Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Toshio Fukuda
Department of Micro System Engineering, Nagoya University,
Furo-cho. Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0 1, Japan
I Reflector
Water
n
n
and very intense at a narrow region near the center of curvature.
The sound pressure distributes concentrically in the focal plane
n
-
perpendicular to the sound beam axis. The diameter of the first A=0.86mm
n
nodal circle Id in the plain is given by
f=l.75MHz
- 4 Transducer I
(4) .20mm'
F I G . 3 . E x p e r i m e n t a l a p p a r a t u s f o r t r a p p i n g of p a r t i c l e s i n a n
ultrasonic standing wave field.
where R is radius of the transducer and $is radius of curvature.
It is known that 84% of total acoustic power passes through this
narrow region 11 I]. Hence, if the focal length of a transducer is
the same order as the radius of the transducer, most of the
sound energy is concentrated in the narrow region of the order
of wavelength and selective action of acoustic radiation force is
realized using high-frequency ultrasound.
3. EXPERIMENTS
436
standing wave fields of plane transducers were generated particles were filliped. This force can be used to exert intense
crossing at a right angle to each other and the ratio of voltages force on a specific micro object and to transport it.
applied to each transducer was changedl. Details of
agglomeration near the crossing point are shown in Fig. 6. 3.4 Transportation Using a Focused Standing Wave Field
They transmitted 1.75-MHz ultrasound and the distance Standing wave field is also established using a concave
between agglomerations was 0.43 mm. (a) is the case when transducer and placing a reflector at the focal point. Although
vertical force is dominant compared to the horizontal one. If the intense sound field to trap particles was limited to a narrow
both forces are comparable to each other, the agglomeration region near the focal point, particles were agglomerated one-
forms grid as seen in (b). As the voltage applied to the dimensionally along the sound-beam axis near the reflector.
horizontal transducer increases, the agglomeration changes like Changing frequency altered the distance between agglomerated
(c). particles and {.heparticles were transported.
Figure I3 shows behavior of the trapped particles for the
3.3 TransportationUsing Focused Radiation Pressure frequency changes from f to f + A f . Distance between
Transportation for a long distance is realized using a agglomerated particles is half wavelength, and it varies as the
traveling wave field. Although the acoustic radiation pressure frequency changes. When the frequency increases, trapped
of a traveling wave is weak compared to that of a standing particles move upward. The distance of transportation can be
wave, convergence of ultrasound will generate intense force estimated as follows. The distance of the n-th agglomerated
acting in a micro region. Since ultrasound is easily focused particles from the reflector is given by
using a concave transducer, selective manipulation would be
possible. Figure 7 shows the action of focused radiation
1, = ( 2 n - l);t/4
pressure of traveling ultrasound on particles trapped in a -- (2n -- l>C, / 4 f , (5)
vertical standing wave field. Focused ultrasound of 5.60 MHz
cw was radiated from a concave transducer of 20 mm in diameter where f is frequency of ultrasound. When the frequency
and 40 mm in focal length set in the horizontal direction. When changes from f to f+ Af, the n-th particle is transported from
the focal point coincided with trapped particles, only limited l , ( f >to l,(f+ 4f)‘
or,
Reflector
FIG.7. Transportation of trapped particles applying focused radiation pressure of traveling ultrasound
437
the resolution to the order of sub-micron can be achieved easily
by reducing the frequency step.
438
4. DISCUSSION
439
if the duty ratio is too small, it is not possible to trap particles,
because they begins to move while the ultrasound pauses. In Large 1 /
/
this experiment, 5% and 2% correspond to this case. Namely, m
- a,
there is an optimum value in the duty ratio for the trapping of 0
'5 Trapping Force by
particles. Kl
Acoustic Radiation Pressure
a
5. CONCLUSIONS 0,
e
.-c
0
Utilization of ultrasound to exert force without contact a
a
has been studied experimentally. It was possible to trap 2
0
particles in an ultrasonic standing wave field. The shape of LL Acoustic Streaming
agglomeration was varied using orthogonal standing wave
fields. Applying focused ultrasound on the trapped particles. it Small Large
acted only in a specific region. Standing wave field is also Duty Ratio
established using a concave transducer and placing a reflector FIG. 12. Relation between forces
at the focal point. It was possible to trap particles one- 7n
I"
dimensionally along the sound beam axis of this standing wave -0- 100%
field. The trapped particles were transported by changing the v) 60 * 50%
ultrasonic frequency. The resolution of transportation was - -a- 20%
estimated t o be possible to achieve submicron order by 50 + lOY0
a
reducing the frequency increment. It was also shown that the ? 40
column of trapped particles were separated and transported 0
+ 2%
oppositely by using an appropriate value of frequency 30
increment. Although intense ultrasound generates acoustic
streaming, it was possible to avoid its influence using a burst
wave.
5z o O [ I
= 10
I
1 1 1
0
3 6 9 12 1 5 18 21 24 27 30
REFERENCES
Voltage Applied t o the transducer (Vp-p)
FIG.13 Changes of the number of trapped agglomeratlon.
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440