Different types of interferences in transmitted signal:

1. Electromagnetic interference
Electromagnetic interference (or EMI, also called radio frequency interference orRFI) is disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source.[1] The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise degrade or limit the effective performance of the circuit. These effects can range from a simple degradation of data to a total loss of data.[2] The source may be any object, artificial or natural, that carries rapidly changing electrical currents, such as an electrical circuit, the Sun or the Northern Lights.

2. Co-channel Interference:
Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same frequency. There can be several causes of co-channel radio interference.

3. Adjacent-channel interference
Adjacent-channel interference or ACI is interference caused by extraneous power from a signal in an adjacent channel. ACI may be caused by inadequate filtering, such as incomplete filtering of unwanted modulation products in frequency modulation (FM) systems, improper tuning, or poor frequency control, in either the reference channel or the interfering channel, or both. ACI is distinguished from crosstalk.

4. Inter symbol interference

inter symbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. ISI is usually caused by multi path propagation or the inherent non-linear frequency response of a channel causing successive symbols to "blur" together. The presence of ISI in the system introduces errors in the decision device at the receiver output. Therefore, in the design of the transmitting and receiving filters, the objective is to minimize the effects of ISI, and thereby deliver the digital data to its destination with the smallest error rate possible.

5. Inter carrier interference

There are two effects that occur if the phase noise is present in an OFDM system [2]: rotation of all demodulated sub carriers of an OFDM symbol by a common angle, called common phase error (CPE) and the occurrence of the inter carrier interference (ICI). The CPE results from the DC value of the phase noise and the ICI comes from the deviations of the phase noise during one OFDM symbol from its DC value.

6. Common-mode interference
Common-mode noise plays an important role in the generation of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in communications systems using Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable, so understanding common mode noise will lead to a better understanding of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issues concerning magnetic interfaces.

7. Radio frequency interference

Narrowband interference usually arises from intentional transmissions such as radio and TV stations, pager transmitters, cell phones, etc. Broadband interference usually comes from incidental radio frequency emitters. These include electric power transmission lines, electric motors, thermostats, bug zappers, etc. Anywhere electrical power is being turned off and on rapidly is a potential source. The spectra of these sources generally resemble that of synchrotron sources, stronger at low frequencies and diminishing at higher frequencies, though this noise is often modulated, or varied, by the creating device in some way.

8. Refrences
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(communication) [2] https://mns.ifn.et.tudresden.de/Lists/nPublications/Attachments/324/Petrovic_D_VTCFALL_04.pdf [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference

Different Types of Losses in a signal over Channel

1.Path Loss
ath loss (or path attenuation) is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system.This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation. Path loss may be due to many effects, such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, aperturemedium coupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also influenced by terrain contours, environment (urban or rural, vegetation and foliage), propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the height and location of antennas.

2. Thremal losses
Different thermal losses occur due due free moving electrons in system components. Thermal noise get interfere the transmitted signal and attenuate it.

3. Duplexer Loss
An antenna duplexer for the 1.9 GHz PCS-band handsets is realized by developing extremely low-loss and ultra-steep cut-off SAW filters. In this paper, design techniques to achieve the characteristics that satisfy all severe specifications required for the PCS-band duplexer is presented. Developed SAW duplexers have the insertion loss of -2.0 dB and

-3.2 dB in the Tx and Rx band, respectively. Also, the attenuation levels are -53 dB and -45 dB. The device size is as small as 551.5 mm3. These performances are sufficient for the PCS duplexer to be practical.

4. Feeder Loss
Transmission feed line system performance plays an important role in wireless network coverage. Insertion loss measurement is one of the critical measurements used to analyze transmission feed line installation and performance quality. This application note explains how Site Master is used to measure cable insertion loss with different test methods and how to predict the maximum allowable cable insertion loss through manual calculations

5. Fading
In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation that a carriermodulated telecommunication signal experiences over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position and/or radio frequency, and is often modelled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading may either be due tomultipath propagation, referred to as multipath induced fading, or due toshadowing from obstacles affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to asshadow fading.

6. Multipath Loss
Multipath loss results from the fact that the propagation channel consists of several obstacles and reflectors. Thus, the received signal arrives as an unpredictable set of reflections and/or direct waves each with its own degree of attenuation and delay. The delay spread is a parameter commonly used to quantify multipath effects. Multipath leads to variations in the received signal strength over frequency and antenna location.

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_loss [2] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1275203 [3] http://downloadfile.anritsu.com/RefFiles/en-US/ServicesSupport/Downloads/Application-Notes/Application-Note/11410-00276.pdf [4] http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es151/prop_models/propagation.html

College of Engineering and Emerging Technologies Department of Electrical Engineering

Effect of Interference and Losses on transmitted signal over Communication Channel Submitted To: Sir Mr. Hafiz Muhammad Tahir Mustafa
Submitted By: Muhammad Naeem Khan M08-426 8th Semester Morning