Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
HANDOUT
2011
DVD/USB
B6
Mod 47 Cost Measurement
Pt 1 59
Pt 2 58
Pt 3 59
DVD/USB
B7
Mod 48 Planning Control & Anal.
Pt 1
59
Pt 2
60
Pt 3
56
____________________________
TOTAL Hours
24
Module43,EconomicsandStrategy,FormulaSheet
A.Microeconomics
1.PriceElasticityofDemand
ED =%inQuantityDemanded
%inPrice
2.PriceElasticityofDemandARCMethod
ED =inQuantityDemandedinPrice
AvgQuantity AvgPrice
3.InterpretationofED,DemandElasticityCoefficient
IfED >1,thenelastic
IfED =1,thenunitary
IfED <1,theninelastic
4.RelationshipbetweenPriceElasticityandTotalRevenue
inPrice
ED>1
ED=1
PriceIncreases,P RevenueDecreases
No
PriceDecreases,P RevenueIncreases
No
5.IncomeElasticityofDemand
EI =%inQuantityDemanded
%inIncome
WhereEI >0fornormalgoods
EI <0forinferiorgoods
ED<1
RevenueIncreases
RevenueDecreases
6.CrossElasticityofDemand
(TheinQuantitydemandedforXversustheinPriceforY)
EXY =%inQuantityDemandedofX
%inPriceofY
WhereEXY >0forsubstitutes
EXY =0forunrelatedgoods
EXY <0forcomplements
7.ConsumptionFunction
C =c0+c1YD
WhereC =Consumptionfortheperiod
YD =Disposableincomefortheperiod
c0 =Theconstant
c1 =Theslopeoftheconsumptionfunction
And c1 =MPC,themarginalpropensitytoconsume
8.RelationshipbetweenMarginalPropensitytoSave(MPS)and
MarginalPropensitytoConsume(MPC)
MPS+MPC=1
9.ElasticityofSupply
ES =%inQuantitySupplied
%inPrice
9A.InterpretationofES,SupplyElasticityCoefficient
IfES >1,thenelastic
IfES =1,thenunitary
IfES <1,theninelastic
B.Macroeconomics
10.GDPGap
GDPGap=PotentialGDPRealGDP
APositive[+]Gapmeansthatthereareunemployedresources;mayleadto
unemployment.
ANegative[]Gapmeansthattheeconomyisrunningabovenormalcapacity;maylead
torisingprices.
11.IncomeApproach(OutputApproach)CalculationofGDP
CompensationtoEmployees
+ CorporateProfits
+ NetInterest
+ Proprietor'sIncome
+ RentalIncomeofPersons
= NationalIncome
+ IndirectTaxes
Other,IncludingStatutoryDiscrepancy
=NetNationalProduct
+ ConsumptionofFixedCapital
= GrossNationalProduct
+ PaymentsofFactorIncometoOtherCountries
ReceiptsofLaborIncomefromOtherCountries
=GrossDomesticProduct
11.ANetDomesticProduct(NDP)
GrossDomesticProduct
Depreciation[alsocalledCapitalCostAllowance]
=NetDomesticProduct
12.ExpenditureApproach(InputApproach)CalculationofGDP
PersonalConsumptionExpenditures
+ GrossPrivateDomesticFixedInvestment(Business&Residential)
+ GovernmentPurchases(Federal,State,&Local)
+ NetExports[maybea(+)or()number]
+ ChangesinBusinessInventories[maybea(+)or()number]
=GrossDomesticProduct
13.TheMultiplier,theinEquilibriumGDP
Where
MPS+MPC=1
inEquilibriumGDP=1xinSpending
MPS
14.DisposableIncome
PersonalIncome
PersonalTaxes
=DisposableIncome
15.MoneyMeasures:M1,M2,andM3
Currency
+ DemandDeposits
= M1
+ SavingsAccounts
+SmallTimeDeposits(<$100,000)
=M2
+ LargeTimeDeposits($100,000)
= M3
Module44.A,FinancialRiskManagement,FormulaSheet
1.CoefficientofVariation(ameasurementofrisk,wherealower#islessrisky)=StandardDeviation/ExpectedReturn
2.EffectiveAnnual
StatedAnnualInterestRate CompoundingFrequency
= 1+
1
InterestRate
CompoundingFrequency
3.CompoundInterestandPresentValueTables
a.FutureValueof$1:MultiplyamountinvestedxFACTORtogetaccumulation
b.PresentValueof$1:MultiplyamountdesiredxFACTORtogettheamountyouhavetoinvestNOW.Thisisthereciprocal
ofFVof$1.
c.FutureValueofanOrdinaryAnnuity:MultiplypaymentxFACTORtogetaccumulatedamount.PaymentsareattheEND
oftheperiod.
d.PresentValueofanOrdinaryAnnuity:MultiplypaymentxFACTORtogettheamountwhichmustbeinvestedNOWto
providethosepayments.
OrdinaryAnnuityorAnnuityinArrearsmeansthepaymentsaremadeattheENDoftheperiod.
AnnuityDueorAnnuityinAdvancemeansthepaymentsaremadeattheBEGINNINGoftheperiod.
TochangefromanOrdinaryAnnuitytoanAnnuityDueFACTOR:
(OAFACTOR)(1+i)=ADFACTOR
TochangefromanAnnuityDuetoanOrdinaryAnnuityFACTOR:
ADFACTOR=OAFACTOR
(1+i)
Module44.B,CapitalBudgeting,FormulaSheet
1.PaybackPeriod.Thenumberofyearstorecouptheinvestmentincash.
Where: AnnualCashInflow(BeforeDepn/Amort&Taxes)
PaybackPeriod=Investment
AnnualCashInflow
Depn/AmortExpense
=NIBT
Taxes
=NIAT
+Depn/AmortExpense
=AnnualCashInflow(NetofTaxes)
2.AccountingRateofReturn.Thepercentageofreturnoninvestmenteachyear.
AccountingRateofReturn=NetIncome
Investment
BOTHTHEPAYBACKPERIODANDACCOUNTINGRATEOFRETURNTECHNIQUESIGNORETHETIMEVALUEOFMONEY.
3.NetPresentValue.Usespresentvaluetables.
If:
PVoftheInvestment
>
PVoftheBenefitsfromtheInvestment,thenNPVisnegativeandthis
isapoorinvestment.
If:
PVoftheInvestment
<
PVoftheBenefitsfromtheInvestment,thenNPVispositiveandthis
isagoodinvestment.
If:
PVoftheInvestment
=
PVoftheBenefitsfromtheInvestment,thenNPViszeroand
managementwouldbeindifferent.
4.InternalRateofReturn.Usespresentvaluetables.Theinterestratethatwouldmake
PVoftheInvestment
=
PVoftheBenefitsfromtheInvestment
Theannuityfactorthatwouldmaketheseequalisthesamenumberasthepaybackperiod.
Module45,FinancialManagement,FormulaSheet
A.WorkingCapitalManagement
1.CashConversionCycle
CashConversionInventoryReceivablesPayables
Cycle=Conversion+ConversionDeferral
PeriodPeriodPeriod
[Shorten][Shorten][Shorten][Lengthen]
[Lengthen][Lengthen][Lengthen][Shorten]
1A.InventoryConversionPeriod(NumberofDaysSalesinInventory)
Inventory
Conversion=AvgInventory
Period
COGSperDayorSalesperDay
1B.ReceivablesConversionPeriodorReceivablesCollectionPeriod(NumberofDays
SalesOutstanding)
Receivables
Conversion=AvgAccountsReceivable
Period
CreditSalesperDay
1C.PayablesDeferralPeriod
Payables
Deferral= AvgAccountsPayable
Period
PurchasesperDayorCOGSperDay
2.EconomicOrderQuantity(EOQ)
EOQ= 2aD
Wherea=orderingcostperorder
D=AnnualDemand
k=carryingcostfor1unitfor1year
3.ReorderPoint
ReorderPoint=#ofUnitsSoldperDayxPurchaseLeadTime+Safety
indaysStock
4.NominalRateforDiscountPeriod
NominalRatefor= Discount%x
360or365days
DiscountPeriod1Discount%
PaymentPeriodDiscountPeriod
B.CapitalStructure
5.DegreeofOperatingLeverage(DOL)
DOL=%inOperatingIncome
%inUnitVolume
6.DegreeofFinancingLeverage(DFL)
DFL=%inEarningsperShare[Basic]
%inEarningsbeforeInterestandTaxes
7A.CostofDebt(Aftertax)
CostofDebt(Aftertax)=InterestRatex(1TaxRate)
7B.CostofDebt(Beforetax)
CostofDebt(Beforetax)=InterestPayment
DebtPriceFloatationCost
8.CostofPreferredEquity
CostofPreferredEquity=PreferredDividend
PreferredStockIssuePrice
9.CapitalAssetPricingModel(CAPM)
ks=kRF+(kmkRF)bi
Whereks=costofexistingcommonequity
kRF=riskfreerate
km=expectedmarketreturn
bi=stock'sbetacoefficient
10.BondYieldPlusApproach
ks=LongtermDebtInterestRate+(3%to5%RiskPremium)
Whereks=costofexistingcommonequity
11.DividendYieldPlusGrowthRateApproach
ks=D1
+
Expectedg
Whereks=costofexistingcommonequity
D1=nextexpecteddividend
P0=currentstockprice
P0
g=growthrateinearnings
12.CostofNewCommonStock
ks=D1
+
Expectedg
Whereks=costofnewcommonequity
D1=nextexpecteddividend
P0=currentstockprice
P0F
g=growthrateinearnings
F=floatationcostpershare
BEC,MODULE47.COSTMEASUREMENT
PrimaryObjectiveoftheCostAccountant:TocomputethecostperunitforfinancialstatementpresentationofCOGSonthe
incomestatementandEndingInventoriesonthebalancesheet.
Materialswhichbecomepartoftheproduct.
3ComponentsofManufacturingCosts:(1)DirectMaterials
(2)DirectLabor
Employeeswhoworkontheproduct.
(3)FactoryOverhead
AllotherMANUFACTURINGcosts,
(3a)VariableOH
includingnormalspoilage.
(3b)FixedOH
DMUsedandDLUsed
PrimeCosts:
ConversionCosts:DLUsedandVariable&FixedOHApplied
FLOWOFCOSTS
Direct Materials or
Raw Materials
WIP
FGI
||
Beg. Bal.
Beg. Bal.
Beg. Bal.
||
COGP
DM Used
COGM
||
Available
DL Used
for use
DM Used
OH Appl
COGAS
COGS
End. Bal.
To a/c for
COGM
End. Bal.
End. Bal.
Direct
COGS
||
||
||
||
||
Labor
||
DL Used
B A L A N C E
S H E E T
COGS
Applied
OH
Where:
Acronyms:
GrossPurchases
COGP=CostofGoodsPurchased
PurchaseDiscounts
COGM=CostofGoodsManufactured
COGAS=CostofGoodsAvailableforSale
PurchaseReturnsandAllowances
=NetPurchases
COGS=CostofGoodsSold
WIP=WorkinProcessorWorkinProgress
+FreightInorTransportationin
FGI=FinishedGoodsInventory
=CostofGoodsPurchased(COGP)
PROCESSCOSTINGEQUIVALENTUNITSOFPRODUCTION(EUPs)or
EQUIVALENTFINISHEDUNITS(EFUs)
FourSteps:(1)Calculatethenumbershipped(inwholeunits).
(2)Calculatetheequivalentfinishedunits.
(3)CalculatethecostperEFU.
(4)CompletetheWIPTaccount.
Step1.Calculatethenumbershipped(inwholeunits).
BeginningInventory
+UnitsStarted
Unitstobeaccountedfor
EndingInventory
=Unitsshipped
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
INCOME
STATEMENT
MODULE47.PROCESSCOSTINGEUPsorEFUs(Continued)
Step2.Calculatetheequivalentfinishedunits.
A.FIFO
B.WeightedAverage
DMCC
DMCC
Unitsshipped
Unitsshipped
+End.Inv.(EFUs)
+End.Inv.(EFUs)
=W/AEFUs
Beg.Inv.(EFUs)
=FIFOEFUs
Step3.CalculatethecostperEFU
A.FIFO
B.WeightedAverage
CostperEFU=Beg.Inv.+CurrentCosts
CostperEFU=CurrentCostsOnly
EFUs
EFUs
Step4.CompletetheWIPTaccount.UsingthenumberofEndingInventoryEFUsfromStep2andCostperEFUinStep3,
calculatethe$valueofendinginventoryinWIPandplugCOGM.
LostUnits:(1)AbnormalSpoilageisaPERIODCOST;donotincludeitinWIP.
(2)NormalSpoilageisaPRODUCTCOST;thecostsofallunitsarespreadoverthegoodunits;usually
partofOH.
BEC,MODULE47.COSTMEASUREMENT
BACKFLUSHCOSTING
TraditionalCostFlows
DirectMaterials
|
|
WIP
FGI
COGS
DirectLabor
|
|
|
|
COGM|
COGS |
Var&FixedOH
|
|
|
|
BackflushCostingMethodIJITInventoryMethodswithVendors/Suppliers:CombineDMandWIP,CombineDLandOH
Materials&InProcess
COGS
|
FGI
|
|
|
|
ConversionCostControl
|
|
|
BackflushCostingMethodIIJITInventoryMethodswithVendors/Suppliers&Customers:SameasMethodI,butalsono
FGI.
Materials&InProcess
|
COGS
|
|
ConversionCostControl
|
|
|
MODULE47.BACKFLUSHCOSTING(Continued)
BackflushMethodI
JITInventoryMethodswith
Traditional
Vendors/Suppliers
1.Purchaserawmaterials.
MaterialsDR
Materials&InProcessDR
A/P
CR A/P
CR
2.Issuematerialstoproduction.
WIPDR
None
Materials
CR
3.Incurdirectlaborcosts.
WIPDR
Seenextentry.
Payroll
CR
4.Incuroverheadcosts.
VariableOHControlDR
ConversionCostCtrlDR
FixedOHControlDR
Payroll
CR
A/P,etc.
CR A/P,etc.
CR
5.Applyoverhead.
WIPDR
None
VariableOHControl
CR
FixedOHControlCR
6.Completegoods.
FGIDR
FGIDR
CR
WIP
CR ConversionCostCtrl
Materials&InProcess
CR
7.Sellgoods.
COGSDR
SameasTraditional.
FGI
CR
8.Recognizeoverheadvariance(underapplied).
COGSDR
COGSDR
OverheadControl
CR ConversionCostCtrl
CR
BackflushMethodII
JITInventoryMethodswith
Vendors/Suppliers&Customers
SameasI.
None
Seenextentry.
SameasI.
None
COGSDR
ConversionCostCtrl
Materials&InProcess
SameasI.
CR
CR
BEC,MODULE48.PLANNING,CONTROL,ANDANALYSIS
STANDARDSANDVARIANCES
SALES,DM,DL,and4WAYOVERHEADVARIANCEANALYSIS
DirectMaterial,DirectLabor,andVariableOHVariances(andSalesVariances).Usethefollowingmatrix:
_______
***SalesPriceVariance***
AQPurchased/Used
AP
|_______|
_______
DMPurchasePriceVariance;DMPriceVariance
DLRateVariance
(1)VariableOHSpendingVariance
AQPurchased/Used
SP
|_______|
DMQuantity/UsageVariance
DLEfficiency/UsageVariance
_______
SQAllowed
*
SP
=
|_______|
(2)VariableOHEfficiencyVariance
***SalesVolumeVariance***
(BasedonUnitsProduced)
ForDM,DL,andVOHvariances,asyougoUPthematrix,ifthenumbersaregoingUP(increasing),thenthevariancesare
UNFAVORABLE.
***Forsalesvariances,asyougoUPthematrix,ifthenumbersaregoingUP(increasing),thenthevariancesare
FAVORABLE.RememberthattheseareREVENUESandnotCOSTS.***
FixedOHVariances.
________
AQ
AP
=
|________|
________
(3)FixedOHSpending/BudgetVariance
BUDGET
=
|________|
________
(4)Production/VolumeVariance[NotControllable]
SQAllowed
*
SP
=
|________|
(BasedonUnitsProduced)
4WayOHVarianceAnalysis:
(1)
VariableOHSpendingVariance
(2)
VariableOHEfficiencyVariance
(3)
FixedOHSpending/BudgetVariance
(4)
Production/VolumeVariance[NOTCONTROLLABLE]
3WayOHVarianceAnalysis:
(a)
(1)+(3)abovetogetheraretheOHSpendingVariance
(b)
(2)abovebecomestheOHEfficiencyVariance(dropthewordVariable)
(c)
(4)aboveistheProduction/VolumeVariance[NOTCONTROLLABLE]
2WayOHVarianceAnalysis:
(a)
(1)+(2)+(3)abovetogetheraretheControllableVariance
(b)
(4)aboveistheProduction/VolumeVariance[NOTCONTROLLABLE]
3WAYand2WAYOVERHEADVARIANCEANALYSIS
________
AQ
AP
=
|________|
________
OHSpending/BudgetVariance
FOHBUDGET
+
VAR(AQ*SP) =
|________|
Controllable
________
OHEfficiencyVariance
Variance
FOHBUDGET
+
VAR(SQ*SP) =
|________|
________
Production/VolumeVariance[NotControllable]
SQAllowed
*
(BasedonUnitsProduced)
SP
|________|
BEC,Module48,StandardsandVariances(Continued)
FlexibleBudgetFormula:
BudgetedOH =
TotalFixedCosts
+
(#HRs)(VariableOHRate/HR)
SampleProblemonDMVariances.
TheUniversalCompany'sdirectmaterialsdataforFebruary201Xisasfollows:
ActualQuantityPurchased
36,000pounds
ActualPurchasePricePerPound
$3.60perpound
DirectMaterialsPurchasePriceVariance
$7,200Unfavorable
StandardQuantityAllowedforActualProduction 32,000pounds
ActualQuantityUsed
30,000pounds
ForFebruary201X,whatwasUniversal'sfavorabledirectmaterialsusagevariance?
[A]$6,800
[B]$6,000
[C]$6,720
[D]$7,600
CorrectAnswer:[A]$6,800favorableistheDMusagevariance.Hints:FirstusetheDMPurchasePriceVarianceto
calculateSP,thenrememberAQPurchasedAQUsedandAQUsedisusedfortheDMusagevariance.Also,$6,000unfavorable
istheDMpricevarianceandusesAQUsed.The$7,200unfavorableDMpurchasepricevariancegivenintheproblemuses
AQPurchased.
BEC,MODULE48.PLANNING,CONTROL,ANDANALYSIS
DIRECTCOSTING/VARIABLECOSTINGvs.ABSORPTIONCOSTING/FULLCOSTING
DirectorVariableCosting
NotGAAP
Usedforinternaldecisionmaking.
TreatsFMOHasaPERIODcost.
AbsorptionorFullCosting
GAAP
Usedforexternalfinancialreporting.
TreatsFMOHasaPRODUCTcost.
IncomeStatement:
Sales
VariableCOGS(DM,DL,VMOH)
=ManufacturingContributionMargin
VariablePeriodCosts
=ContributionMargin
FixedCosts(FMOHasPeriodCost)
=NetIncome
IncomeStatement:
Sales
COGS(DM,DL,VMOH,FMOH)
=GrossProfitorGrossMargin
PeriodCosts(Fixed&Variable)
=NetIncome
IfProduction>Sales,thenEndingInventoryIncreases:
LowerNI
HigherNI
IfProduction<Sales,thenEndingInventoryDecreases:
HigherNI
LowerNI
IfProduction=Sales,thenEndingInventorydoesnotchange:
SameNIforboth
Tocalculatethedifferenceinthenetincomebetweenthetwomethods:
DifferenceinNI=(Changeinendinginventory)(FMOH/unit)
COSTVOLUMEPROFIT(BREAKEVENPOINT)ANALYSIS
Formulas:
CM=SPVC
CMR=SPVC
SP
Useonlywhentheymentionprofit
BEPUnits=TotalFixedCosts
CM/unit
or
BEPUnits=TotalFixedCosts+BeforeTaxProfit
CM/unit
BEPSales$=TotalFixedCosts
or
BEPSales$=TotalFixedCosts+BeforeTaxProfit
CMR
CMR
AfterTaxProfit=(BeforeTaxProfit)(1TaxRate)
BeforeTaxProfit=AfterTaxProfit
(1TaxRate)
MarginofSafety(inunitsor$)=CurrentSalesLevel(inunitsor$)BEP(inunitsor$)
CM/unit=NetIncome
MarginofSafetyinUnits
CMR=NetIncome
MarginofSafetyin$
BEC
2011
Questions to Do
Key:
MCQ
=
Multiple
Choice
Question;
WC
=
Written
Communication
Module
41,
Corporate
Governance,
Internal
Control,
and
Enterprise
Risk
Management
Do
all
MCQs
(1--24).
Do
the
WCs
(there
are
4).
Module
42,
Information
Technology
(IT)
Do
the
IT
MCQs
(1--129).
Read
the
Flowcharting
MCQs
and
read
their
solutions
(130--137).
Do
the
WC
(there
is
only
1).
Module
43,
Economics
and
Strategy
Do
all
MCQs
(1--121)
EXCEPT
SKIP
MCQs
43,
44,
and
45.
Do
the
WC
(there
is
only
1).
Module
44.A,
Financial
Risk
Management
Do
all
the
Financial
Risk
Management
MCQs
(1--31).
Module
44.B,
Capital
Budgeting
Do
the
following
Capital
Budgeting
MCQs:
32,
33,
35,
36,
38,
39,
42,
43,
45,
46,
49,
52,
53,
58,
61,
65,
68,
69,
73,
74,
76,
and
78.
Do
the
WC
(there
is
only
1).
Module
45,
Financial
Management
Do
all
MCQs
(1--138)
EXCEPT
SKIP
MCQs
49,
54,
70,
and
71.
Do
the
WC
(there
is
only
1).
Module
46,
Performance
Measurement
Do
the
following
MCQs:
1,
2,
4,
10,
12,
13,
21,
22,
26,
27,
28,
30,
33,
34,
37,
39,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
54,
61,
62,
64,
65,
66,
and
67.
Do
the
WC
(there
are
2).
Module
47,
Cost
Measurement
Do
the
following
MCQs:
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
11,
12,
13,
15,
16,
18,
19,
22,
25,
27,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
47,
48,
49,
53,
54,
55,
56,
and
57.
Do
the
WC
(there
is
only
1).
Module
48,
Planning,
Control,
and
Analysis
Do
the
following
MCQs:
1,
2,
3,
5,
6,
7,
8,
11,
13,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
2
1,
22,
23,
27,
28,
30,
32,
36,
37,
38,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
55,
56,
57,
58,
59,
63,
64,
66,
67,
70,
71,
72,
73,
74,
75,
76,
77,
79,
83,
84,
85,
86,
and
87.
Do
the
WC
(there
are
2).