Overview of Course & Why Study Chicanos/Latinos?

(Weeks 0-1) Social Psychology: study of how people think about, influence and relate to each other. Sociology: study of behavior of individual people and groups in a society. Individualism: study of the search for happiness of an individual Personality Psychology: Interested in persons situational behavior and responses to certain things. Anthropology: study of human kind on a more historical approach. Collectivism: means of production and distribution are controlled by the people. Abnormal Psychology: Anything that causes impairment of an individual in daily life or things seen outside the social norm. Culture: agreed upon information of a society learned by others through other members. Culture influences behavior, cognition and emotion. 1. What do definitions of social psychology have in common? Scientific study of in relation to other people 2. How is the Milgram study a classic example of the questions that social psychology seeks to answer? It shows that people will do what they otherwise may not normally do if authorized by someone seen in a position of power. (People where asked to inflict painful shocks on others for giving incorrect answers. Most people were obedient and continued to shock when authorized.) 3. Define culture? Agreed upon information of a society learned by others through other members. Culture influences behavior, cognition and emotion. Two differences: Individualism and Collectivism. 4. What is an example of cultural influence on behavior? In certain areas of the world eye contact is respectful in others it is rude 5. What is an example of cultural influence on thinking? In individualism having your own thoughts and opinions is valued and in Collectivism you should be thinking as whole and how things will effect the group not the individual. 6. What is an example of cultural influence on emotion? In some cultures its frowned upon for men to cry 7. What are the key characteristics associated with individualism? Independent, Western, Euro, Uniqueness, Behavior consistent, Desire to be different, Freedom, achieved status, self thinking 8. What are the key characteristics associated with collectivism? Interdependent, Asian and Latin, Linked to others, Behavior is situational, Desire to fit in, Hierarchy acceptance, ascribed status, holistic thinking

9. What two important reasons to study the social psychology as relates to Latino populations? As of 2001 over 50% of babies born come from Latino backgrounds, Latinos have their own cognitive and psychological processes. 10. How were the experiences of Depression era and WWII era U.S. Latinos different from that of civil rights era U.S. Latinos? During the depression era and WWII many Mexicans where immigrants living in barrios and even fought and received honor for fighting in WWII, however started to get deported during the depression because were thought of as stealing jobs etc, once the civil rights era hit immigrants where rare, American born latinos, influenced by mainstream American culture Research Methods: Approaches and Issues (Weeks 0-1) Description: process of giving an account of events. Correlational Study: variables are measured, but not manipulated. One or more reasons for an outcome. Can get you to predictions, but not the cause. 0= no correlation 1=strong positive -1= strong negative Random Assignment: chosen without a pattern . equal chance for everyone Prediction: statement or opinion about what they think will occur in the future. Experimental Study: Independent and Dependant variable. Usually can infer causality. Internal Validity: The cause and effect link is established. Explanation Theory: Being able to explain a set of observable facts External Validity: Being able to generalize the experiment to the larger population Mixed Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative: Qualitative Methods: Observational 1. What are the three goals of science? Description, Prediction, Explanation 2. Generate an example of a predictive study. A test tube is filled with compound X. Compound Y and Z are added and the tube explodes. Compound Y or Z could have caused the explosion so you can predict which one and then test them individually. 3. Generate an example of a study that establishes causality. A test tube is filled with compound X. Compound Y is added and the tube explodes. Compound Y caused the explosion. 4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of correlational studies. Advantages: measures variables, tells us magnitude of relationships, allows us to come up with predictions Disadvantages: cant infer causation, cant manipulate variables, cant tell the direction of relationship,

5. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of experimental research. What are the three keys of a well-done experiment?1) Confounding and one to one correspondence 2) Logic of random assignment 3) Statistcial inference and replication 6. Explain the third variable problem. You may be looking for a cause and effect linkage such as self esteem and GPA, but there could also be other variables that effect the outcome such as teacher quality. 7. Describe the logic of random assignment? What are some the practical limitations of random assignment when it comes to the study of culture? Gives everyone an equal chance of ending up in any condition. Limitations of random assignment when it comes to study of culture is that you cannot assign a particular group to something harmful or dangerous. 8. What is the role of replication to science? How does statistical inference, and the use of p<.05, build confidence in results? Insures against failure of random assignment. P<.05 means that the probability of something occurring by random chance is less than 5%. 9. What are some examples of heterogeneity among U.S. Latinos? What are some examples of proposed commonalities among U.S. Latinos? Race, ethnic group, what they call themselves. Spanish speaking, roman catholic, respeto emphasizing politeness, simpatia reflects closeness of family and interdependence Early Studies: Cultural Beliefs & Acculturation (Weeks 1-2) Acculturation: exchange of cultural features when once culture comes in contact with another culture. Hispanic (official definition): persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South America or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. Integration: Increase of new culture, increase of old. Assimilation: Increase of new culture, decrease of old. ARSMA: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans. Measures acculturation in one direction. Mexican Orientation Anglo Orientation Separation: Decrease of new, increase of old. Culture of Poverty: seeing poverty as a way of life and of unstable families throughout generations. ARSMA-II: Included assessing of Assimilation, Integration, Separation and Marginalization. Marginalization: decrease of old and new.

1. What does the Devos & Banaji (2005) study show? Shows that we tend to see whites as being American. 2. In the Devos & Banaji (2005) study, how did consciously expressed attitudes differ from automatic associations? 3. Depression era deportations of U.S. Latinos disproportionately targeted certain people. What were the characteristics of U.S. Latinos who were likely to be deported? Ones that looked Mexican 4. Describe the social world of Depression era and post-WWII U.S. Latinos. Name three distinctive behaviors that were discouraged. During the depression era Latinos were mainly immigrants that lived in their own barrios and were later blamed for taking the jobs so many were deported. After WWII many Latinos were American born and were influenced mostly by American culture. Three behaviors that were discouraged were speaking in Spanish, admitting being Mexican or identifying to the culture, not knowing English only. 5. Describe 4 changes that occurred during the 1960s for U.S. Latinos.Civil rights movement 1) Protesting against discrimination 2) Interest in culture identification 3) Increase participation of higher education 4) word chicano is born 6. What were some of the tensions playing out for U.S.-born Latinos in the 1960s? They felt they couldnt identify with being Chicano because of things like not being able to speak Spanish, or not growing up in the barrio etc 7. Why did newly immigrated U.S. Latinos in the 1970s NOT share tensions? Werent worried about these identities because they came at a time when being Latino wasnt bad so they were able to express the culture they had. 8. When did federal records newly begin to recognize Latinos as Hispanics and how was Hispanics defined for official purposes? 1973, Any persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or Southern American or any other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. 9. What is the key difference between the ARSMA (1980) and ARSMA-II (1995)? The four types of bicultural orientation measured by ARSMA II. 10. Name the four types of bicultural orientation measured by the ASMA-II (1995). Assimilation, Integration, Separation, Marginalization 11. Name 5 correlates of U.S. acculturation for Latinos. -More time in U.S. -Higher socioeconomic status

-More perceived stress -Poorer health outcomes -Joining gangs, smoking and taking drugs Contemporary Studies: Cultural Beliefs & Acculturation (Weeks 1-2) Social Comparison: people evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to other people. Upward Comparison: Comparing oneself to those that seem better off. Oppositional BII: Acculturative stress, depressive symptoms and both cultures dont blend. Reference Group Effect Downward Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone whos problems are more serious than your own. Compatible BII: High integration, high self esteem, blends elements of both cultures. Cultural Frame Switching: shifts values and attributes in the presence of culture relevant stimuli. Conformity: conscious or unconscious behavior of a person who aligns their behavior with the demands of the social situation. Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): a way to measure integration of bicultural people 1. Define social comparison theory and describe the two different types of social comparisons. The social comparison theory is that when there isnt an objective standard of evaluation people will compare themselves to other people. Upward Comparison: People will compare themselves with people who are better off. Causes jealousy and their reaction to this jealousy can be bad. Downward Comparison: People will compare themselves with people who are situations worse than theirs 2. Name three considerations that people intentionally or unintentionally make when choosing comparisons? Which one is most common? 1)Assess relative standing 2) Self Enhancement 3) Motivation to improve. Self enhancement is most common 3. What do the Asch (1951) line experiments demonstrate about conformity? When tested alone your more likely to choose the answer that in your opinion you feel is correct. In a large group instead of going with your answer you will conform to what the group feels is correct. 4. What did the Bond & Smith (1996) meta-analysis show about conformity? Higher conformity in collectivism cultures

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of language based acculturation measures like the ARSMA (1980) and ARMSA-II (1995)? Advantage is language taps into norms, values and beliefs. Disadvantage 6. What are the Big 5 domains of personality? Define each. Openness: allowing people or things to pass through freely Conscientiousness: self discipline, obedient, planned Extroversion: energy, positive emotion, sense of control, seek stimulation in the comfort of others. Agreeableness: compassionate and cooperative. Warm and trusting rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism: easily experience negative emotions, emotional instability, anger, anxiety, depression

7. What does the Ramirez-Esparza et al., (2004) study show? That language activates differences in OCEAN. 8. What the advantages and disadvantages of being bicultural? Advantages: Expirience two different cultures, higher self esteem. Disadvantages: Dont know where you fit in, act differently between both groups, pressure to meet cultural expectations of both groups. 9. What are the correlates of Compatible and Oppositional BII? Compatible BII: High integration, greater self esteem, I am both attitude Oppositional BII: Low integration, stress, depressed, Its hard to be both CLS168/PSYCH 192Q Chicano/Latino Social Psychology Exam 1 Study Guide Fall 2011 Socialization & Identity (Weeks 2-3) Nonverbal Communication: Facial expressions, body language, touch Paralanguage: baby talk, hedges, boosters, pet names, idioms Verbal Communication: two types Literal and Paralanguage Attachment: as infants we automatically attach to primary care giver because it is our best bet for survival. Literal Language: Basic meaning Teasing: provoking and playful attention, highlights imperfections but benefits relational bonds, common way people play and joke, fun or hostile. 1. On average, what cultural characteristics have been shown to be true of Latinos? Prefer cooperation over competitiveness. (Knight, Cota, Bernal)

2. What does the experience of feral or abandoned children tell us about socialization? Children who have been abandoned have trouble forming bonds with others and have more emotional problems. People need security. 3. What did Harry Harlows studies of baby monkeys with wire mothers and warm/fuzzy mothers show? There was a wire a monkey with food and a fuzzy monkey. Monkeys tended to cling to fuzzy monkey. Showed that infants orient toward warmth and security rather than to what feeds. 4. Describe the Strange Situation. What two aspects of the childs behavior are observed to assess attachment style? Caregiver would leave the baby and baby would stop and cry. Caregiver would reenter and baby would stop crying and play again. Caregiver and other person would be in the room with the baby and when the other person tried to interact with the baby it would look to caregiver. Caregiver would leave and other person would stay and baby would cry even with comfort from the other person. Caregiver would return and after comfort baby would stop crying. 1) Amount of exploration 2) Reaction to departure and return of caregiver. 5. What the three types of child attachment styles? For adults, what are the two dimensions of adult attachment styles? Children: Secure, Anxious, Avoidance. Adults: Anxious, Avoidance. 6. What are the correlates of secure attachment style? Love experience that is higher in intimacy, compassion and commitment. Only seek support when they are highly stressed. 7. How do anxious and avoidant individuals respond during stress? They show physical distress during stressful task when partner is gone and upon partners return. 8. What does the Knight, Cota, & Bernal (1993) study tell us about the socialization practices of Mexican heritage mothers? How do these socialization practices affect the behavior of their children? Mothers with more ethnic knowledge will pass it on to their children and children who learn this will be more cooperative than competitive. This study was done with four pennies, children with more ethnic ids tended to allocate the pennies by half and the ones who didnt allocated it by giving their peers one and they kept three. 9. Name 6 examples of paralanguage communication. Be able to define the examples. Hedges (um and like) Idioms (signs) Off record markers Boosters (exclamation marks) Pet Names Baby talk

10. What are some of the reasons that people tease? Fun or joking, criticize indirectly, social control or regulation, assert self or point 11. What does the Campos et al. (2007) study of teasing tell us about the teasing experiences of members of interdependent cultures? 12. What does the Eisenberg (1986) study tell us about Latino childrens experiences with teasing? Its an important tool for socializing. Teaches children to defend themselves. Cognitive Development (Weeks 2-3) Theory of Mind: Ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intentions, desires and knowledge to yourself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, intentions and desires different from your own. Simultaneous Attention False Belief Task Alternating Attention Critical Thinking: type of analysis that leads you to ask why instead of just accepting answers. 1. Name 2 ways that secure attachment in early childhood facilitates learning. 1) Heightened involvement in social situations 2) Persistence and enjoyment in problem solving 2. What are three characteristics of Western European versions of independent learning? Verbal talking Learn by actively doing Critical thinking

3. What are the 3 characteristics of critical thinking? 4. How does the Kim (2002) study show that the use of talking is not necessary to learning? Asked Asian Americans and Euro Americans to speak aloud as they solved a problem. Talking impaired Asian Americans because they tend to not talk internally as much as Euro Americans. 5. How does formal education influence parent behavior with children? Socialize more verbal behavior and socialize less physical holding. 6. What does the Chavez-Correa Study show about attention and learning?

Emotion Development and Regulation (Weeks 3-4) Social Referencing: tendency of a person to look to a significant other in an ambiguous situation in order to obtain clarifying information. Emotional Competence: ability to express emotions Simpatia: warm emotionally positive interactions with others. Duchenne Smiles: action of the zygomatic major muscle and action of the obicularis oculi muscle. Authentic cant be faked Emotional Convergence: People become more similar in their emotional reactions over time. Emotion Regulation Emotion Suppression: hold back emotions can be very unhealthy Emotion Reframing 1. What does the Cervantes (2002) study show about the socialization of emotion in Mexican heritage communities? It found that there was no difference in Mexican American or Mexican Immigrants use of emotion labels or explanations, but contrary to their hypothesis Mexican American mothers uses more emotion labels opposed to explanations. 2. What does the Triandis et al., (1984) study tell us about the role of simpatia in emotion regulation? That more positive behavior is seen and emphasized as opposed to negative behaviors. 3. What does the Harker & Keltner (2001) study tell us about the role of Duchenne smiles in predicting positive relationship outcomes? 4. How does emotional convergence contribute to stable, satisfying relationships? 5. What are the correlates of emotion suppression? 6. What are the correlates of emotion reframing? Emotion Expression (Weeks 3-4) Basic emotions: 6 universal emotions: Disgust, Sadness, Surprise, Happiness, Anger, Fear

Emotion expressivity: ability to communicate emotion or meaning

1. Describe each of the six basic emotions. Disgust, Sadness, Surprise, Happiness, Anger, Fear 2. What do the Ekman studies tell us about the universality of emotion expression? Recognition of 6 main emotions by 80-90% from people who are isolated. Do not speak English and do not have tv, radio etc. Even found that blind people show these same emotions in particular situations. Shows that these emotions are universal around the world. 3. How is Mexican, or perhaps more broadly, Latino culture be characterized as a culture of expression? Free and open of emotion expression is valued. High levels of affection are accepted and valued. Simpatia emphasis on positive emotion. 4. What does the Soto et al. (2005) study tell us about emotional experience, behavior and physiology of Mexican Americans? Does this apply to members of other interdependent cultures? Latinos/Latinas (Weeks 4-5) Gender Socialization: training someone to be socially typical of male or female Culture of Honor: Respect is the most important aspect Sexual Infidelity Scripts: Men should act out violently if infidelity occurs, women should tolerate if infidelity occurs. 1. Describe the scripts of gender socialization typical of U.S. Latino experience. Women: Virginity, Social restriction, limited romantic contacts as youth, domestic responsibilities Male: More social freedom, not emotional, socialized to be strong 2. What does the Raffaelli & Ontai (2004) study tell us about gender socialization in Latino families? That women tend to be treated differently than males. 3. Describe how Culture of Honor relates to concern with female sexual behavior. Female sexual behavior is more look down upon than male sexual behavior. For example at one point in time it was ok for males to kill or beat their wives if they were caught cheating. This behavior was expected from males to regain honor. However, females did not have this same right if they were cheated on. They were expected to stay in the relationship and even evaluate what they 4. What does the Vandello & Cohen (2003) study tell us about the role of culture of honor in relationship violence? It is more tolerated by Brazilans, US latinos and American Southerners. 5. What does the Hirsch (2003) chapter tell us about how expectations of gender change for

immigrant Latinos with more time in the U.S.? Women have more privacy, are watched less, and have more physical mobility. However they also tend to see more poverty, more social and physical isolation from family, and limited mobility. For men their preferences still shape womens lives, but they see womens benefits in the U.S as destabilizing to the family.