Ch.

12 15 Study Guide
Castiglione -sponsored by Isabelle d Este -wrote The book of the Courtiers; expected ideals of aristocrats -diplomat Characteristics of Renaissance -age of recovery: from black plague, political instability and power of church being declined; economic recovery -urban society: secular viewpoint; city states became center of the italian political economic and social life -individual abilities: leonardo da vinci; capable of achieving high regards men can do all things -social classes: the three estates -development of a courtly society in Italy Slavery in Renaissance - agriculture slavery revived largely in Italy when the Florentine government announced unlimited importation of slaves. -Slaves where used by many people to help with work, keep children company and watch them, and just as regular housemaids. -Slavery dramatically declined during the fifteenth century. -african introduced; mainly from medit. Women in Renaissance -women still did not gain significant rights; they were still thought as just vessels for childbirth and sole role was to care for young Peace of Lodi -alliance treaty bet/ Italian states that stopped half a century of war Machiavelli -political philosopher - ideas for his work in politics came from his outlook on Italys political problems and his extensive knowledge of ancient Rome - how to obtain political power as well as restoring and maintain order during the Renaissance; what is rather than what should be Humanism - Literary and intellectual movement-Revival of Greek and Roman interest in philosophy, literature and art. -Had a strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings Significance of printing press -gutenburg -Germany -Literacy rates higher among society -one of the largest industries Artists of Renaissance -big three; da vinci, angelo, Rafael

-perspectiveness -realistic Habsburg dynasty -Austria Didnt involve in many wars -control over HRE Northern Christian Humanists - Intellectuals in the late 15th and early 16th centuries who dreamed of idealistic societies based on peace, morality, and Christian virtue and sought to realize the ethical ideals of the classical world and the Scriptures. -Their ideals applied the techniques and outlook of renaissance humanism to Christianity and the Bible and strongly influenced Martin Luther and examples of these are Erasmus and Thomas More Religion of late Middle Ages and Renaissance -more secular Martin Luther Edict of Worms -martin luther refusal to recant Peasant War Transubstantiation -that the wine and bread were only symbolic Zwingli - Bible was sole authority, but in contrast to Luther, he saw the Eucharist as only symbolic, Zurich Queen Mary of England - tried to re-impose Catholicism. 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer under her rule -married Philip of spain John Calvin - Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later became a lawyer. Instituted Predestination Council of Trent - reaffirmed Catholic doctrine after reformation. Cleaned up church abuses- instilled new discipline on Catholic church-validated all 7 sacraments, established Index of Forbidden Books Exploration motives -spread Christianity -spices -gold and riches French Wars of Religion - 9 wars in last half of 16th century-power struggle between 3 noble families for Crown after death of Henry II - Valois, Guise, and Bourbons Netherlands Revolt -Netherlands against Spain -William of orange and duke of Alva

-2 spilt unions Spanish Armada Economy of Europe in 16 & 17 C Thirty Years War - within the HRE -most important war of 17th century-failure of Peace of Augsburgactually achieves nothing, Last of the religious wars- becomes international war between the Protestants and Catholics - Ends with Peace of Westphalia Witchcraft Craze Baroque Art Loius XIV Richelieu Fronde Nobles of the Robe Colbert War of Spanish Succession Edict of Fountainbleau Holy Roman Empire Frederick William the Great Elector Peter the Great James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II (English Civil War & Glorious Rev.) Thomas Hobbes