Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DONE BY:
SUBIN.K.M
S7 ECE
ROLL NO: 01- 651
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. FEATURES OF LASER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
4. OPERATION
5. ACQUISITION AND TRACKING
6. OPTICAL NOISE
7. SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTON
8. LINK PARAMETERS
9. TRANSMITTER PARAMETERS
10.CHANNEL PARAMETERS
11.RECEIVER PARAMETERS
12.DETECTOR PARAMETERS
13.AN EXAMPLE
14.APPLICATIONS
15.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
16.CONCLUSIONS
17.REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
FEATURES OF LASER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Transmit beam
Transmit
laser
source Optics
Receive beam
Transmit Detector
data and signal
electronics processing
To/from
host data
system
Terminal control
electronics
From host
Power Power To equipment Structure Thermal
system regulator groups
3.
The extremely high antenna gain made possible by the narrow
beams enables small telescope apertures to be used. Plots of
aperture diameter Vs. data rate for millimeter and optical waves are
shown in Fig 2. A laser communications system operating at 1 Gb/s
requires an aperture of approximately 30 cm. In contrast, a 1 Gb/s
millimeter wave system requires a significantly larger aperture, 2-2.75
m.
4.
required, together with very high-quality optical components
throughout the transmitting subsystem. The beam quality cannot be
better than the worst element in the optical chain, so the possible
antenna gain will be restricted not only by the laser source itself, but
also by any of the optical elements, including the final mirror or
telescope primary. Because of the requirement for both high
efficiency and high beam quality, many lasers that are suitable in
other applications are unsuitable for long distance free-space
communication. In order to communicate, adequate power must be
received by the detector to distinguish signal from noise. Laser
power, transmitter optical system losses, pointing system
imperfections, transmitter and receiver antenna gains, receiver
losses, and receiver tracking losses are all factors in establishing
receiver power. The required optical power is determined by data
rate, detector sensitivity, modulation formats, noise, and detection
methods.
5.
When the receiver is detecting signals, it is actually making decisions
as to the nature of the signal (when digital signal are being sent it
distinguishes between ones and zeros). Fig 3. shows the probability
of detection vs. measured photocurrent in a decision time. There are
two distributions: one when a signal is present (including the amount
of photocurrent due to background and dark current in the detector),
and one when there is no signal present (including only the nonsignal
current sources). A threshold must be set that maximizes the success
rate and minimizes the error rate. One can see that different types of
errors will occur. Even when there is no signal present, the fluctuation
of the nonsignal sources will periodically cause the threshold to be
exceeded. This is the error of stating that a signal is present when
there is no signal present. The signal distribution may also fall on the
other side of the threshold, so errors stating that no signal is present
will occur even when a signal is present. For laser communication
systems in general, one wants to equalize these two error types. In
the acquisition mode, however, no attempt is made to equalize these
errors since this would increase acquisition time.
6.
OPERATION
7.
ACQUISITION AND TRACKING
8.
It is possible to operate a number of laser types at high peak
power and low duty cycle to make acquisition easier. This is because
a lower pulse rate is needed for acquisition than for tracking and
communications. High peak power pulses more easily overcome the
receiver set threshold and keep the false alarm rate low. A low duty
cycle transmitter gives high peak power, yet requires less average
power, and is thus a suitable source for acquisition. As the
uncertainty area becomes less, it becomes more feasible to use a
continues source of acquisition, especially if the acquisition time does
not have to be short.
9.
OPTICAL NOISE
10.
These fluctuations can lead to an increase in the link error probability,
limiting the performance of communication systems. Aerosol
scattering effects caused by rain, snow and fog can also degrade the
performance of free-space optical communication systems.
11.
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTON
12.
LINK PARAMETERS
13.
Solid state lasers have offered higher power levels and the ability
to operate in high peak power modes for acquisition. When diode
lasers are used to optically pump the lasing media graceful
degradation and higher overall reliability (compared to lamp pumped
systems) is achieved. A variety of materials have been proposed for
laser transmitters; however, neodymium doped yttrium aluminum
garnet (Nd:YAG) is the most widely developed. Operating at 1064nm,
these lasers require an external modulator, leading to a slight
increase in complexity and reliability. The modulator must be capable
of operating at required pulse rates as well as handling the power
levels from the laser.
14.
This angle error is commonly referred to as noise effective
length (NEA), and depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the
angular sensitivity of the tracking detector, and the characteristics of
the tracking control loops. For the communications link, the key
considerations are the required data and bit error rates. Also of prime
importance, once a laser type is selected, is the modulation format
used to impress information on the laser carrier. A brief description of
the required signal calculations for each of the three major link types
is given laser in this section.
15.
TRANSMITTER PARAMETERS
16.
The laser sources suitable to the free-space laser communications
trend to exhibit a Gaussian intensity distribution in the main lobe. The
reduction in the far-field signal strength due to transmitter mispointing
is the transmitter pointing loss. For each link in a laser system, a
pointing budget must be determined. The pointing budget is typically
composed of bias (slowly varying) and random (more rapidly varying)
components. The bias components are the alignment and detector
gain mismatch errors; the random components are the NEA and
residual error due to base motion disturbances.
17.
CHANNEL PARAMETERS
18.
RECEIVER PARAMETERS
19.
The final receiver parameter to be discussed is the angular field of
view (FOV), in radians, which limits the background power of an
extended source incident on the detector. To maximize background
rejection, the FOV should be as small as possible, since for the
typically small angles considered (< 1 mrad) the background power
incident on the detector is proportional to FOV. However, the
minimum FOV is limited by optical design constraints and the receiver
pointing capability. Optical design constraints require the FOV to
satisfy the expression FOV = DD/FL, where DD is the detector
diameter in meters and FL is the system focal length in meters (both
DD and FL is limited by the practical considerations). The receiver
FOV must be greater than the receiver pointing capability so that the
received signal spot falls onto the detector surface.
20.
DETECTOR PARAMETERS
21.
The mean output current for both PINs and APDs is proportional to
the quantum efficiency. By definition, quantum efficiencies are always
less than unity. For silicon detectors operating at GaAlAs
wavelengths, h = 0.85-0.9, while at the Nd: YAG wavelength h may
be only 0.4. For InGaAs detectors, operated at InGaAsP and Nd:
YAG wavelengths, h is about 0.8.
22.
AN EXAMPLE
23.
The diode laser source is modulated directly in a Manchester
modulation format by changing the drive current to the diodes. The
link employs a rate ½, constraint length 7 convolutional code with
Viterbi decoding and hard decisions. This permits the link to operate
at a higher channel symbol error rate (0.014), but still produce a
decoded bit error rate of 10−6 . the code employed yields
approximately 2 dB of coding gain for direct detection laser
communications link. A quadrant APD was selected as the detector
because of its compactness, high reliability, and high sensitivity
(compared to a PIN photodiode). The desired communications signal
was obtained by summing the four quadrants. It is assumed that 0.6
W of laser power is adequate to support the acquisition and track
functions. This example is representative of a typical laser
communications system for satellite applications.
24.
APPLICATIONS
Depending on the climatic zone where the free space laser communications
systems are used, they can span distances up to 15 km at low bitrates or
provide bitrates up to 622 Mbps at shorter distances. The systems are
protocol transparent allowing transmission of digital computer data (LAN
interconnect), video, voice over IP, multiplexed data, or ATM. They are
suitable for temporary connectivity needs such as at conventions, sporting
events, corporate and university campuses, disaster scenes or military
operations.
25.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
26.
CONCLUSIONS
27.
REFERENCES
28.