EXPERIMENT 1 : HEAT CONDUCTION

The heat conduction unit consist of electrically heated module mounted on a bench support frame. The module contains a cylindrical metal bar arrangement for a variety of linear conduction experiments. Test section is equipped with an array of temperature sensors. Cooling water, to be supplied from a standart laboratory tap, is fed to one side of the test pieces in order to maintain a steady gradient. The instrumentation permits accerate measurement of temperature and power supply. Fast response temperature probes, with a resolution of 0.1C, give direct digital readout in C. The power control circuit provides continuously variable electrical output of 0-100 Watts with direct readout.

Linear Module :
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction is most simply demonstrated with the linear conduction module. This coprises a heat input section manufacturated from brass fitted with an electrical heater, Three thermistor temperature sensors are installed at 10mm intervals along the working section wihch has a diameter of 25mm. A seperate heat sink section, also of brass, is cooled at one end by running water whilst its working section is also fitted with thermistor temperature sensors at 10mm intervals. The heat input section and the heat sink section may be clamped directly together to form a continuous brass bar with temperature sensors at 10mm intervals. Section is a 30mm length of the same material(brass) and is the same diameter as the heat input and heat sink sections, and is again fitted with thermistor sensors at 10mm intervals. This section is shown clamped between the two basic section and so forms a relatively
long uniform bar with nine regularly spaced temperature sensors. Heat losses from the linear module are reduced to a minimum by a heat resistant casing enclosing an air space around the module. The thermistor temperature sensors are connected ta a miniature plugs fitted to the casing and connection from the sensors to the digital temperature gradients can be readily plotted from rapidly acquired data. The temperature selector switch on the front panel of the electrical console permitsany of the nine temperature to be displayed

EXPERIMENT
Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipet o drain. This should be checked at intervals. Rotate the heater power control on the electrical console to the fully anticlockwise position. Set the mains ON/OFF switch ON position when the digital readouts will be illuminated. The temperature will be indicated on the temperature readout Set the heater power on the wattmeter Select temperature 1 on selector switch

 The temperature will now increase as the end of the linear module is heated Select temperature 2 on selector switch and note that the indicated temperature decreases towards the water-cooled end. Repeat until nine temperatures have been selected. Temperatures should be checked at regular intervals until reaching steady state. Comissioning is new complete.

Summary Of Theory :
If a plane wall of thickness (x) and area (A) supports a temperature difference (T) then the heat transfer rate per unit time (Q) by conduction through the wall is found to be : QA(T/x) If the material of the wall is homogenous and has a thermal conductivity (k) then: Q = k.A(T/x) .

T+T

X Area A

T k

t should be noted that heat flow is positive in the direction of temperture fall

Readings to be taken :
Select a low position for the heater power control and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature (T) at all nine sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter(Q). This procedure should be repeated for the other input powers up to maximum permitted. After each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions.

Q= 6 Watts A= 4,9*10-4 m2 X= 0,01 m Q={4,9*10-4*k* (T/x)

T1-T2 : 66,3-65,2 T : 66,3-65,2 = 1,1 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(1,1/0,01) k=111,3 T2-T3 : 65,2-64,2 T : 65,2-64,2 = 1 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(1/0,01) k=122,4 T3-T4 : 64,2-37 T : 64,2-37 = 27,2 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(27,2/0,01) k=4,501 T4-T5 : 37-36,4 T : 37-36,4 = 0,6 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(0,6/0,01) k=204,08 T5-T6 : 36,4-35,8 T : 36,4-35,8=0,6 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(0,6/0,01) k=204,08 T6-T7: 35,8-19 T :35,8-19 = 16,8 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(16,8/0,01) k=7,288

T7-T8 :19-18,4 T :19-18,4 = 0,6 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(0,6/0,01) k=204,08 T8-T9 :18,4-16,7 T :18,4-16,7 = 1,7 x :0,01 6=4,9*10-4*k*(1,7/0,01) k=72,02

Q= 7 Watts A= 4,9*10-4 m2 X= 0,01 m Q={4,9*10-4*k* (T/x)

T1-T2 : 72,1-71,3 T : 72,1-71,3 = 0,8 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(0,8/0,01) k=178,5 T2-T3 : 71,3-69,6 T : 71,3-69,6 = 1,7 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(1,7/0,01) k=84,03 T3-T4 : 69,6-38,4 T : 69,6-38,4 = 31,2 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(31,2/0,01) k=4,57 T4-T5 : 38,4-37,6 T : 38,4-37,6 = 0,8 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(0,8/0,01) k=178,5 T5-T6 : 37,6-37,2 T : 37,6-37,2 = 0,4 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(0,4/0,01) k=357,14 T6-T7: 37,2-19,1 T : 37,2-19,1= 18,1 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(18,1/0,01) k=7,89

T7-T8: 19,1-18,4 T : 19,1-18,4 = 0,7 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(0,7/0,01) k=204,08 T8-T9: 18,4-18 T : 18,4-18 = 0,4 x : 0,01 m 7=4,9*10-4*k*(0,4/0,01) k=357,14