenhouse
     Escape velocity for Earth is
    2GM E
    vescape =
    RE

    The numerical value is 11.2 km s-1


     The distribution of hydrogen atoms is
    3
    mv 2
     m  −
    N ( v ) = 4πN 0 
    2
    2
     ve 2 kT

     2πkT 
    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 5
    Runaway Moist Greenhouse
     Portion of hydrogen escape from Earth is
    3
    mv 2
    N  m  2 ∞ −
    = 4π  ∫
    2
     ve 2 kT
    dv
    N0  2πkT  vescape

    The numerical value for 673 K is 0.0055%


     All hydrogen escape in 1.8 billion years
     Earth will lost all the water

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 6


    Balance in Sun
     For the time being, Sun exists in a stable,
    settled balance state
     Slight contraction of the Sun increases its
    central density
     Temperature increases and speed up the
    nuclear fusion reactions
     Extra heat make the Sun expand back out

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 7


    Balance in Sun
     Slight expansion cools the interior
     The nuclear fusion reactions slow down
     Slowing energy production makes the Sun
    to re-contract
     The Sun is in stable, settled balance state
    for 90% of its life time

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 8


    Red Giant
     Most of the hydrogen gas in the core of
    the Sun undergoes fusion
     The core becomes mostly helium and is
    surrounded by hydrogen layers
     Energy production rate decreases
     The core contracts due to gravity

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 9


    Red Giant
     The gas in the core is compressed
     Temperature of the core increases
     Ignite the nuclear fusion of hydrogen gas
    in the shell just outside the core
     Hydrogen-burning shell pushes the outer
    layer outward
     Rapid expansion of the Sun causes it to
    become more luminous
    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 10
    Red Giant
     The Sun will swell to
    more than 200 times
    its current size
     Luminosity is

    L = 4πR 2σT 4

    The Sun becomes


    more luminous

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 11


    Red Giant
     The Sun begins to
    blow off a strong wind
    that carry a quarter of
    the solar mass
     The Sun loses a
    quarter of gravitation
    pull
     Orbits of planets
    expand outward

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 12


    Red Giant
     Tides act on the Sun
    due to the planets
     Self-rotation of Sun is
    slower than the orbital
    motion of Earth
     The Sun will track the
    position of the Earth
    in orbit

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 13


    Red Giant
     Tides act on the Sun
    due to the planets
     Self-rotation of Sun is
    slower than the orbital
    motion of Earth
     The Sun will track the
    position of the Earth
    in orbit

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 14


    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 15
    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 16
    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 17
    Death Throes
     Sun becomes a red giant for a second time
     Sun will throw off its massive outer layers
    completely to form a planetary nebula

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 18


    Death Throes
     Sun becomes a tiny white dwarf
     Jupiter and Saturn are too massive to
    interact with the solar system
    gravitationally in a serious way
     Our solar system becomes chaotic system
     Objects would be colliding, being flung
    away to interstellar space, or falling onto
    the Sun
    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 19
    Death Throes
     IfEarth survived, it would orbit the white
    dwarf quietly and stably
     Sun would cool closed to absolute zero
     At this time, the Milky Way would have
    already merged with the Andromeda
    Galaxy to form a large elliptical galaxy

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 20


    Death Throes
    A random white-dwarf remnant to pass
    close enough to tear Earth from its orbit
    and send it loose into the now-dark galaxy
     If Earth can avoid collision with central
    black hole, passing stellar remnants would
    fling it out of the galaxy completely
     Cosmic expansion carry the galaxy away
     Earth would become utterly alone

    1 March, 2008 From Here to Eternity 21

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