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Lecture 1
We begin with the earliest and most remote origins of time, life and social
dynamics.
Socio-Gravitism
deals with the origin of people inner traits and social dynamics: Why these cannot be explained by the undisputed dynamics that rule physics and chemistry? Is there a physico-chemical cause-and-effect that has given rise to some destructive forces of humanity? What should be the most reliable science that best explains socio-phenomena during all historical times?
The
methodology employed by socio-gravitism is to first search for interconnecting facts that support an optional world outlook provided by minimal subjective pre-suppositions and imposed axioms of current bio-sociology. Though fragments of these facts are scattered throughout the literature on specific biosociolgy problems, there is yet no dedicated professional framework to reliably deal with the re-assessed and redefined socio subject matters.
The socio subject matters have never before been presented as a unified field
of study, partially because it covers a relatively new field of integrated studies, and partially because specialized fragments are scattered throughout the literature on specific problems. As a result, different socio-biologists and historians have approached this subject from widely varying and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing disjointed concepts to what should be a unified methodology.
Consequently,
these Lectures depart from traditional, isolated texts in emphasizing the interconnectedness of updated facts in different and apparently unrelated disciplines. Thus, in trying to develop the new methodology, we refrain from repeating isolated analyses, and, instead, stress the integrated consequences from the point of view of reliable physics and chemistry that, combined with undisputed, verifiable factual evidence, is termed Gravitism.
While Prigogine won the Noble Prize in chemistry for his formalism in
converting symmetry Dynamics into Irreversible Thermodynamics [18], he did not really tell us how irreversible changes in living and non-living systems emerge from the reversible mathematical equations of physics. In turn, as we had debated in public during the historic Pittsburgh Conference on Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics [18], Relativistic Gravitism [12-17] is asserted to be superior for it draws the same results [17, Lecture VI] from two undisputed, reliable and independent sources:
We therefore also claimed that there should not be any fundamental need to resort to the essentially anthropomorphic concept entropy, which is neither mass-energy, nor an equal member of EFE and gravity physics We therefore concluded that the science of evolving dynamical systems and thermodynamics must only be based on the physically sound, directly measurable, dissipated energy that is directly derivable from the EGR or from Newtonian Gravity, as we had fully derived from EFE in Volume I of Reference 17. But there is another important aspect: Worlwide acclaimed of Prigoigine Lectures and publications on social dynamical systems and chemical communication far from thermodynamic equilibrium, should be reassessed from the point of view of Gravity Thermodynamics, or more precisely, Gravity Physics. This, in part, is done within one of these Lectures.
Fig. 1.1: Gravitism begins with factual evidence on the largest-scale known. It next examines differentiation dynamics that proceed from the expanding voids shown here, the dynamics by which they irreversibly absorb all energy from all supercluster emitters gradually all the way down to HERE-NOW in macro-physico-chemical systems and from there to socio-dynamics.
Fig. 1.2: Gravitism also deals with a few paradoxes in contemporary science, especially the ones involving the crisis about the origin of our time, observed arrows of time, entropy and all irreversibilities in Nature. Its tools are depicted here and defined next by the text.
The 100 million ly scale depicted in Fig. 1.1 is ten times larger than that in Fig.
1.2. (Light Year is the distance electromagnetic waves, including photons as light, travel during 100 million years at 300,000 km/sec.)
Such scales also mean large delay times for light to reach us from the emitters.
Fig. 1.3: Gravitism in Our Neighborhood. Our Neighborhood is home to thousands of galaxies that are all wrapped around by dark SPACE-3 depicted in Fig. 1.2 and in part shown here. (Image Source: NASA/Wikipedia)
Located in the Local Group of about 30 galaxies [picture center], we feel its
coldness each night. But there is much more to say about this information.
Most of the shining galaxies shown are assumed to contain super massive black
hole 6 at their center.
Each Galactic Center that harbors a massive black hole acts as a gigantic
matter-energy sink in the immediate neighborhood of its black hole.
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Black holes are neither universal nor the largest thermodynamic sinks. The gigantic amount of radiation energy poured out from all the shining galaxies
is evenly dispersed in all space directions, and is always proceeding from Space-3 into Space-2.
SPACE-2 wraps all clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.2]. Therefore, only a very small
portion of the wide-spread universal radiation energy reaches and is irreversibly dissipated in such galactic centers, while most of it escapes the limited space of Fig. 1.3.
SPACE-1 wraps all super-clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.2] and is the largests sink
in the universe for all energy that is irreversibly dissipated in it. It is an UNSATURABLE SINK, simply because it is expanding forever at an accelerated pace.
the observed Space-1 expansion the HUBBLE EXPANSION [1-11]) -- the density of radiation energy (Fig. 1.2) in all space would increase with time, eventually reaching the highest temperatures maintained by nuclear fusion4 in all active stellar cores, causing not only our roasting on earth and disintegrations of the all macro structures, but eventual equilibrium throughout all space.
Space-1 expansion is the prime cause of cosmic time. Its expansion is defined
as the Master Arrow of Time, the origin of all observed irreversibilities in Nature. It is also the most universal clock known.
Fig. 1.4: Gravitism in the Earliest World. The dark, ever-expanding, blue spots shown are the earliest differentiation and aggregations recorded by science. Their size and shape billion of years later are shown in Fig. 1.1. (Image
Source: Wikipedia)
The earliest expanding voids shown wrap around the yellow-green-red hot
sources and irreversibly absorbs all the radiation poured into the voids from the gravitationally-condensing, and, therefore, heated material emitters. (Fig. 1.2). This differentiation-aggregation is isotropic and homogeneous.
The
dark cosmological voids shown are not only the first-ever macrodifferentiation in the world, they constitute the central tools of Cosmological Gravitism.
and 1.4, when combined with the physico-chemical dynamics of nuclear fusion (Footnote 4) and supernovae (Footnote 5), unequivocally mean that about the same max temperature characterizes all superclusters shown in Fig. 1.1. Most important, these qualities have been approximately preserved as the universe has expanded from what is shown in Fig. 1.3 to what is shown in Fig. 1.1. Therefore, the dynamics and thermodynamics inside each such a randomly chosen single virtual cell, do represent those of the entire universe. This conclusion is very important because less and less of the observed universe [Fig. 1.1] can be seen with the progress of the accelerated expansion. In short, we harbor no option but to use adiabatic envelopes for we do not see and cannot directly study and analyze the entire universe. Assertion 2: The maximum speed of light is not violated by Hubble expansion. When sectors of the universe expand away from us at speeds higher than the speed of light, that law is not violated. The expansion of the universe generates a large-scale event horizon an observational and theoretical limit for us to see the entire universe; namely, the light from such far away receding emitters is gradually being redshifted until the most remote sources totally disappear from our sights, for ever. Consequently, there is no option but to study adiabatic cosmological cells of the universe, like the one defined in Fig. 1.2 vis--vis Figs. 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4. RECAP: The portion of the universe shown in Fig. 1.1 is shrinking in time, but a nearby selected at random adiabatic cell remains in sight. Thus, much of what we observe in Fig. 1.1 would be unobservable in the future; it would, forever, be a lost case for science.
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11
Group or clustering differences begin on the largest and earliest scales of the
visible universe, as demonstrated by Figs. 1.1 and 1.4.
We next focus on the group dynamics of shining emitters vis--vis the dark-cold
cosmological Voids, as defined by Fig. 1.2.
It
is an undisputed evidence that the dark voids not only expand, but their expansion is accelerated [1-5, 7, 9, 10, 20-52, 55]. This expansion, we assert and discuss below, not only causes the 2nd Law of thermodynamics of living systems [12-16], but via the Einsteinian-Gravity-Physics has generated all life and its diversity. [17 and below].
SUPPLEMENTAL DEFITIONS and the SCEPTICS 1) The pillar of modern astronomy and astrophysics is the empirical HUBBLE LAW. It is based on verified observations since first discovered by Hubble in the 1920s. [1-4, 7, 9, 11, 52, 53, 55]1,2. Hubble Law is marked in Fig. 1.2 as Uo=Hor, where r is the distance from earth to CLUSTER I. Here r represents superclusters or a cluster of galaxies shown in Fig. 1.1, Ho the Hubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity, namely, SPACE-1 expansion. 2) SPACE -1 wraps all superclusters of galaxies.3 It contains all expanding dark voids shown in both Figs. 1.1 and 1.4. It does not, however, includes the non expanding superclusters. 3) SPACE 2 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding clusters of galaxies, galaxies, stars, planets, moons, etc. 4) SPACE-3 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding moon, earth, solar system, and galaxies. [Cf. Figs. 1.2 and 1.3].
12
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The corollary is that, eventually, all energy density gradients depicted in Fig, 1.2 and in the solar system8 -- would vanish, and all processes here and there would stop in what is called the final cold death. Downscaling 1: Said expansion generates the observed large-scale energy-density gradients [Fig. 1.2], which, in turn, generate small-scale stellar and planetary temperature gradients the ones that allow life to emerge and be sustained. [17]. Downscaling 2: Einsteinian gravity is well-approximated by Newtonian Physics as one goes down the scales of size-masses. Accordingly, above a certain size-mass, all is structured by specific gravity, the heaviest components down in the core; the lightest up, at the top. We term this phenomenon gravitationally-induced selectivity or gravitationally-induced survival of the fittest. [Lecture 2]. Downscaling 3: Adiabatic envelopes7 in the observed homogeneous and isotropic universe are always located between any pair of superclusters or clusters of galaxies. [Fig. 1.2]. Collecting all said spots forms Space-1 cells (adiabatic surfaces-envelopes around superclusters or clusters7), each of which evolves as representative of the entire universe that we cannot observe due to the event horizon/Space-1expansion discussed next. These matters bring this Lecture to a close. String theories, black holes, gravitybased linguistics, Limitations of Theories, dark matter and dark energy are treated in other online Lectures.
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FOOTNOTES
1.
Einsteins Gravity Physics. Fundamental physics should the same for all observers, accelerating linearly, rotating, standing on a small astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star. This need provides the basis for using coordinate translators that we call tensors.
EGR is expressed in terms of Einstein local metric tensor and its curved spacetime mathematical derivatives [Volume I, Ref. 17]. Distances deduced theoretically can thus be determined locally between two infinitesimally close points in curved space-time. It is, therefore, an unresolved issue to determine within the framework of each model, how to evaluate large distances between two distant points. The issue should not be confused with the fact that SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] size increases with time. Yet, in debating the validity of each proposed model, one must specify the space-time-curvature -- the curve-path-of-light that connects two such cosmic-apart points. Unfortunately, for the theoretician who wishes to gain support for his own specific model, that determination depends on HIS OWN selected cosmological model. In the Commoving Distance Model, for instance, commoving distances cannot be fixed. In practice, the distance of distant objects are best measured by their luminosity -- which is reduced by the square power of the distance to the radiation source [17] and by the redshifts of their incoming electromagnetic radiation.
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Hubbles astronomical observations prove that all clusters and super-clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.1] are moving away from each other with speeds that are proportional to their distance from each other and , therefore, also from earth. Observations, including the 1964 discovery of the microwave black body radiation, prove that the expansion of SPACE-1 is the same in all directions (isotropic and homogeneous). Isotropic distribution across the sky of distant gamma-ray bursts and of supernovae also support this general conclusion. Our Net Motion in Space is about 400 km/sec. But this motion is not easy to comprehend. The direction of the earths net motion lies in the same plane as its orbit around the sun and at angle of 61 degrees tilted upward [northward] from the plane of the disk-like Milky Way. We travel around the sun at about 30 km/sec. These speeds should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and super-clusters of galaxies away from each other. [R(t) Fig. 1.2]. This is the Hubble expansion. Our galaxy is deviating from this uniform expansion motion by about 600 km/sec.
Fig. 1.5: The Fog visible around this galaxy is composed of millions of stars like our sun a reminder of the scales we discuss [12-18]. All Superclusters are receding away from us -- and from each other -- at great speeds -- the further away they are, the greater is the observed speed. This fact is termed the EXPANDING UNIVERSE. The receding superclusters follow the observationally-based Hubble Law [R(t) in Fig. 1.2]. Spaces 3, 2 and 1 contain the cosmic black-body remnant radiation, stellar photons, neutrinos, antineutrinos, gas, dust, etc. Intra-galactic gas may emit Xrays and other types of radiation. Andromeda (M31) is a member of our Local Group of galaxies. It is characterized by a spiral structure similar to ours, and is located about 2,200,000 light-years away. Andromeda and our galaxy are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial diameter, namely, the size of our local group is about 100 times the size of our galaxy. Our local group includes M31 (Andromeda), M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87 and M89. Radiation pressure on any test-surface facing the lowest radiation-energy density value in the universe [adiabatic envelopes in mid cold Voids of SPACE-1, are less than that exerted by radiation impinging on that test surface from the other side, namely, from the one facing the source of radiation. (This is the familiar phenomenon behind SOLAR SAILS in space research.) The result is the universal driving force for energy transport from all hot radiation sources to cold SPACE-1, whereby the energy-density gradients inside adiabatic envelopes constitute the driving force of all irreversible processes in K for all the energy outpouring into it from all shining sources. SPACE-1 expansion is the prime mover of all irreversible processes in nature. Nature, and of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Conclusion: With or without localized black holes, only expanding, cold, SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] provides us, with the universal, UNSATURABLE SINK, the cause of the 2nd Law.
All active stars generate in their interiors all the basic chemical elements beyond hydrogen and helium; namely, all the heavier basic elements of matter that we observe on earth and in our body and brain. According to both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics, the bigger the mass of a star, the higher are its core pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear fusion processes in its interior [17]. How do we know that? On both fusion and fission scientists know much. Fusion is also the driver of hydrogen-bomb explosions, (not fission as in atomic reactors and in regular atomic weapons). When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of active stars, endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one. (The exothermic reaction generates energy in the stars, while the endothermic one consumes it.) All active stars produce energy through such nuclear fusion.
temperature standard for calibrating distances to far-away galaxies via the absolute luminosity (brightness) method discussed in CPP Volume I [17]. Supernovas extremely bright glow has been studied since 1054, starting from the Crab Nebula. At its center there is a neutron star spewing energy and elementary particles into Space 3, from which they proceed to Space 2 and, eventually, to Space 1. That end is reached when a threshold amount of iron is formed in the interior of a massive star. [CPP, Vol. I]. At that stage all net energy generation inside the star stops and the process reverses into an endothermic one during which energy is consumed. THE COLLAPSE: At this stage the core pressure falls and the doomed star cannot support the gravity-induced weight of its upper layers. This leads to a gigantic collapse-implosion of the entire star structure. A few general-relativistic deterministic options then emerge, depending on the mass and details of the doomed massive star: (i) if the mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of the sun, the star slowly decays into a white dwarf, (ii) if its mass is larger, the formation of an extremely packed neutron star or a black hole is the end result (in which no atomic nuclei structure survives), (iii) a gigantic supernova explosion follows the collapse-implosion by bouncing back from a central dense body [neutron star]. Type Ia supernovae harbor consistent brightness (absolute luminosity) because their progenitor is accreting mass from a nearby star, always imploding into the central neutron star at exactly the same mass -- the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit. [CPP, Volume I]. The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Supernova Program is designed to measure several hundred high-redshifted supernovae. Massive stars: Due to their high, gravity-induced, inner-core pressurestemperatures, massive stars are much faster than smaller stars, like the sun, to exhaust their hydrogen-helium fuel by nuclear fusion. The resulting higher pressures-temperatures in massive stars cause faster releases of fusion energy in the interiors of these stars. From there the energy reaches the outer layers of the star and eventually leaves the star and spreads out in Spaces 3, 2 and, eventually, 1.
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6. Black holes are postulated astronomical local objects that are spread
throughout galaxies and superclusters of galaxies that are wrapped around by non-expanding SPACE-3, or may exist within Spaces 2 and 1. Black holes come into being by gravity and the expansion of unsaturable SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink]. They act as additional unsaturable sinks to that caused by the expansion of SPACE-1. Like stars and galaxies, black holes cannot be formed without SPACE-1-expansion. Astrophysicists expect to detect black holes ranging between roughly the mass of a few suns to ten billion times greater. Such super-massive ones are postulated to be in the center of some extremely bright galaxies, including the Milky Way and quasars. Black holes are LOCAL, general relativistic cosmological sinks for all matterenergy arriving and falling into them. They are postulated to be highly concentrated, local gravity-sinks where the gravity field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. General relativistic cosmology predicts them as one-way sinks in space-time. Some are assumed to be in the center of some galaxies. They may be associated with what is observed and termed quasars. Within a black hole all atomic and sub-atomic structures had already been crushed to become only geometrically-curved space-time. This is due to the extremely strong gravitational field within the black hole. The cause of that total break down of all structures is only gravity. Quasars and black holes. Quasars are assumed to be super massive forms of black holes. Hundreds have been detected by NASA's Spitzer space telescope, which measures infrared light, and by Chandra, which measures X-ray emissions. These quasars are in young (far-away) galaxies that are surrounded by relatively high-density gas that emits X-rays as it is being sucked into and accelerated towards a one-way sink of a massive black hole.
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8. The Solar System is composed of our sun, the orbiting planets, moons,
asteroids, comets, rocks, gases and dust, all bounded together by the COMBINED attractive gravitational field of the sun, our galaxy, our local group of galaxies, our superclusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.3] and the gravitational field of all the masses in the rest of the universe. The sun, like all active stars, is a self-gravitating massive sphere of sub-atomic particles in a state of hot plasma that is pressed-heated by the attractive force of gravity. It accounts for about 99% of the solar system total mass. Its diameter is about 1.392 million km and is slightly larger than of an average star in our Milky Way galaxy. About 74% of the suns mass is hydrogen, with about 25% helium. Gravity-captured debris from previous generations of earlier gas or stars/supernovae, had started to condense and fall into or orbit the sun, gradually structuring the currently observed solar planets.
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During more than half of its present age, the universe did not harbor our solar system. The Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroids, comets, rocks and dust in our community. It is located inside non-expanding Space 3 that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with Spaces 2 and 1. The Solar Systems outer boundary is where the solar wind clashes with other stars-winds emerging from nearby stars. It may form there a gigantic shock wave called heliosphere. Our atmosphere comprises the following gravity-induced layers: Homosphere from sea level to 80km (Troposphere up to about 13km; Ozone layer about 1343km; Stratosphere 13-50km; Mesosphere 50-80km); Thermosphere 80-175 km (dilute Nitrogen 80-15km, Oxygen 105-128km, Helium 128-150km, Hydrogen 150-175km)]. On ATTRIBUTING CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE to acts of humanity: The monotonic increase in (automatically) measured global temperatures does not show the 11-YEARS SOLAR CYCLE during which the sun luminosity changes. These changes are the results of complicated sun-interior convection currents, granulation, magnetic field lines between changing sunspot pairs, huge solar flares, etc.
1.
Such short-time cycles may correspond to the unexplained Little Ice Age that chilled Northern Europe during the late 17th century, suggesting a causal link between solar total luminosity activity and climate change on earth.
2.
There have been 17 or 19 ice ages: From about 3,000,000 years ago until the last one, which gradually ended from about 12,000 to 8000 years ago. These ages have strongly affected ecological systems on earth, and each lasted about 50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting in climate-induced changes in life and all ecological systems.
3.
No Net Suns Energy Remains in Earth: This is the verified result of complicated thermal cycles in our atmosphere and on earths surface. The incoming sun energy [Cf, Solar Wind] is partially reflected [and scattered] from the upper layers of our atmosphere [about 30%] back to non-expanding Space-3, and, eventually, to expanding SPACE-1. Most incoming short-wave energy [about 64%] is reflected back to Spaces 3, 2 and eventually absorbed in the ever expanding VOIDS/SPACE-1 as long-wave
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radiation that results from the suns energy undergoing complex processes in the earths atmosphere and on the earth surface. Thus, all incoming suns energy (plus about 6% of heat from the earths interior], is proceeding further into the depths of Spaces 3, 2 and 1. RECAP: On its way to SPACE-1, the solar wind engulfs earth and the other solar planets. No equivalent amount of this incoming radiation energy remains with earth and the other planets, as many wrongly assume. Part of it is reflected immediately by our upper atmosphere to outer, cold-dark spaces 3, 2 and, eventually, to Space-1. The rest of the solar wind enters our atmosphere, and following complicated thermal-ecological-hydrological cycles it dissipates irreversibly in outer colddark Space 1. The outgoing energy includes additional, small amount of energy from the earths interior. Together with similar solar winds generated by billions of stars in our galaxy, this radiation reaches SPACE 1 -- the unsaturable, limitless, universal sink of all radiation energies pouring into it from all stellar and galactic sources [12-18].
9. Galactic Centers. The center of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It is a source of radio waves that originate from matter heated to millions of degrees K as they fall into a super-massive black hole. Galactic centers of other galaxies may also harbor super massive black holes. These are postulated to be in the range of hundreds of thousands to tens of billions of the mass of the entire solar system. 10. Symmetry-Asymmetry & Super symmetries. These subjects are treated in other Lectures. At this point we only refer to a false primitive symmetry claim that states: If the universe is eternal into the future it must be eternal into the past, or prior to creation [the big-bang], there must have been a symmetric contraction into an all-containing black hole.. As the density had increased during that pre-creation contraction, gigantic black holes are claimed to be formed, and, at the instant of maximum contraction, they had switched to expansion, and only one of them has turned into our expanding universe.
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Upcoming tests at CERN or by the Planck Satellite or by the ground-based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational radiation that are claimed to be associated with such postulated effects, say, on the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation.
11.
Merging-Colliding Galaxies
The fog shown in these colliding galaxies is composed of millions of stars. Our galaxy is predicted by some models to collide with the Andromeda galaxy in about 5 billion years. The rate of galactic collisions was much higher in the past, mainly because the galaxies were closer to each other. Andromedas system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in our local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite. Our satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag DEG, etc.
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Lecture 2
Socio-Gravitism
Many aspects of animals social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-induced environmental variables. Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource monopolization develops in all levels of socio-biological systems.
geological strata are ordered-selected by the specific gravity of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata. Gravity Selection is therefore a key component of Natural selection.
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Gravity is also the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars [See fusion in Lecture I], geological strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books, shelves, houses.
Assertion 1 The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical influences. Even innate patterns" are frequently associated with simple orientation movement in the field of gravitation, i.e., as "up-warddownward" balancing of the biological body vis--vis the gravity pointer. Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via time and the arrow of time.
Additional
examples range from gyroscope inertial changes and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water.
The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception"
("gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bio-accelerometers", "gravity-induced biological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous
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literature has been published on this subject. But what we already know justifies the central role we claim gravity plays in living systems and society.
If
a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.)
Assertion 2 Plants know to grow vertically upward when they start growing in total darkness as seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep mountain slope. As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity vector.
Gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may occur when an organism orients itself by a gravity-induced gradient of density differences or hydrostatic pressure. Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but they are affected by it.
4.
When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social standing, or "lebensraums" involving "well-defined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural food 27 administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to disputes over territories.
One species, or one sex, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce
water ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources. We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of sociobiology. In humans these gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, strategy and wars.
Assertion 4 Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and footnotes. And it takes time to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time that we term Linguistic Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of 28 shelves, files, documents and books in a library introduces order into our life.
Whole
and
constructed on gravity-induced human orientability, concepts, spirituality, art, music, home structure, village structure, wells, canals, boats, trade, agriculture, and even law enforcement by hanging [17].
We train our brain-mind to appreciate gravity-induced, configuration-orderorientation and reject chaos and disorder. In short, we reject what does not well align with gravity-induced posture, standing and sitting modes. Our brain-mind searches for what is 'right' via gravitationally induced symmetries and asymmetry standards. Each picture we observe, and each letter-symbol, word and sentence that we read, or hear, forms in our brain-mind a specific aggregated, configuration-boundary, -- a gravity-oriented asymmetry. Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence generates such an aggregated, configuration-boundary-asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it had been irreversibly recorded and compared with what had been forced on our brain-mind by previous forces of our education; -- the STANDARDS at home, school, social group, tribe, nation, religion or a specific branch of civilization. Time reversal of musical notes destroys our pleasure. One cannot enjoy it if it is played in reverse. The structure and modulation of voice and the sentences a human mind seeks to identify with are similarly affected.
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The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out
to external physical influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of order and information in all non-living and living systems. Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.
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Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluid
that moves, by gravity force, with respect to the gravity vector and activates a system that transmits linear and rotational motions vis--vis the gravity vector to the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through the brainstem to our brain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation, coordination and movement. The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular canals, which are used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that
control our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.
Gravity
causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunity system. Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate into mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space crafts. The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector its size increases in larger local gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot. Without the gravity force-field they float around and perish. When animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis--vis the reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier lifeforms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like configuration. Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve
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RECAP:
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them. Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given written language. Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-induced structures as reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth, ocean, etc. Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluidparticles systems inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential and their cytoskeletons.
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controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, geological uplifts, valleys, village and city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.
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References
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