Rafeek 3

Teleportation 1 Seminar Report 2004
Department of Electronics and Communication

Government Engineering College, Thrissur
Seminar Report
2004
Teleportation
Presented by
Girish M.
S7 ECE
Roll No: 01-621
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank everyone who helped to see this seminar

to completion. In particular, I would like to thank my seminar coordinator
Mrs. Muneera.C.R for her moral support and guidance to complete my
seminar on time. Also I would like to thank Mr. C. D. Anil Kumar for his
invaluable help and support.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof.

Indiradevi, Head of the Department, Electronics & Communication
Engineering for her support and encouragement.
I express my gratitude to all my friends and classmates for

their support and help in this seminar.

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 4
1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. MECHANISM OF TELEPORTATION 6
2.1. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT 10
3. QUANTUM TELEPORTATION 13
4. INNSBRUCK EXPERIMENT 16
5. PHOTON EXPERIMENTS 18
6. FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
6.1. HUMAN TELEPORTATION 20
6.2. COMMUNICATION 21
6.3. QUANTUM COMPUTERS 22
6.4. QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY 23
6.5. TIME TRAVEL 24
7. CONCLUSION 25
8. REFERENCES 26

ABSTRACT
Teleportation is the name given by science fiction writers to the feat

of making an object or a person disintegrate in one place while a perfect
replica appears some where else. A teleportation machine would be like
fax machine except that it would work on three dimensional objects as well
as documents, it would produce an exact copy rather than an approximate
facsimile, and it would destroy the original in the process of scanning it.
Teleportation was not taken seriously by scientists, because it was thought
to violate the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, which forbids
any measuring or scanning process from extracting all the information in
an atom or other object. Scientists found a way to make and end-run
around this logic, using a celebrated and paradoxical feature of quantum
mechanics known as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect. The future is
promising that we can even teleport man.

INTRODUCTION
Teleportation involves dematerializing an object at one

point, and sending the details of that object’s precise atomic configuration
to another location, where it will be reconstructed. What this means is that
time and space could be eliminated from travel – we could be transported
to any location instantly, without actually crossing a physical distance.
Most of us were introduced to the idea of teleportation,

and other futuristic technologies, by the short-lived star Trek television
series (1966-69) based on tales written by Gene Roddenberry.
In 1993, the idea of teleportation moved out of the realm

of science fiction and into the world of theoretical possibility. It was then
that physicist Charles Bennett and a team of researchers at IBM confirmed
that quantum teleportation was possible, but only if the original object
being teleported was destroyed.

MECHANISM OF QUANTUM
TELEPORTATION
Before going into more detail about the teleportation

experiments performed to date, let us firstly get a better idea about what
teleportation actually is. To begin with, a key part of this process involves
something getting from one place to another without it moving through
any places in between. For example, imagine that you can teleport from
school to home. This means that you are able to get home without having
to walk, catch a bus or a train, ride your bike or indeed use any other type
of everyday transport. Instead, you are simply “beamed” there.
In science-fiction stories, teleportation often involves three things :
1. Firstly, a machine scans some object to find out everything about

it. For example, this may mean that some device scans a space explorer
on board her spaceship to find out what she’s like. This includes finding
her height, her mass, the colour of her hair, what sort of shoes she is
wearing etc..
2. Next, the machine “disassembles” the space explorer and sends

or “beams” all the things that she’s made up of to some uncharted
planet nearby. These include, for example, all the atoms in her body.
The machine also sends a message to the planet containing everything
that it found out about her.

3. Finally, we resemble the space explorer on the nearby planet

using all the things she’s made up of and the message.
Teleportation is now complete
Though quantum teleportation involves many facets,

entanglement is the magical ingredient that is the key to its operation.
Somehow, in a manner that we still have much to learn about, it is
entanglement that allows quantum teleportation to transmit a message
directly from Alice to Bob, whilst skipping all the places in between.
TELEPORTATION OF LIGHT
This fig shows teleportation of light. The sender is known as

Alice and receiver is known as Bob. In order to teleport light from Alice to
Bob three steps has to be taken place.

1. The object has to be scanned to extract all data

2. This large quantity of information has to be sent by some means
3. finally the object has to be reassembled based on data
The whole process seems to be very simple. But as we go

deeper into the logistic details it become very difficult to explain. Scanning
means to record from each particle the quantity that specifies the properties
of an object. Two such properties are position and momentum. So the first
step is to measure this two canonically conjugate properties. Heisengerg in
his uncertainty paper proved that both position and momentum of a
particle cannot be known simultaneously with any degree of certainty. This
principle has been proved by many experiments. When we attempt to find
out the position its momentum may change and vice versa, so scientists at
first thought that teleportation would be impossible.
In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including

IBM Fellow Charles H. Bennett, confirmed the intuitions of the majority
of science fiction writers by showing that perfect teleportation is indeed
possible in principle, but only if the original is destroyed. In subsequent
years, other scientists have demonstrated teleportation experimentally in a
variety of systems, including single photons, coherent light fields, nuclear
spins, and trapped ions. Teleportation promises to be quite useful as an
information processing primitive, facilitating long range quantum
communication (perhaps ultimately leading to a “quantum internet”), and
making it much easier to build a working quantum computer. In the past,
the idea of teleportation was not taken very seriously by scientists, because
it was thought to violate the uncertainty principle of quantum, mechanics,

which forbids ay measuring or scanning process from extracting all the

information in an atom or other object. According to the uncertainty
principle, the more accurately an object is scanned, the more it is disturbed

by the scanning process, until one reaches a point where the object’s
original state has been completely disrupted, still without having extracted
enough information to make a perfect replica. This sounds like a solid
argument against teleportation : if one cannot extract enough information
from an object to make a perfect copy, it would seem that a perfect copy
cannot be made. But the six scientists found a way to make an end run
around this logic, using a celebrated and paradoxical feature of quantum
mechanics known as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect. In brief, they
found a way to scan out part of the information from an object, which one
wishes to teleport, while causing the remaining, unscanned, part of the
information to pass, via the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Effect.

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT (EPR EFFECT)
Here we shall prepare pairs of entangled photons with

opposite polarizations; we shall call them E/and E2. the entanglement
means that if we measure a beam of, say, E1 photons with a polarizer, one-
half of the incident photons will pass the filter, regardless of the orientation
of the polarizer. Whether a particular photon will pass the filter is random.
However, if we measure its companion E2 photon with a polarizer oriented
at 90 degrees relative to the first, then if E1 passes its filter E2 will also
pass its filter. Similarly if E1 does not pass its filter its companion E2 will
not. Mirrors are sometimes called beam splitters because they split a light
beam into two equal parts. We shall use a half-silvered mirror to perform
Bell State Measurements. The name is after the originator of Bell’s
Theorem.
We direct one of the entangled photons, say E1, to the beam

splitter. Meanwhile, we prepare another photon with a polarization of 45O,
and direct it to the same beam splitter from the other side, as shown. This
is the photon whose properties will be transported we label it K (for Kirk).
We time it so that both e1 and K reach the beam splitter at the same time.
The E1 photon incident from above will be reflected by the beam splitter
some of the time and will be transmitted some of the time. Similarly for
the K photon that is incident from below. So sometimes both photons will
end up going up and to the right as shown.
Similarly, sometimes both photons will end up going down

and to the right

Quantum entanglement *is the property that allows 2

photons to behave as one whatever be the distance between them. If we
measure the state of one particle we can instantly measure the state of
other.
To make a copy of that object at a distant location one does

not need the original parts and pieces-all that is needed is to send the
scanned information so that it can be used for reconstructing the object.
Teleportation necessitates both production and measurement of entangled
states ; these are the two most challenging tasks for any experimental
realization. Thus far there are only a few experimental techniques by
which one can prepare entangled states.

A teleportation machine would be like a fax machine, except

that it would work on 3-dimensional objects as well as documents, it
would produce an exact copy rather than an approximate facsimile, and it
would destroy the original in the process of scanning it. A few science
fiction writers consider teleporters that preserve the original, and the plot
gets complicated when the original, and the plot gets complicated when the
original and teleported versions of the same person meet ; but the more
common kind of teleporter destroys the original, functioning as a super
transportation device, not as a perfect replicator of souls and bodies.

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION
Scientists found a way to scan out part of the information

from an object A, which one wishes to teleport, while causing the
remaining, unscanned, part of the information to pass, via the Einstein-
Podolsky-Rosen effect, into another object C which has never been in
contact with A. Later, by applying to C a treatment depending on the
scanned-out information, it is possible to maneuver C into exactly the same
state as A was in before it was scanned. A itself is no longer in that state,
having been thoroughly disrupted by the scanning, so what has been
achieved is teleportation.

As the figures suggests, the unscanned part of the

information is conveyed from A to C by an intermediary object B, which
interacts first with C and then with A. in order to convey something from
A to C, the delivery vehicle must visit A before C, not the other way
around. But there is a subtle, unscannable kind of information that, unlike
any material cargo, and even unlike ordinary information, can indeed be
delivered in such a backward fashion. This subtle kind of information, also
called “Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation” or “entanglement”,
has been at least partly understood since the 1930s when it was discussed
in a famous paper by Albert Einstein, Bories Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen.
In the 1960s John Bell showed that a pair of entangled

particles, which were once in contact but later move too far apart to
interact directly, can exhibit individually random behavior that is too
strongly correlated to be explained by classical statistics. Experiments on
photons and other particles have repeatedly confirmed these correlations,
thereby providing strong evidence for the validity of quantum mechanics,
which neatly explains them. Another well-known fact about EPR
correlations is that they cannot by themselves deliver a meaningful and
controllable message. It was thought that their only usefulness was in
proving the validity of quantum mechanics. But now it is known that,
through the part of the information in an object which is too delicate to be
scanned out and delivered by conventional methods.

Figure compares conventional facsimile transmission with

quantum teleportation. In conventional facsimile transmission the original
is scanned, extracting partial information about it, but remains more or less
intact after the scanning process. The scanned information is sent to the
receiving station, where it is imprinted on some raw material (eg. Paper) to
produce an approximate copy of the original. By contrast, in quantum
teleportation, two objects B and C are first brought into contact and then
separated. Object B is taken to the sending station, while object C is taken
to the receiving station. At the sending station object B is scanned together
with the original object A which one wishes to teleport, yielding some
information and totally disrupting the state of A and B. the scanned
information is sent to the receiving station, where it is used to select one of
several treatments to be applied to object C thereby putting C into an exact
replica of the former state of A.

THE INNSBRUCK EXPERIMENT
Image depicts the University of Innsbruck experimental

setup for quantum teleportation.
.
Here is how it works : at the sending station of quantum

teleporter, Alice encodes a “messenger” photon (M) with a specific state:

450 polarization. This travels towards a beam splitter. Meanwhile, two

additional “entangled” photons (A and B) are created. The polarization of
each photon is in a fuzzy, undetermined state, at the two photons have a
specially defined interrelationship. Specifically, they must have
complementary polarizations. For example, if photon A is later measured
to have horizontal polarization then the other photon must collapse into the
complementary state of vertical polarization.
Entangled photon A arrives at the beam splitter at the same

time as the message photon M. The beam splitter causes each photon to
both continue towards detector 1 or change course and travel to detector 2.
In 25% of all cases, in which the two photons go off into different
detectors, Alice does not know which photon went to which detector. This
inability of Alice to distinguish between the two photons causes quantum
weirdness to kick in. Just by the very fact that the two photons are now
indistinguishable, the M photon loses its original identity and becomes
entangled with A. The polarization value for each photon is now
indeterminate, but since they travel towards different detectors Alice
knows that the two photons must have complementary polarizations.
Since message photon M must have complementary

polarization to photon A, then the other entangled photon (B) must now
attain the same polarization value as M. Therefore, teleportation is
successful. Indeed, Bob sees that the polarization value of photon B is 450
the initial value of the message photon.

PHOTON EXPERIMENTS
In 1998, physicists at the California Institute of Technology

(Caltech), along with two European groups, turned the IBM ideas into
reality by successfully teleporting a photon, a particle of energy that carries
light. The Caltech group was able to read the atomic structure of a photon,
send this information across 1 meter (3.28 feet) of coaxial cable and create
a replica of the photon. As predicted, the original photon no longer existed
once the replica was made.
In performing the experiment, the Caltech group was able to

get around the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the main barrier for
teleportation of objects larger than a photon. This principle states that you
cannot simultaneously know the location and the speed of a particle. But if
you can't know the position of a particle, then how can you teleport it? In
order to teleport a photon without violating the Heisenberg Principle, the
Caltech physicists used a phenomenon known as entanglement. In
entanglement, at least three photons are needed to achieve quantum
teleportation:
• Photon A: The photon to be teleported

• Photon B: The transporting photon
• Photon C: The photon that is entangled with photon B
If researchers tried to look too closely at photon A without

entanglement, they would bump it, and thereby change it. By entangling

photons B and C, researchers can extract some information about photon

A, and the remaining information would be passed on to B by way of
entanglement, and then on to photon C. When researchers apply the
information from photon A to photon C, they can create an exact replica of
photon A. However, photon A no longer exists as it did before the
information was sent to photon C.
In other words, when Captain Kirk beams down to an alien

planet, an analysis of his atomic structure is passed through the transporter
room to his desired location, where a replica of Kirk is created and the
original is destroyed.
A more recent teleportation success was achieved at the

Australian National University, when researchers successfully teleported a
laser beam.
While the idea of creating replicas of objects and destroying

the originals doesn't sound too inviting for humans, quantum teleportation
does hold promise for quantum computing. These experiments with
photons are important in developing networks that can distribute quantum
information. Professor Samuel Braunstein, of the University of Wales,
Bangor, called such a network a "quantum Internet." This technology may
be used one day to build a quantum computer that has data transmission
rates many times faster than today's most powerful computers.

FUTURE POSSIBILITIES OF QUANTUM

TELEPORTATION
HUMAN TELEPORTATION
The man is standing on a platform called transporter and he

is beamed up part by part and teleported accordingly. The human body
consist of 1028 atoms. So we have to teleport these atoms with exact
precision. A duplicate of the person would be made at the other end.
Original mind and body no longer exists, their atomic structure would be
recreated at the other end. But there are some limitations.
1. By reconstruction we may obtain the body, but can be a dead

body
2. Since a large quantity of information has to be teleported, it
will take years to teleport a man.
3. Large quantity of light is involved there is a chance of
genetic variation

COMMUNICATION
Teleportation has many promising possibilities in the field of

Communication
1. If teleportation be possible it become the fastest means of

Communication
2. Tremendous amount of chemicals are now shipped from one
location to another, reactants mixed at one location, sent to
another to be used. Since each is a molecule we can teleport
chemicals, saving time and space.
3. Just as online shopping offers the opportunity to avoid shops.
Teleportation provides instant store free purchase.
4. This teleportation can be used in military purpose for data
Encryption
5. Space exploration can be enhanced. We cam teleport
machinery to space shuttles or space colonies. Fuels for space
stations can also be teleported.
6. Colonizing in mars is not possible today due to the lack of
fresh water, if we can teleport water directly from earth
colonizing in mars is possible
7. It can be used in war fare. Missiles and bombs can instantly
be placed in enemy locations. This can be done by setting a
teleporting device at the enemy lines.

QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a

common communication channel to create a body of shared and secret
information. This information, which generally takes the form of a random
string of bits, can then be used as a conventional secret key for secure
communication. It is useful to assume that the communicating parties
initially share a small amount of secret information, which is used up and
then \renewed in the exchange process, but even without this assumption
exchanges are possible. Purpose of cryptography is to transmit information
in such a way that access to it is restricted entirely to the intended
recipient, even if the transmission itself is received by others.
Cryptography operates by a sender scrambling or encrypting the original
message or plain text in a systematic way that obtains its meaning. The
encrypted message of crypto text is transmitted, and the receiver recovers
the message by unscrambling or decrypting the transmission
Quantum cryptographic techniques provide no protection

against the classic bucket brigade attack (also known as the “man-in-the-
middle attack”). In this scheme, an eavesdropper, E (“Eve”) is assumed to
have the capacity to monitor the communications channel and insert and
remove messages without inaccuracy or delay. When Alice attempts to
establish a secret key with Bob, Eve intercepts and responds to messages
in both directions, fooling both Alice and Bob into believing she is the
other. Once the keys are established, Eve receives, copies, and resends
messages so as to allow Alice and Bob to communicate

QUANTUM COMPUTERS
The basic data unit in a conventional (or classical) computer

is the bit, or binary digit .. A bit stores a numerical value of either 0 or 1.
An example of how bits are stored is given by a CD rom: “pits” and
“lands” (absence of a pit) are used to store the binary data. In quantum
computing, the byte is replaced by a single talks to you about the ‘Mona
Lisa’, by just hearing the name, you know what the picture looks like
without having been given the enormous string of 1s and 0s that the
element called a qubit. A qubit is in effect a single entity rather like a
conventional computer’s bit, but actually it is a combination of many
quantum states of atomic or sub atomic particles. In a single qubit it is
possible to carry lot of zeros and ones all together but in a single quantum
bit imagine a picture of MonaLisa is stored in the computer as millions of
bits. However, if somebody computer needs to redraw it. In the same way,
in a quantum computer, the qubit is the equivalent of the name
‘MonaLisa’.
Consequently, quantum computers have the potential ability
to carry and process large amounts of information in parallel and at very
high speeds. It is for this reason that it is believed that they could be useful
in dealing with the most computationally intense tasks, such as code
breaking.
The key problem facing quantum computer developers is the
one of finding a suitable quantum register, which cannot only be set-up
with the correct input data but can be manipulated with quantum
operations.

TIME TRAVEL
The concept of time travel can be explained based on some

assumptions. We see an object when light rays from that object reaches our
eyes. The light rays from the sun takes 8 minutes to reach the earth. So we
are seeing the sun in the past. We see stars shining in the sky, it may have
died years before but we still see it because light rays takes a long time to
reach the earth.
Assume that time at point c is same as that of the earth.

Consider a boy at the age of 10 is standing on earth, the light rays from the
star reaches the boy and is reflected from the boy to c. at that point of
reflection from the boy, the boy is traveling towards c with a speed greater
than the velocity of light, he reaches the point c at an approximate age of
15 and wait there. When the reflected ray reaches his eyes he can see his
image at the ageof 10. he is seeing his past.

CONCLUSION
The future of teleportation is as varied as the past that led to

its creation. Society’s fascination with teleportation gives the drive for
further research strong ensuring teleportation as an integral part of
society’s progress… Science, however, can only go as far as society will
allow, making ethical dilemmas a key issue in the potential uses of
teleportation. Although the advancement of teleportation is irrefutable, the
route of such research is unknown and offers an unpredictable and exciting
future. So we can hope the best.

REFERENCES
1. Quantum entanglement – “Quantum Mechanics” by Maxwell.

2. Nature Magazine
3. New Scientist Magazine
4. IBM Research papers
5. www.ibmresearchpapers.com
6. www.newscientist.com
7. www.nature.com
8. www.qubit.org

Rafeek 3

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Rafeek 3

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Teleportation 1 Seminar Report 2004

Department of Electronics and Communication

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

I would like to thank everyone who helped to see this seminar

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof.

I express my gratitude to all my friends and classmates for

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

2.1. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT 10

6.1. HUMAN TELEPORTATION 20

6.3. QUANTUM COMPUTERS 22

6.4. QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY 23

6.5. TIME TRAVEL 24

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Teleportation is the name given by science fiction writers to the feat

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Teleportation involves dematerializing an object at one

Most of us were introduced to the idea of teleportation,

In 1993, the idea of teleportation moved out of the realm

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Before going into more detail about the teleportation

In science-fiction stories, teleportation often involves three things :

1. Firstly, a machine scans some object to find out everything about

2. Next, the machine “disassembles” the space explorer and sends

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

3. Finally, we resemble the space explorer on the nearby planet

Though quantum teleportation involves many facets,

This fig shows teleportation of light. The sender is known as

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

1. The object has to be scanned to extract all data

The whole process seems to be very simple. But as we go

In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

which forbids ay measuring or scanning process from extracting all the

principle, the more accurately an object is scanned, the more it is disturbed

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT (EPR EFFECT)

Here we shall prepare pairs of entangled photons with

We direct one of the entangled photons, say E1, to the beam

Similarly, sometimes both photons will end up going down

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Quantum entanglement *is the property that allows 2

To make a copy of that object at a distant location one does

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

A teleportation machine would be like a fax machine, except

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Scientists found a way to scan out part of the information

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

As the figures suggests, the unscanned part of the

In the 1960s John Bell showed that a pair of entangled

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Figure compares conventional facsimile transmission with

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

THE INNSBRUCK EXPERIMENT

Image depicts the University of Innsbruck experimental

Here is how it works : at the sending station of quantum

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

450 polarization. This travels towards a beam splitter. Meanwhile, two

Entangled photon A arrives at the beam splitter at the same

Since message photon M must have complementary

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

In 1998, physicists at the California Institute of Technology

In performing the experiment, the Caltech group was able to