SPREAD SPECTRUM

MODULATION

PRESENTED BY
SUSHANTA SARKAR
4TH YEAR ETC
REG NO.120507004
ID NO.120705304
 Need for spread spectrum
Spread spectrum modulation was originally developed
for military to be used in the battle ground and in the
hostile territories where the enemy always tries to
intrude into the communication system of the friendly
forces to steal information and to jam the systems.

The main objectives of spread spectrum

modulation were :-
• To avoid being detected.
• To prevent eavesdropping.
• To prevent the jamming of signals.
 Characteristics of Spread Spectrum
Modulation
• They are difficult to intercept by an
unauthorized person.
• They are easily hidden.
• They are resistant to jamming.
• They have multiple access capability.
 WHAT IS SPREAD SPECTRUM
• A type of modulation in which the modulated signal
bandwidth is much greater than the message signal
bandwidth.
• The spreading of the message signal spectrum is done by a
spreading code called Pseudo Noise Code (PN Code) which
is independent of the message signal.
 Types of Spread Spectrum
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS/SS)
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH/SS)
• Time Hopping Spread Spectrum (TH/SS)
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Modulation
• In DS/SS a binary polar signal representing PN
code is used to multiply the message signal which
is also represented by a binary polar signal.

Data m(t) × S(t)

Sequence
C(t)
PN
Code
generator
Modulator
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

∑
X(t) Y(t)

X(t) = transmitter output

J(t) J(t) = jamming signal
Y(t) = X(t) + J(t)

X Low-pass M(t)
Y(t)
filter
C(t)

Local PN
sequence
generator U(t) Demodulator
 Advantages of DS/SS Modulation

• The DS/SS allows greater capacity by

allowing multiple access communication.
• Several users can occupy the same
frequency spectrum simultaneously, and
frequency bands can be reused without
separation distance of users.
• Resistant to multipath fading in ground
based mobile radio communication.
 Limitations of DS/SS
• It suffers from Near-Far problem.
• Device limitation imposes restriction in the
length of the PN code which in turn
imposes limitation on the frequency band
over which the spreading takes place. This
signal can be jammed by some wide band
jammers.
 Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum Modulation
• The type of spread spectrum in which carrier hops randomly
from one frequency to another is called Frequency Hop (FH)
spread spectrum.

FH/SS are of two types:-

• Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) :- In slow frequency hopping
the symbol rate of the input signal is an integer multiple of the
frequency hopping rate. That is several symbol are transmitted
on each frequency hop.
• Fast Frequency Hopping (FFH) :- In fast frequency hopping the
frequency hopping rate is an integer multiple of the input
symbol rate . That is the carrier frequency will change or hop
several times during the transmission of the one symbol.
 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum

Binary
FH/SS signal

×
data FSK Band pass
modulator filter

Frequency
synthesizer

. . . . ..
PN code
generator Modulator
 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum

Received Estimation of

×
Signal binary data
Band pass FSK
filter Demodulator

Frequency
Synthesizer

.. ...
Local PN sequence Demodulator
generator
Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Frequency selection in FH/SS
Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
FH/SS Cycles
 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Bandwidth Sharing
 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Advantages of FH/SS Limitation of FH/SS
• FH/SS is less • Does not have the
susceptible to Near- same degree of
Far problem then jamming resistance as
DS/SS. DS/SS.
• It can achieve much • SFH has limited
higher processing multipath immunity.
gains than DS/SS.
 Application of Spread Spectrum
Modulation
• In cellular telephony using CDMA.
• Global Positioning System.
• Secured military communication.
• In satellite television.
 References:-
• www.wikipedia.org
• Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
B.P Lathi
• Communication Systems, Simon Haykins
• Data Communication and Networking, Forouzan
• www.freepatentsonline.com
Thank You