Appendix G Generator Information*

Sizing a Generator - How to Determine What Size You Need Getting a generator that can handle all your power generation needs is one of the most critical aspects of the purchasing decision. Whether you are interested in prime or standby power, if your new generator can't meet your specific requirements then it simply won't be doing anyone any good because it can put undue stress on the unit and even damage some of the devices connected to it. Unfortunately, determining exactly what size of generator to get is often very difficult and involves a number of factors and considerations. Making a choice amongst single phase, three phase, kW, KVA, welder, standby or motor starting generators can be mind-boggling. To prevent such confusion, this article was developed to help you get a better idea of how the sizing process works and some key things to keep in mind. This is not a substitute for a certified electrician, which we always suggest talking to before buying, but it should provide you with enough information to get a solid understanding of some of the key things that are involved. Generator Size Variations: With the latest advancements in the field of electrical engineering, generators are now available in a wide range of sizes. Generators with power supply capacities of 5kW to 50kW are readily available in the personal and home use markets, while industrial generators are anywhere from 50kW to over 3 Megawatts. Handy and portable gensets are available for homes, RV's and small offices, but larger businesses, data centers, buildings, plants, and industrial applications need to use the much larger sized industrial generators to meet their higher power requirements. Generator Sizing - How Much Power? Many people believe smaller generators can be used for standby electric power because they are not running all the time. This is not only a myth but can actually be very detrimental. Unfortunately, generator under sizing is one of the most common mistakes committed by buyers. Not only does it involve the risks of damaging your new asset (the generator), but also it can damage other assets connected to it, create hazardous situations, and even limit overall productivity of the unit and/or the business relying on it. If nothing else, the key thing to remember here is that more is always better than less. How to Determine the Right Size Engine or Generator: While there is no substitute for having a certified electrician perform an inspection and calculate everything for you, the guidelines below do offer some great starting points and should at least get you started in the right direction: Know Your Requirements: Going to a dealer and buying the best or cheapest generator available without any other consideration is clearly not the best approach. It is always better to delve deep into your power generation requirements before making a choice. You can do this in the following ways: - Make a list of the items that need to be powered by the generator - Make a note of the starting and running wattage of the respective items Massachusetts Template for Farm Emergency Plan Appendix G 3/30/2010

- Calculate the total power requirements in KVA or KW How to Find the Starting and Running Wattage: Getting the right starting and running wattage of the devices you intend to power is crucial for calculating the accurate power requirements. Normally, you will find these in the identification plate or the owner's manual in the buyer's kit of each respective device, tool, appliance, or other electrical equipment. Ampere - Watt Conversion: You may often find power requirements of tools stated in amperes. In order to convert the power requirement of a tool from ampere to watts, follow these calculations. For resistive load: Wattage = amperes x volts For reactive load: Wattage = (amperes x volts) x load factor Power Requirement Charting: It often happens that you lose the owner's manual or for some reason can't find the power requirement specification of the tools and/or other electrical devices you're running. Attached is a sample power consumption chart that demonstrates some of the typical wattages used for common appliances and tools. The chart is simply provided as an example to demonstrate how starting and running wattages differ, and how each device has specific consumption needs. If you have questions over any particular items you can contact the manufacturer, consult an electrician, or contact us for a free consultation. Different ways of Calculating: Depending upon the type and number of devices, and the way the generator is scheduled to be used, there are a few different ways of calculating power requirements: - Single motor running - Multiple motors running simultaneously - No electric motors. Advantages of choosing the right size generator: Now that you have an idea on how to choose the appropriate size of generator to suit your needs, here's just a few of the benefits obtained by going through that process: - No unexpected system failures - No shutdowns due to capacity overload - Increased longevity of the generator - Guaranteed performance - Smoother hassle-free maintenance - Increased system life span - Assured personal safety - Much smaller chance of asset damage Maintenance- Generators need to be started and run a minimum of 4 times a year or according to manufacturer recommendations.

Massachusetts Template for Farm Emergency Plan Appendix G 3/30/2010

Standard Electrical Formulas Used for Power Consumption Calculations

TO DETERMINE: KVA SINGLE-PHASE IxE 1000 I x E x PF 1000 I x E x %EFF x PF 746 HP x 746 E x %EFF x PF KW x 1000 E x PF KVA x 1000 E THREE-PHASE I x E x 1.73 1000 I x E x 1.73 x PF 1000 I x E x 1.732 x %EFF x PF 746 HP x 746 1.73 x E x %EFF x PF KW x 1000 1.73 x E x PF KVA x 1000 1.73 x E DIRECT CURRENT -------IxE 1000 I x E x %EFF 746 HP x 746 E x %EFF KW x 1000 E --------

Kilowatts
Horsepower Amperes (when HP is known) Amperes (when kW is known) Amperes (when KVA is known)

Guide to Standard Uints Kilo Volt Amperes KiloWatts (1000 watts = 1 kW) Ampere (Volt-Amperes or Current) Volts Power Factor Percent Efficiency Horse Power kVA kW I E PE %EFF HP

A very useful power conversion calculator is located on the following website: www.dieselserviceandsupply.com/Power_Calculator.aspx

Massachusetts Template for Farm Emergency Plan Appendix G 3/30/2010

Power Consumption Chart

This chart is provided as an example as to how wattage varies between various electrical devices. It is not meant to be a strict guide to calculate your requirements. For the most accurate calculations refer to the owners manual of each device, tool, appliance, etc., or most preferably, consult a professional electrician:

Item Circular Saw Drill Edger Electric Chainsaw Electric Lawn Mower Electric Pressure Washer Electric String Trimmer Jig Saw Miter Saw Orbital Sander Paint Sprayer Planer Router Water Pump Wet/Dry Vacuum Winch Furnace Fan, gas/fuel oil furnace 1/8 horsepower (hp) 1/6 horsepower (hp) 1/4 horsepower (hp) 2/5 horsepower (hp) 3/5 horsepower (hp) Central Air Conditioner 10,000 BTU 20,000 BTU 24,000 BTU 32,000 BTU 40,000 BTU 1/4' Drill Jigsaw Electric Weed Trimmer Belt Sander Disc Sander Chain Saw Worm Drive Saw 12' Concrete Cutter 7 1/4' Circular Saw Disc Grinder Air Compressor (Average)

Starting Wattage (W) 2400 1800 2400 2400 4320 3600 1500 1800 2100 1800 1080 2400 1500 3000 2500 5400 500 750 1000 1400 2350 2200 3300 4950 6500 6700 300 300 500 1000 1200 1200 3100 3600 3000 4000 4000

Running Wattage (W) 1200 720 960 1200 1440 1200 600 720 840 600 360 960 600 1000 888 1800 300 500 600 700 875 1500 2500 3800 5000 6000 300 300 500 1000 1200 1200 1560 1800 1500 2000 2000

Massachusetts Template for Farm Emergency Plan Appendix G 3/30/2010

kVa/kW Amperage Chart

This chart estimates the output amperage of a generator based on the operating power and voltage. Please note that this table is intended to be used as an estimate of how many amps a generator outputs during operation and is not an exact representation due to various factors that can increase or decrease this value.

80 % Power Factor
kVa 8 9.4 12.5 18.7 25 31.3 37.5 50 62.5 75 93.8 100 125 156 187 219 250 312 375 438 500 625 750 875 1000 1125 1250 1563 1875 2188 2500 2812 3130 3750 4375 5000 kW 6.3 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 80 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 3000 3500 4000 208V 220V 17.5 26.1 34.7 52 69.5 87 104 139 173 208 261 278 347 433 520 608 694 866 1040 1220 1390 1735 2080 2430 2780 3120 3470 4350 5205 16.5 24.7 33 49.5 66 82.5 99 132 165 198 247 264 330 413 495 577 660 825 990 1155 1320 1650 1980 2310 2640 2970 3300 4130 4950 240V 15.2 22.6 30.1 45 60.2 75.5 90.3 120 152 181 226 240 301 375 450 527 601 751 903 1053 1203 1504 1803 2104 2405 2709 3009 3765 4520 5280 6020 6780 7520 9040 10550 12040 380V 400V 440V 450V 480V 600V 2400V 3300V 9.6 14.3 19.2 28.8 38.4 48 57.6 77 96 115 143 154 192 240 288 335 384 480 576 672 770 960 1150 1344 1540 1730 1920 2400 2880 3350 3840 4320 4800 5760 6700 7680 9.1 13.6 18.2 27.3 36.4 45.5 54.6 73 91 109 136 146 182 228 273 318 364 455 546 637 730 910 1090 1274 1460 1640 1820 2280 2730 3180 3640 4095 4560 5460 6360 7280 8.3 12.3 16.6 24.9 33.2 41.5 49.8 66.5 83 99.6 123 133 166 208 249 289 332 415 498 581 665 830 996 1162 1330 1495 1660 2080 2490 2890 3320 3735 4160 4980 5780 6640 8.1 12 16.2 24.4 30.1 40.5 48.7 65 81 97.5 120 130 162 204 244 283 324 405 487 568 650 810 975 1136 1300 1460 1620 2040 2440 2830 3240 3645 4080 4880 5660 6480 7.6 11.3 15.1 22.5 24 37.8 45.2 60 76 91 113 120 150 188 225 264 301 376 451 527 602 752 902 1052 1203 1354 1504 1885 2260 2640 3015 3400 3765 4525 5285 6035 6.1 9.1 12 18 6 30 36 48 61 72 90 96 120 150 180 211 241 300 361 422 481 602 721 842 962 1082 1202 1503 1805 2106 2405 2710 3005 3610 4220 4810 4160V

4.4 7.5 9.1 12.1 15.1 18.1 22.6 21.1 30 38 45 53 60 75 90 105 120 150 180 210 241 271 301 376 452 528 602 678 752 904 1055 1204

3.5 5.5 6.6 8.8 10.9 13.1 16.4 17.6 21.8 27.3 33 38 44 55 66 77 88 109 131 153 176 197 218 273 327 380 436 491 546 654 760 872

4.4 5.2 7 8.7 10.5 13 13.9 17.5 22 26 31 35 43 52 61 69 87 104 121 139 156 174 218 261 304 348 392 435 522 610 695

Massachusetts Template for Farm Emergency Plan Appendix G 3/30/2010

Approximate Fuel Consumption Chart

This chart approximates the fuel consumption of a diesel generator based on the size of the generator and the load at which the generator is operating at. Please note that this table is intended to be used as an estimate of how much fuel a generator uses during operation and is not an exact representation due to various factors that can increase or decrease the amount of fuel consumed.

Generator Size (kW) 20 30 40 60 75 100 125 135 150 175 200 230 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250

1/4 Load (gal/hr) 0.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.7 6.8 7.9 8.9 11.0 13.2 16.3 21.6 26.9 32.2 37.5 42.8 48.1

1/2 Load (gal/hr) 0.9 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.1 5.0 5.4 5.9 6.8 7.7 8.8 9.5 11.3 13.1 14.9 18.5 22.0 27.4 36.4 45.3 54.3 63.2 72.2 81.1

3/4 Load (gal/hr) 1.3 2.4 3.2 3.8 4.6 5.8 7.1 7.6 8.4 9.7 11.0 12.5 13.6 16.1 18.7 21.3 26.4 31.5 39.3 52.1 65.0 77.8 90.7 103.5 116.4

Full Load (gal/hr) 1.6 2.9 4.0 4.8 6.1 7.4 9.1 9.8 10.9 12.7 14.4 16.6 18.0 21.5 25.1 28.6 35.7 42.8 53.4 71.1 88.8 106.5 124.2 141.9 159.6

*Generator information section reproduced with permission from power diesel supply company.com

Massachusetts Template for Farm Emergency Plan Appendix G 3/30/2010