Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.

Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

CHAPTER 4
RESISTANCE AND POWERING

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

4. RESISTANCE CALCULATION

4.1 Introduction
The resistance of a ship at a given speed is the force required to tow the
ship at that speed in smooth water, assuming no interference from the towing ship. If
the hull has no appendages this is called bare hull resistance. The resistance will be
equal to the components of fluid forces acting parallel to the ship centreline.

The resistance of a DAT can be given by:

Total resistance RT (DAT) = R bare + R bow thrusters + R pod

4.1.2 Resistance Calculation of POD:

R pod can be calculated by using the equation: (from proceedings of 24th ITTC –
Vol. III, Specialist committee on Azimuthing podded propulsion)

Rpod = Rbody + Rfin

Where,

R body = ½ ρV2 S body [C body (1+ k body) + ΔCF body]

R fin = ½ ρV2 S fin [C fin (1+ k fin) + ΔC Ffin]

The parameters of podded propulsion system can be assumed from the parent ship
data. The approximate values are:

S body = 136.4 m2 (approx.)

Diameter of shaft = 1.0 m.

S fin = 8.4 m2 (approx.)

CF body = C fin = 0.001556 (from ITTC-57 line)

ΔCF body = ΔC fin =[105(ks/L)1/3 – 0.64] x 10-3 = 0.00358

(for ks = 0.015 m and L is the length of the ship)

K body = K fin = 0.7 (from VTT, Finland)

(The form factor, k, which is defined in pod setup and test location, is given only as
qualitative information of the test results and the hull. The numerical value of form
factor, k = 0.7, is rather high if it is compared with conventional hull forms. However,
form factor values of this range are fairly common for icebreaking hull forms

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R body = 24.81 KN

R fin = 1.52 KN

The sum of the separately measured nominal total resistance (bare hull + pod
drag) compared to the directly measured total resistance deviate only approximately
2 % from each other. Thus it can be concluded that there are no significant pod -
hull interaction despite the rather large sized pod units. (Source: VTT technical
research center of Finland.)

Therefore,

R pod = R body + R fin = 26.33 KN (for V = 15.0 Knots)

For bare hull and bow thrusters resistance calculation, we can follow different
methods of calculating resistance and assume the maximum of all to decide the
powering requirements. The ship stern shape is considered to be normal, and the
bow has a U-shape. Saltwater properties and the speed range are detailed in the
vessel condition section of NAVCAD.

The input parameters for calculating resistance by any of the methods given in
NAVCAD v3.1e.
[X]Bare-hull: Holtrop-1984 method [X]Appendage: Holtrop-1988 method
Technique: Prediction [ ]Wind :
Cf type : ITTC [ ]Seas :
Align to : [ ]Channel :
File : [ ]Barge :
Correlation allow(Ca): 0.00012 [ ]Net :
[X]Roughness: 0.15mm dCa: %-7.5
[X]3-D corr : Form factor(1+k): 1.1307 [ ]Speed dependent correction

---------- Prediction results -----------------------------------------

Vel Fn Rn Cf [Cform] [Cw] Cr Ct

kts
----- ----- ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
10.00 0.100 1.21e9 0.001495 0.000195 0.000963 0.001159 0.002774
11.00 0.109 1.33e9 0.001478 0.000193 0.000942 0.001135 0.002733
12.00 0.119 1.45e9 0.001462 0.000191 0.000927 0.001118 0.002701
13.00 0.129 1.57e9 0.001448 0.000189 0.000923 0.001113 0.002681
14.00 0.139 1.69e9 0.001435 0.000188 0.000935 0.001123 0.002678
15.00 0.149 1.81e9 0.001424 0.000186 0.000970 0.001156 0.002700
16.00 0.159 1.93e9 0.001413 0.000185 0.001035 0.001220 0.002753
17.00 0.169 2.05e9 0.001403 0.000183 0.001138 0.001322 0.002844
18.00 0.179 2.18e9 0.001393 0.000182 0.001294 0.001476 0.002989
19.00 0.189 2.30e9 0.001384 0.000181 0.001503 0.001684 0.003188

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Vel Rw/W Rr/W Rbare/W Rw Rr Rbare PEbare

kts kN kN kN kW
----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
10.00 0.00014 0.00017 0.00041 257.59 309.86 741.88 3816.6
11.00 0.00017 0.00021 0.00049 304.81 367.32 884.46 5005.1
12.00 0.00020 0.00024 0.00058 357.14 430.76 1040.21 6421.6
13.00 0.00023 0.00028 0.00068 417.35 502.91 1211.80 8104.2
14.00 0.00027 0.00033 0.00078 490.33 588.68 1404.08 10112.5
15.00 0.00033 0.00039 0.00091 583.82 695.79 1624.72 12537.4
16.00 0.00040 0.00047 0.00105 708.83 835.25 1884.68 15513.0
17.00 0.00049 0.00057 0.00123 879.95 1021.64 2198.50 19227.1
18.00 0.00063 0.00071 0.00145 1121.08 1278.86 2590.03 23983.7
19.00 0.00081 0.00091 0.00172 1451.57 1626.25 3078.59 30091.5

Vel Rapp Rwind Rseas Rchan Rother Rtotal PEtotal

kts kN kN kN kN kN kN kW
----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
10.00 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 747.49 3845.4
11.00 6.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 891.22 5043.3
12.00 8.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1048.23 6471.1
13.00 9.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1221.18 8167.0
14.00 10.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1414.94 10190.7
15.00 12.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1637.15 12633.3
16.00 14.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1898.79 15629.1
17.00 15.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2214.40 19366.1
18.00 17.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2607.82 24148.4
19.00 19.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3098.37 30284.8

Condition data

Water type: Custom

Mass density: 1008 kg/m3
Kinematic visc: 1.16e-06 m2/s

---------- Hull data --------------------------------------------------

Primary: Secondary:
Length between PP: 263.000 m Trim by stern: 0.000 m
WL aft of FP: 0.000 m LCB aft of FP: 126.820 m
Length on WL: 272.500 m Bulb ext fwd FP: 6.150 m
Max beam on WL: 48.700 m Bulb area at FP: 42.000 m2
Draft at mid WL: 16.750 m Bulb ctr abv BL: 6.150 m
Displacement bare: 182642.0 t Transom area: 15.000 m2
Max area coef(Cx): 0.985 Half ent angle: 52.000 deg
Waterplane coef: 0.920 Stern shapes: U-shape
Wetted surface: 20052.0 m2 Bow shape: Normal
Loading: Load draft

Parameters: Holtrop-1984 method

Fn(Lwl) [0.10..0.80] 0.10*
Fn-high [0.10..0.80] 0.19
Cp(Lwl) [0.55..0.85] 0.83
Lwl/Bwl [3.90..14.90] 5.60
Bwl/T [2.10..4.00] 2.91

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Appendages
Total wetted surface (ex. thruster):
Rudders: 0.000 m2 Drag coefficient: 0.000
Shaft brackets: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Skeg: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Strut bossing: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Hull bossing: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Exposed shafts: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Stabilizer fins: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Dome: 0.000 .................. 0.000
Bilge keels: 60.000 .................. 1.400
Bow thruster diam: 2.500 m .................. 0.007

Application: Resistance 7 Feb 08 19:25 Page 3

Hull type : Displacement File name: untitled.nc3
Description:

---------- Environment data -------------------------------------------

Wind: Seas:
Wind speed: 60.000 kts Sig. wave height: 0.000 m
Angle off bow: 30.000 deg Modal wave period: 0.000 sec
Tran hull area: 0.000 m2
VCE above WL: 0.000 m Channel:
Tran superst area: 0.000 m2 Channel width: 0.000 m
VCE above WL: 0.000 m Channel depth: 0.000 m
Total longl area: 0.000 m2 Side slope: 0.000 deg
VCE above WL: 0.000 m Wetted hull girth: 0.000 m
Wind speed: Free stream
Arrangement: Tanker/Bulk

Symbols and values

Vel Ship speed
Fn Froude number
Rn Reynolds number
Cf Frictional resistance coefficient
[Cform] Viscous form resistance coefficient
[Cw] Wave-making resistance coefficient
Cr Residuary resistance coefficient
Ct Bare-hull resistance coefficient

Rw/W Wave-making resist-displ merit ratio

Rr/W Residuary resist-displ merit ratio
Rbare/W Bare-hull resist-displ merit ratio
Rw Wave-making resistance component
Rr Residuary resistance component
Rbare Bare-hull resistance
PEbare Bare-hull effective power

Rapp Additional appendage resistance

Rwind Additional wind resistance
Rseas Additional sea-state resistance
Rchan Additional channel resistance
Rother Other added resistance
Rtotal Total vessel resistance
PEtotal Total effective power

* Exceeds speed parameter

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BSRA METHOD
The bare hull resistance and the resistance by bow thrusters of the vessel is
calculated by using the software NavCAD v3.1e.
The results are shown below:
Analysis parameters
[X]Bare-hull: BSRA series [X]Appendage: Holtrop-1988 method
Technique: Prediction [ ]Wind :
Cf type : ITTC [ ]Seas :
Align to : [ ]Channel :
File : [ ]Barge :
Correlation allow(Ca): 0.00012 [ ]Net :
[X]Roughness: 0.15mm dCa: %-7.5
[X]3-D corr : Form factor(1+k): 1.1307 [ ]Speed dependent correction

Prediction results
Vel Fn Rn Cf [Cform] [Cw] Cr Ct
kts
----- ----- ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
10.00* 0.100 1.21e9 0.001495 0.000195 0.000633 0.000829 0.002444
11.00* 0.109 1.33e9 0.001478 0.000193 0.000706 0.000899 0.002497
12.00* 0.119 1.45e9 0.001462 0.000191 0.000760 0.000951 0.002533
13.00* 0.129 1.57e9 0.001448 0.000189 0.000793 0.000982 0.002551
14.00* 0.139 1.69e9 0.001435 0.000188 0.000804 0.000992 0.002547
15.00 0.149 1.81e9 0.001424 0.000186 0.000793 0.000979 0.002523
16.00 0.159 1.93e9 0.001413 0.000185 0.000801 0.000986 0.002519
17.00 0.169 2.05e9 0.001403 0.000183 0.000927 0.001110 0.002632
18.00 0.179 2.18e9 0.001393 0.000182 0.001184 0.001366 0.002879
19.00 0.189 2.30e9 0.001384 0.000181 0.001511 0.001691 0.003196

Vel Rw/W Rr/W Rbare/W Rw Rr Rbare PEbare

kts kN kN kN kW
----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
10.00* 0.00009 0.00012 0.00036 169.41 221.68 653.70 3362.9
11.00* 0.00013 0.00016 0.00045 228.55 291.07 808.21 4573.6
12.00* 0.00016 0.00020 0.00054 292.66 366.28 975.73 6023.5
13.00* 0.00020 0.00025 0.00064 358.51 444.07 1152.96 7710.7
14.00* 0.00024 0.00029 0.00075 421.64 519.99 1335.39 9617.8
15.00 0.00027 0.00033 0.00085 477.39 589.37 1518.29 11716.2
16.00 0.00031 0.00038 0.00096 548.76 675.18 1724.61 14195.5
17.00 0.00040 0.00048 0.00114 716.21 857.90 2034.76 17795.1
18.00 0.00057 0.00066 0.00139 1025.93 1183.71 2494.88 23102.6
19.00 0.00081 0.00091 0.00172 1458.54 1633.22 3085.55 30159.6

Vel Rapp Rwind Rseas Rchan Rother Rtotal PEtotal

kts kN kN kN kN kN kN kW
----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
10.00* 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 659.31 3391.8
11.00* 6.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 814.97 4611.8
12.00* 8.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 983.75 6073.0
13.00* 9.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1162.34 7773.5
14.00* 10.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1346.24 9695.9
15.00 12.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1530.72 11812.1
16.00 14.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1738.72 14311.6
17.00 15.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2050.66 17934.1
18.00 17.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2512.67 23267.3
19.00 19.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3105.34 30353.0

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The above data give resistance of bare hull and the resistance offered by one bow
thrusters

Hence the total resistance, (from Holltorp Menon - 1984 Method)

RT (DAT) = Rbare + 2 x Rbow thrusters + Rpod

For V = 15.0 knots (From Holltrop – Menon 1984 Method)

RT (DAT) = 1637.15+ 2 x 12.43+ 26.33 KN

= 1688.34 KN

Table 4.1 Total resistance Guldhammer – Harvald Method:

2 x Rbow
Speed Rbare thrusters Rpod RT (DAT) PE (DAT)
(Knots) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KW)
10 640.06 11.20 11.70 662.96 3410.25
11 768.90 13.52 14.16 796.58 4507.38
12 909.11 16.04 16.85 942.00 5814.77
13 1069.65 18.76 19.77 1108.18 7410.65
14 1249.57 21.70 22.93 1294.20 9320.32
15 1487.56 24.86 26.33 1538.75 11873.00
16 1801.46 28.22 29.95 1859.63 15305.53
17 2126.36 31.80 33.82 2191.98 19168.44
18 2531.69 35.58 37.91 2605.18 24121.88

25

20

15
P E(MW)
R T(10^5N)
10
RT
PE
5

10 12 14 16 18

FIG 4.1 Graph from Guldhammer- Harvald method of resistance calculation.

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Table 4.2 Total resistance by Holltrop – Menon 1984 Method:

2 x Rbow
Speed Rbare thrusters Rpod RT (DAT) PE (DAT)
(Knots) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KW)
10 747.49 11.20 11.70 770.39 3962.89
11 891.22 13.52 14.16 918.90 5199.50
12 1048.23 16.04 16.85 1081.12 6673.54
13 1221.18 18.76 19.77 1259.71 8423.93
14 1414.94 21.70 22.93 1459.57 10511.24
15 1637.15 24.86 26.33 1688.34 13027.23
16 1898.79 28.22 29.95 1956.96 16106.56
17 2214.4 31.80 33.82 2280.02 19938.32
18 2607.82 35.58 37.91 2681.31 24826.79

25

20

15
P E(MW)
R T(10^5N)
10 RT
PE
5

10 12 14 16 18

FIG 4.2 Graph from Holltrop-Menon 1984 method of resistance calculation.

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Table 4.3 Total resistance by BSRA Method:

2 x Rbow
Speed Rbare thrusters Rpod RT (DAT) PE (DAT)
(Knots) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KW)
10 653.7 11.20 11.70 676.60 3480.43
11 808.21 13.52 14.16 835.89 4729.80
12 975.73 16.04 16.85 1008.62 6226.01
13 1152.96 18.76 19.77 1191.49 7967.73
14 1335.39 21.70 22.93 1380.02 9938.35
15 1518.29 24.86 26.33 1569.48 12110.11
16 1724.61 28.22 29.95 1782.78 14672.99
17 2034.76 31.80 33.82 2100.38 18367.40
18 2494.88 35.58 37.91 2568.37 23781.05

25

20

P E(MW) 15
R T(10^5N)
10
RT
PE
5

10 12 14 16 18

FIG 4.3 Graph from BSRA method of resistance calculation.

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From these three methods, Holltrop and Menon 1984 have the max value of
resistance.

4.2 Powering Calculation

4.2.1 Introduction

This deals with the selection of the main engine. The derivation of the
engine power starts from resistance at service speed. A preliminary design of the
podded machinery can be done which would deliver the required thrust. The
selection of the pod is done on the basis of model test results carried out in the
proceedings of 24th ITTC, Vol. – II (Special committee on Podded Propulsion). The
Model tests were carried out for the Ice capable ships Mewis (2001) and Ukon et al
(2003). The main engine is selected according to this parameter. Then an optimum
for this engine is decided. Propeller design is done with the help of T-J and P-J
charts.

Wake fraction (w)

w = 0.55CB-0.20 (FSICR Research Report No 53)

= 0.261

Thrust deduction factor (t)

t = 1.25w (FSICR Research Report No 53)
= 0 .326
RT = 1688.34KN
An allowance of 25% is provided to get service condition resistance.
RT = 1688.34 *1.25
= 2110.5 KN

Thrust calculation
Required thrust = RT/(1-t)
= 3131.3 KN

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Velocity of advance (VA)

VA = V (1-w)

= 15.0 × 0.5144(1-0.261) m/s

= 5.702 m/s
Diameter of propeller
D = 2/3 T
= 11.166 m
T = draft
D selected = 7.75 m (twin Azipod propeller)
Td = √T/ρ/ (D × VA)
In this case
Td = (1/7.75× 5.7021) √(1565.65 /1.008)
= 0.89

From Model results: (Table 4.4 Model used for Extrapolation)

(24th ITTC - Volume II)

Particulars Ukon et al. TU032 (VTT) Mewis

(AE/AO) 0.55 0.537 0.58

Diameter (mm) 200 200 215.15
Pitch Ratio 0.800 0.850 1.104
Boss Ratio 0.280 0.278 0.276
No. of Blades 4 4 4
Rotation direction Right Right Right

Values of J, KQ are read off from T-J chart where the Td=0.89 line intersects the
optimum efficiency line for optimizing n. This is done for AE/AO = 0.4, 0.55 and 0.70
Graphs are drawn with J and KQ versus AE/AO .Then the values of J and KQ for AE/AO
= 0.55, 0.537 and 0.58 are found out for z = 4.

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Table 4.5 KQ, J values for 4 bladed propellers

AE/A0 J KQ

0.4 0.47 0.0225

0.55 0.565 0.04

0.7 0.515 0.031

Fig 4.4 Graph to find KQ, J values for 4 bladed propeller

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From the above graph:

Table 4.6 J, KQ Values from the Graph above

Ae/Ao J KQ

0.537 0.563 0.0398

0.55 0.565 0.04
0.58 0.564 0.0395

For AE/AO = 0.537; J= 0.563 KQ = 0.0398

J = 0.563
n = VA/J×D = 1.306
PD = 2π×ρ×n3×D5× KQ
= 15698.62 KW
η0 = T× VA /PD
= 0.5686
= 56.86 %

Table 4.7 n, PD and η0 for the models:

Ae/Ao 0.537 0.550 0.580

J 0.563 0.565 0.564
KQ 0.0398 0.0400 0.0395
n 1.306 1.302 1.304
PD (KW) 15698.62 15632.98 15508.82
η0(%) 56.86 57.1 57.5

The FP propeller with BAR of 0.58 can be selected

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4.2.2 Brake power calculation (for ahead running condition)

PD = 15508.82 KW
PB = PD /( ηm x ηt x ηg )
ηm = Efficiency of motor
= 0.96
ηt = Efficiency of transformer [Ref30]
= 0.97
ηg = Efficiency of generator
= 0.96
PB = 15508.82/ (0.96*0.97*0.96)
= 17348.6 KW

4.2.5 Engine selection

In order to utilize Azipod propulsion system the ship has an electric power
plant. Generator sets are connected to the main electric switchboard to distribute
electric power for all power consumers onboard, including Azipod propulsion. In case
of diesel electric power plant all the diesel engines can be of the same type as of the
conventional vessel, which minimizes the spare parts inventories. The number of
vulnerable auxiliary systems is reduced to a minimum.

Diesel Engines
Type: 9TM620
Number:3
Manufacturer: STORK WARTSILA DIESEL CO. Holland
Rated output: 12,750KW
Rated speed: 428rpm
Consumption of heavy fuel oil: 174G/KWH +5%
Consumption of lube oil: 1.3+0.3G/KWH
Greatest weight/piece: 270T

Generators
Type: HSG 1600 S14
Number: 3
Rated capacity: 15,537 KVA
Cos Factor: 0.8
Frequency: 50 HZ

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Rated current: 815A

Rated voltage: 11KV
Greatest weight/piece: 55T
Rated speed: 429 rpm
Rated output: 12.43 MW
Transformers
Number: 2
Type: STROD/BTRD.
Rated voltage: 11KV/121KV
Weight: 58T

Auxiliary engines
Type: SKU CUIN-1400N305, Model 1400 GQKA
Number: 3
Manufacturer: Cummins
Rated output: 1400 kW
Rated capacity: 1400 kW (1750 kVA) 60 Hz or 1166.7 kW (1458.3 kVA) 50 Hz

The engine is well suited for operation on low-quality fuels and intended to drive
the generator directly without any speed changing device. Normally generators are
running at higher rpm, but selected engine is medium speed engine using heavy fuel
oil. This engine has been especially designed for such specific purpose only.

Brake power calculation (for ahead running condition)

PB = 19125 KW

ηm = Efficiency of motor
= 0.96
ηt = Efficiency of transformer [Ref30]
= 0.97
ηg = Efficiency of generator
= 0.96
PD = P (Generator)x( ηm x ηt x ηg )

PD = 17096.8 KW

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4.3 Selection of POD:

Power transmission and steering module is installed to the ship hull at a

convenient phase of ship construction. Pre-fabricated pod including strut and motor
are delivered, installed and connected to the power and steering module separately
on the most suitable phase only just before launching of the ship. The Azipod unit
itself has a flexible design. It can be built for pushing or pulling in open water or ice
conditions.

PD = 17096.8 KW

Hence from Azipod performance curve, V25 type Azipod can be selected with
special material requirements of Ice class operations.

Pod parameters are as follows

PD = 17096.8 KW
RPM = 110

Fig 4.5 Power (KW) Vs Propeller speed [Ref30]

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Fig 4.6 Azipod main dimension drawing [Ref30]

For V25 type (from ABB) [Project Guide for Azipod Propulsion Systems, Version 5.2]

A = 13500 mm
B = 7050 mm
C = 6500 mm
D = 7750 mm (Given propeller diameter)
E = 1600 mm
F = 3355 mm
G = 4900 mm
H = 550 mm
J = 2500 mm
K = 2600 mm
L = 6445 mm
Tilt angle = 0o to 6o, Selected = 3o

Fig 4.7 [Ref30]

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Weight of V25 Standard Azipod = Complete weight excluding propeller +

Weight of AZU (Azipod unit) + Weight of STU (Steering unit) + Weight of SRP (Slip
ring unit) + Weight of CAU (cooling air unit) + Weight of HPY (Hydraulic power unit) +
other ancillaries + weight of propeller [Ref30]
= 315 + 175 + 85 + 4 + 10 + 5 + 8 + 60
= 662 tons
4.4 Design of propeller to match the selected pod
PD = 17096.8 KW
RPM = 1.833
VA = 5.7021 m/s
PN = (n/ VA 2)(P/2π × ρ × VA)1/2
PN = 1.833/ (5.702)2 × (17096.8 /2π × 1.008 × 5.702)1/2
= 1.22
Steps to get performance values for Wageningen B-Series propeller using
P-J charts.
a) . Find the point of intersection of PN = 1.22 line with the η optimum for PN
constant
b) Read off J, where J = Advance coefficient
c) Increase J by 6 %.
d) At this J’=J(1.06), find the propeller characteristic where J’ meets
e) For PN = 1.22 From J’ we can find the value of KT for given (AE/AO) = 0. 4 ,0.55
and 0.70after
Interpolating the values of J’ and KT from the P-J charts
Table 4.8 performance values
AE/Ao 0.4 0.55 0.70
J 0.385 0.408 0.43
J' (=J*1.06) 0.408 0.432 0.456
KT 0.158 0.175 0.208
P/D 0.68 0.75 0.77
D 7.635 7.204 6.836
T 1812.4 1591.6 1533.3
AE/Ao(min) 0.476 0.522 0.568
ηO 60.45 53.08 51.14

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

Minimum blade area ratio to avoid capitation

2
(A /A ) = [((1.3 + 0.3Z) T) / ((P + ρgh – P ) D )]+ K [Auf’en Keller formula]
E O min atm V
WhereK = 0.1 for twin screw propellers
Z = number of blades
h = height of LWL above shaft central line in meters
P = 101.366 kN/m2
atm

P = 1.704 kN/m2
V

h = 8.0 m
D = 7.75 m
K = 0.1 for double screw propellers
3
ρ = 1.008 t/m
2
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s )

=0.47

1 Kt 1cm=0.001
2 N0 1cm=0.001
1900
T 3 P/D 1cm=0.001
1700 4 Ae/Ao 1cm=0.001
0.8 0.8
1500 5 j* 1cm=0.002
0.7 P/D D 0.7 0.7 6 T 1cm=2KN
0.6 0.6 N0 0.6 0.6
T(KN)

AE/A0
D(m)

0.5 0.5 PROPELLER PARTICULARS

P/D

no

TYPE : FPP WAGENINGEN

0.4 0.4
kt

B - SERIES
RIGHT HANDED SCREW
Ae/Ao

0.3 0.3 NO. OF BLADE : 4

D : 7.26m

P/D : 0.742

0.2 J* 0.2
KT Ae/Ao : 0.527
j*

MATERIAL : Ni - Al Bronze

0.1

0.4 .55 .7

Table 4.8 performance curves

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

Particulars of selected propellers

D : 7.26 m
Z : 4
AE/AO : 0.527
P/D : 0.742
T : 1612.56 KN
ηO : 53.8
Material : Lloyd’s grade Cu 4
Manganese Aluminium Bronze
Type : Wageningen B –series Fixed pitch
Tensile strength N/mm2 minimum: 630N/mm2

Chemical composition of propeller and propeller blade castings

Sn 70-80%,
Pb-6%
Ni-0.05%,
Fe-1.-3%
Al-5-9%,
Mn-8-20%
Zn-1%

4.5 Determination of ice torque

Dimensions of propellers, shafting and gearing are determined by formulae taking

into account the impact when a propeller blade hits ice. The ensuing load is
hereinafter called the ice torque M.
M = m ‫ ڄ‬D2 ton meters where:
D = diameter of propeller in meters
m = 2.15 for ice class IA Super
= 1.60 (IA)
= 1.33 (IB)
= 1.22 (IC)

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

If the propeller is not fully submerged when the ship is in ballast condition, the ice
torque for ice class IA is to be used for ice classes IB and IC.

M = 2.15X7.262
= 113.32 ton meters

The elongation of the material used is not to be less than 19%, preferably less than
22% for a test piece length = 5 d and the value for the Charpy V-notch test is not to
be less than 2.1 kpm at –10°C.

Width c and thickness t of propeller blade sections are to be determined so that:

a) at the radius 0.25 D/2, for solid propellers

t = 23.85 cm

b) at the radius 0.35 D/2 for FP-propellers

t = 20.31 cm

c) at the radius 0.6 D/2

t = 13.06 cm
Where:
c = length in cm of the expanded cylindrical section of the blade, at the radius in
question
t = the corresponding maximum blade thickness in cm
H = propeller pitch in meters at the radius in question.
= 5.386
(For controllable pitch propellers 0.7 H nominal is to be used.)
Ps = shaft engine output according to 3.1, but expressed in horsepower [hp]
= 22927.18hp
n = propeller revolutions [rpm]
= 110

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

M = ice torque
=113.32 ton meters
Z = number of blades
=4
σ b = tensile strength in kp/mm2 of the material
=31.5kp/mm2

The blade tip thickness t at the radius 1.0 D/2 is to be determined by the following
formulae:
Ice Class IA Super

t = 43.49 mm

Ice Classes IA, IB and IC

Where D and σb are as defined previously

a) The thickness of other sections is governed by a smooth curve connecting

the above section thicknesses.
b) Where the blade thickness derived is less than the class rule thickness, the
latter is to be used.
c) The thickness of blade edges is not to be less than 50% of the derived tip
thickness t, measured at 1.25 t from the edge. For controllable pitch
propellers this applies only to the leading edge.
d) The strength of mechanisms in the boss of a controllable pitch propeller is
to be 1.5 times that of the blade when a load is applied at the radius 0.9
D/2 in the weakest direction of the blade.

Screw shaft
The diameter of the screw shaft at the aft bearing is not to be less than:

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

Where
σb = tensile strength of the blade in kp/mm2 (49.0kp/mm2)
ct2 = value derived =94667.3
σy = yield stress of the shaft in kp/mm2 (31.5kp/mm2)

ds=570.3m

4.6 Propeller Geometry

Tables 4.9 Propeller geometry
PROPELLER OFFSETS (all dimensions
in m)
r/R 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Dis from CL TO
TE 0.599 0.684 0.766 0.837 0.901 0.958 0.992 0.965 0.413
Dis from CL TO
LE 0.963 1.080 1.156 1.182 1.151 1.055 0.855 0.520 *
chord length 1.562 1.764 1.922 2.019 2.053 2.013 1.847 1.485 0.413
tmax 0.267 0.236 0.206 0.175 0.144 0.114 0.083 0.052 0.045
LE-Tmax 0.547 0.618 0.673 0.717 0.798 0.892 0.885 0.742 *

Tables 4.10
Ordinates for the
back (As distance in meters)
From maximum thickness to trailing From maximum thickness to leading
edge edge
r/R 100 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 90 95 100
0.2 * 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 *
0.3 * 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.13 *
0.4 * 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.11 *
0.5 * 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.09 *
0.6 * 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.06 *
0.7 * 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 *
0.8 * 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 *
0.9 * 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 *
1 * 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 *

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

Tables 4.11
Ordinates for the face (As distance in meters)
From maximum thickness to From maximum thickness to leading
trailing edge edge
r/R 100 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 90 95 100
0.2 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.11
0.3 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.09
0.4 0.04 0.01 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07
0.5 0.02 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05
0.6 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04
0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.02
0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01

4.7 Power requirement for Ice operations (Astern running condition):

For Ice breaking speed of 1 m/s (“Icebreaker performance prediction” by Arno

Keinomen, Robin P Brown, Colin R Revill and Ian M Bayly, SNAME

R1 = 0.015CSCHB0.7L0.2T0.1H1.25[1-0.0083(t + 30)][0.63 + 0.00074σF][1 + 0.0018(90 –

ψ)1.6][1 + 0.003(φ – 5)1.5] x 103 KN

Where, CS = Salinity coefficient = 0.85 (for brackish Ice)

CH = Hull condition coefficient = 1.33 (for new steel)

B = Beam of ship = 48.7 m

L = Length of ship at LWL = 272.5 m

T = Designed draft = 16.75 m

H = Thickness of Ice

t = Ice surface air temperature = taken as -10oC (most severe condition)

ψ = flare angle = 65 o

φ = buttock angle = 24o

σF = 270 KPa (for Baltic Ice)

R1 = Level Ice resistance at 1 m/s for rounded type icebreakers

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 Department of Ship Technology, CUSAT, B.Tech (NA$SB), Batch – XXIX

= 1154.05 KN (for H = 1.0 m, most severe Ice condition thickness)

Since, R α V2

For Designed Ice speed of 5.0 Knots in 1.0 m thick Ice

R = 1154.05 x VICE2

Required delivered power = R x VICE2 x 0.85 (assume 15% reduction for a DAT)

= 980.93 VICE2

ηH = (1-t)/(1-w)

= 0.912

PE = PT X ηH KW

= (1612.56X5.702X2) X 0.912 (Twin Azipod)

= 16771.3 KW

VICE (maximum) = (PE/980.93)1/3 = 2.576 m/s

VICE (Maximum) = 5.008 Knots

ASTERN SPEED IN KNOTS

8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

THICKNESS OF ICE IN m

Fig 4.9 Ice thickness (HICE) vs. VICE

Hence for minimum Ice speed of 5 Knots is achievable with the selected model of
Pod and the brake power calculation.

83