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Solutions to EEE2O6, Sprinq Semester 1999

1. (a) lmprovement in signal to noise ratio

Ease of radiation in radio systems, since efficient radiation from an antenna
requires its length to be >Xl4
Use different carrier frequencies to separate signals with similar baseband
freouencies
Faci itates multiplexing
I

(b) For AM, m = Er / Es

m should be kept less than 1 to avoid'splatter' in output spectrum

(c) (i)Total power = Pc ('1 *m22) = 5 x 103 when m = 1

Hence carrier po*Lr = 3.33 x 103 watts

(ii)J = 0.85 Power in one sideband = m2 P"l4 = O.85 x 0.85 x 0.25 x 3.33 x
o* 10r = 602 watts

if Ppg = pow€r' in reduced carrier, 10 log'10 (Pc / PnC) = 25,

hence PRC = '10.5 watts

Total output power = 10.5 + 602 = 612.5 watts

(d) m1 = 0.7, m2 = 0.5 and m3 = 0.2

Composite m = { Q12 + 0.52 + 0.22) = 0.883

Total power output = 3'33 x 103 (1 + 'BBg2 t2) = 4'633 x 103 watts

2. (a) Possible choices would be

Square Law.detector - small signal - distortion acceptable

o: Envelope detector - large signal - low distortion if circuit correctly desgned
PLL - multi - purpose detector

(b) (i) Let o1 =2nx1OO x 103 and a2=2nx4x103, then the input signal is

vi = 0.5 sin colt + 0.375 sin or2t

The output from the non-linear circuit is

0.3 sin colt + 0.225 sin or2t + 0.15 1A.25 sin2 o1t + 0. 14A625 sin2 ro2t +2 x 0.5 x
0.375 sin orlt sin or2t 1

Hence spectrum contains frequency components at

d"c., 4, 8, 100, 200, 96 and 104 kHz

 1O4 kHz

Signal at 100 kHz has amplitude of 0.3 = Ec

Signals at 96 and 104kHz have amplitudes of 0.15 x 0.5 x 0.375 = 0.028125 =

mE.l2

,"*" m = 0.1875

(iii) Highest tone frequency is 30 kHz (less in practice because of non-ideal filter
characteristic)

lf m = 0.1875 when tone amplitude is 0.375 v, m='1 when tone amplitude is 2 v,

i.e. 4v p-p

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3. (a) At VHF, wide bandwidth is available so can transmit hi-fi sound with large m1.
Hence recovered signal has large S/N. Much man-made interference at VHF is
amplitude modulated, so FM receiver will reject this. At medium wave frequencies,
channel bandwidths are only a few kHz, so low-fi AM is used.

(b) Receiver has separate circuits to deal with L+R (which can be received on a
rnono Rx) and L-R. L and R channels are then separated. The 19 kHz pilot tone
indicates that a stereo signal is present (stereo LED switches on) and is also
doubled to 38 kHz to use as a sub carrier to demodulate the AM DSB signal carrying
the L-R information.

(c) The modulation index 0 = maximum frequency deviation / modulation frequency

(i) 91 = 75 x 103 / 30 = 25oo

fr g2=Tsxlo3 t11x1o3=I
(ii) Carson bandwidth = 2 ( Lf + fm ) = 2 (75+ 15 ) = 180 kHz

LQ frequency = 1OO - 10.7 = 89.3 MHz (unlikely as falls in FM

(iii) band[8 - 1OB
MHz),)or 100 + 1O.7 = 110.7 MHz \
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(iv) 225 KHz for UK FM broadcastinq

4.(a) Advantaqes
Superior S/N characteristics for a given bandwidth
Can handle both analogue and digital data
Can make use of pulse regeneration, routing information and error detection
and correction

Disadvantaoes
Large bandwidth
 More expensive, especially if repeaters are used (equipment duplication)

(b) S/N must be > 30 dB

S/N = 20 logl g (q) where q is number of quantisation levels

Hence q = 31 .62 i.e. 32. Hence need 5 bit code

Hence bit rate =2x4x 103 x12x5 = 480 k bits i sec

ln receiver LPF bandwidth = @

(c) Speech signals are very'peaky'. Hence the higher levels are only used
occasionally and quantisation errors will be large.
Use non linear quantisation - A or p law. Sketch general form as A or p varies.

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