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Session ID-BRKEWN-3016
Session Abstract
This advanced session focuses on the deep-dive understanding of the often overlooked Radio Frequency part of the designing and deploying a Wireless LAN Network. It discusses 802.11 Radio, MIMO, Access Points and antenna placements, when to use a DAS system, antenna patterns It covers the main environments such as carpeted offices, campuses and conference centers, and it provides feedback based on lessons learned from challenging deployments such as outdoor/stadium/rail deployments and manufacturing areas.
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Waves travel back and forth so fast they leave the wire
How fast the AC current goes is its frequency AC is very low frequency 60 Hz (Cycles Per Second) Radio waves are measured in kHz, MHz and GHz The lower the frequency the physically longer the radio wave Higher frequencies have much shorter waves as such, they take more power to move them greater distances. This is why 2.4 GHz goes further then 5 GHz (given same amount of RF power)
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Each Frequency or sets of frequencies (channels) have different services such as Shortwave, FM radio, television, etc - Most of these are licensed services however some like Wi-Fi are unlicensed
DC
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Light
Uncle Sam has allocated the entire usable RF spectrum from DC to Light
Source: US Department of Commerce http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.PDF
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
As Wi-Fi popularity and usage increased the FCC allocated additional spectrum in the 5 GHz band for (unlicensed usage)
2.4 GHz
5 GHz
Portions of the spectrum we use today is licensed by Amateur (Ham Radio) and other services such as radio location (weather radar) There is more bandwidth in 5 GHz and mechanisms are in place to co-exist with radio location (radar) services
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Cisco antennas are identified by color Blue indicates 5 GHz Black indicates 2.4 GHz
Omni-Directional antennas like the one on the left, radiate much like a raw light bulb would everywhere in all directions
Directional antennas like this Patch antenna radiate forward like placing tin foil behind the light bulb or tilting the lamp shade Note: Same RF energy is used but results in greater range as its focused at the cost of other coverage areas
Antennas are custom made and have frequency ranges and specifications
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QAM or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is one of the fastest modulation types actually sending two signals that are out of phase with each other and then somehow putting all the pieces back together for even greater throughput. This is one of the advantages of 802.11n
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802.11b/g is 2.4 GHz 802.11a is 5 GHz 802.11n (can be either band) 2.4 or 5 GHz
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Note: There are still many 2.4 GHz only devices today primarily because those chipsets are less costly to produce
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Common RF terms
Attenuation a loss in force or intensity As radio waves travel through objects or in media such as coaxial cable attenuation occurs. BER Bit Error Rate - the fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly. Channel Bonding act of combining more than one channel for additional bandwidth dBd abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to a dipole dBi abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to an isotropic antenna dBm decibels milliwatt -- abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt of transmitted RF power. Isotropic antenna theoretical ideal antenna used as a reference for expressing power in logarithmic form. MRC Maximal Ratio Combining a method that combines signals from multiple antennas taking into account factors such as signal to noise ratio to decode the signal with the best possible Bit Error Rate. Multipath refers to a reflected signal that combines with a true signal resulting in a weaker or some cases a stronger signal.
mW milliwatt a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt (usually converted to dBm)
Noise Floor The measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals appearing at the receiver. This can be adjacent signals, weak signals in the background that dont go away, electrical noise from electromechanical devices etc. Receiver Sensitivity The minimum received power needed to successfully decode a radio signal with an acceptable BER. This is usually expressed in a negative number depending on the data rate. For example the AP-1140 Access Point requires an RF strength of at least negative -91 dBm at 1 MB and an even higher strength higher RF power -79 dBm to decode 54 MB Receiver Noise Figure The internal noise present in the receiver with no antenna present (thermal noise). SNR Signal to Noise Ratio The ratio of the transmitted power from the AP to the ambient (noise floor) energy present. TxBF Transmit beam forming the ability to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas
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Identifying RF connectors
RP-TNC Connector
Used on most Cisco Access Points
RP-SMA Connector
Used on some Linksys Products
N Connector
Used on the 1520 Mesh and 1400 Bridge
SMA Connector
Pig tail type cable assemblies
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LMR 1200
inch solid copper cable sometimes called hardline or heliax trade names (side can be milled to be leaky)
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Cisco uses Times Microwave cable and has standardized on two types: Cisco Low Loss (LMR-400) and Cisco Ultra Low Loss (LMR-600).
LMR-600 is recommended when longer cable distances are required Larger cables can be used but connectors are difficult to find and install
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Antenna Cables
LMR-400 is 3/8 inch Cisco Low Loss LMR-600 is inch Cisco Ultra Low Loss
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Antenna basics
Antenna - a device which radiates and/or receives radio signals
Antennas are usually designed to operate at a specific frequency Wide-Band antennas can support additional frequencies but its a trade-off and usually not with the same type of performance. Antenna Gain is characterized using dBd or dBi
Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a reference antenna called a dipole and the unit of measure is dBd (d for dipole) Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a computer modeled antenna called an isotropic dipole <ideal antenna> and the unit of measure is dBi (i for isotropic dipole) (computer modeled ideal antenna)
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A dipole does not require a ground plane as the bottom half is the ground (counterpoise).
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808 Ft Broadcast Monopole WSM 650 AM - Grand Ole Opry (erected in 1932)
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Monopoles were added to our antenna line primarily for aesthetics and require a metal surface to radiate
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A dipole called the driven element is placed in front of other elements. This motivates the signal to go forward into a given direction for gain. (inside view of the Cisco AIR-ANT1949 13.5 dBi Yagi)
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Most common 2.4 GHz antennas for Access Points (single and diversity)
Antenna Description
AIR-ANT4941
2.2 dBi Swivel-mount Dipole; most popular mounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor
AIR-ANT5959
2 dBi Diversity Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT1729
6 dBi Wall-mount Patch
AIR-ANT1728
5.2 dBi Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT3549
9 dBi Wall-mount Patch
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Most common 5 GHz antennas for Access Points (single and diversity)
Antenna Description AIR-ANT5135D-R 3.5 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; mounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor AIR-ANT5145V-R 4.5 dBi Omni-directional Diversity Antenna; unobtrusive, ceiling mount, low gain, indoor AIR-ANT5160V-R 6 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; ceiling or mast mount, indoor/outdoor AIR-ANT5170P-R 7 dBi Patch Diversity Antenna; directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor AIR-ANT5195-R 9.5 dBi Patch Antenna; directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Understanding and interpreting antenna patterns A quick peek at the Cisco Richfield Facility
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When three monopoles are next to each other the radiating elements interact slightly with each other The higher gain 4 dBi also changes elevation more compared to the lower gain 2.2 dBi Dipole
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Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBi but antenna was designed with Null-Fill meaning we scaled back the overall antenna gain so as to have less nulls or low signal spots on the ground.
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) facility A quick peek where antennas are designed...
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) facility designs antennas and qualifies 3rd party antennas
Satimo software compatible with Stargate-64 System. Basic measurement tool is 8753ES Network Analyzer.
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Cisco Anechoic chamber using an 18-inch absorber all the way around 1-6 GHz Anechoic means without echo
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FCC regulatory compliance testing is also done at the Richfield Ohio facility.
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RF Screen rooms
Copper shielding on top metal on bottom
Cables are typically fiber and exit through well shielded holes
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RF Screen rooms
Copper shielding (Faraday Cage)
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Understanding Multipath
Multipath can change signal strength
As radio signals bounce off metal objects they often combine at the receiver
Note: Bluetooth type radios that hop across the entire band can reduce multipath interference by constantly changing the angles of multipath as the radio wave increases and decreases in size (as the frequency constantly changes) however throughput using these methods are very limited but multipath is less of a problem
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Understanding Multipath
Multipath reflections can cause distortion
As the radio waves bounce they can arrive at slightly different times and angles causing signal distortion and potential signal strength fading Different modulation schemes fair better 802.11a/g/n uses a type of modulation based on symbols and is an improvement over the older modulation types used with 802.11b clients
Presentation_ID 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
802.11n with more receivers can use destructive interference (multipath) as a benefit. Tip: It is still best to reduce multipath conditions whenever possible Keep antennas away from metal objects
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Never mount antennas near metal objects as it causes increased multipath and directionality
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Cisco 802.11a/b/g Access Points start off favoring the right (primary antenna port) then if multi-path or packet retries occur it will sample the left port and switch to that antenna port if the signal is better.
Note: Diversity Antennas should always cover the same cell area
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Receiver benefit as each antenna has a radio section MRC is done at Baseband using DSP techniques Multiple antennas and multiple RF sections are used in parallel The multiple copies of the received signal are corrected and combined at Baseband for maximum SNR (Signal to Noise) benefit This is a significant benefit over traditional 802.11a/b/g diversity where only one radio is used
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2010 Cisco and/or Presentation_IDPresentation_ID Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. its affiliates. All rights reserved. 2006 Cisco Confidential
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MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
Beam Forming
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Spatial Multiplexing
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Aspects of 802.11n
40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
With MRC
Multiple Signals Sent and Combined at the Receiver Increasing Fidelity
MIMO AP Performance
Beam Forming
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Spatial Multiplexing
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Aspects of 802.11n
40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
stream 1
MIMO AP
stream 2
Performance
Increases Bandwidth
Beam Forming
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Spatial Multiplexing
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) 40Mhz Channels Moving from 2 to 4 Lanes
20-MHz
Gained Space
40-MHz
20-MHz
40-MHz = 2 aggregated 20-MHz channelstakes advantage of the reserved channel space through bonding to gain more than double the data rate of two 20-MHz channels
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
Packet Aggregation 40Mhz Channels Carpooling Is More Efficient Than Driving Alone
Without Packet Aggregation 802.11n Overhead Data Unit Packet 802.11n Overhead Data Unit Packet 802.11n Overhead Data Unit Packet
802.11n Overhead
Data Unit
Packet
Packet
Packet
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
5GHz
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2.402 GHz
MCS rates 0-15 apply Regardless of channel Bonding. MCS 0-7 is one Spatial Stream When you bond a channel You have a control channel and a data (extension) Channel Legacy ABG clients use control channel for communication
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20 MHz channel
2.483 GHz
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Tip: Channel bonding in 2.4 GHz should be avoided in enterprise deployments Tip: Use 5 GHz as there are no overlapping channels to worry about
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In 40-MHz you define the control channel this is the channel that is used for communication by Legacy .11a clients. The Extension channel is the bonded channel that High Throughput HT 802.11n clients use in addition to the control channel for higher throughput as they send data on BOTH channels
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The 40-MHz channels in 802.11n are two adjacent 20-MHz channels, bonded together.
When using the 40-MHz bonded channel, 802.11n takes advantage of the fact that each 20-MHz channel has a small amount of the channel that is reserved at the top and bottom, to reduce interference in those adjacent channels. When using 40-MHz channels, the top of the lower channel and the bottom of the upper channel don't have to be reserved to avoid interference. These small parts of the channel can now be used to carry information. By using the two 20-MHz channels more efficiently in this way, 802.11n achieves slightly more than doubling the data rate when moving from 20-MHz to 40-MHz channels
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Default mode for 802.11n is 800 nanoseconds If you set a shorter interval it will go back to long in the event retries occur
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802.11n Operation
Throughput improves when all things come together
MRC TxBF Spatial Multiplexing
802.11a/g AP (non-MIMO)
54 48 36 24 Mbps
802.11n AP (MIMO)
54 Mbps
MRC TxBF
Spatial Multiplexing
802.11n AP (MIMO)
300 Mbps
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Disadvantages
Usually one antenna per AP lack of MIMO and diversity support Cisco TAC will not support RF signal when radio is separated from the antenna on non-Cisco equipment Compromises the benefits of CUWNs advanced features including RRM, Location, VoFi, etc. Reduced technology migration paths - 802.11n can be more difficult to support Large solid copper cable once installed, is difficult to move if changes are later required (remodeling etc).
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Two methods are typically used Leaky coax and discrete wideband antennas or sometimes a combination of both.
Tip: Avoid daisy-chaining antennas as this breaks key features like location/voice based services use only discrete wideband antennas (one antenna per AP) with this type of DAS
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Depending on the type of wide band antenna DAS system used, signals leave the Access Points antenna port and go through RF filters (passive) and/or bi-directional amplifiers (active) circuitry While better then a leaky coaxial system, it is not a simple installation and requires professional installers with experience cutting and terminating the expensive (solid copper shielded) cable. Connector termination can be a point of failure and cable moves can be expensive Note: Unused antenna ports should be terminated to avoid interference to Access Points that are co-located
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RP-TNC Terminator
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Mobile Access active indoor cellular over same UTP cable that can be shared with Cisco Access Points
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Eliminates the need for expensive solid copper cabling and the complexities of same Enables quicker and cost effective deployment with common UTP cabling Allows MA solution & Wi-Fi to co-exist on one single UTP cable No modifications or wide band antennas, no terminators are required on the AP Note: Cisco Access Points with integrated antennas can also be used with this solution.
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Switch
Cellular Controller
Access Pod
WLAN AP
WLAN 802.11n
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Overlay
No Wi-Fi limitations
No Cisco RF Support Likely no MIMO, MRC or ClientLink, RRM, Poor roaming, Location
RF signals limited by UTP cabling two for CAT5 more with CAT6a
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11n
1250 1260
11n + CleanAir
3500e
1130
1140
3500i
Carpeted
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AP 3500i
AP 1240
AP 1250
1260
3500e
Integrated CleanAir Data Uplink (Mbps) Power Requirement Installation Temp Range Antennas Wi-Fi standards DRAM Flash
0 to +40C
0 to +40C
-20 to +55C
-20 to +55C
-20 to +55C
-20 to +55C
Internal
Internal
Internal
External
External
External
External
a/b/g
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n
a/b/g
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n
32 MB
128 MB
128 MB
32 MB
64 MB
128 MB
128 MB
16 MB
32 MB
32 MB
16 MB
32 MB
32 MB
32 MB
802.3af fully powers single radio AP1250 or provides 1x3 performance on a dual radio 1250
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Integrated antenna versions are designed for mounting on a ceiling (carpeted areas) where aesthetics is a primary concern
Use for industrial applications where external or directional antennas are desired and or applications requiring higher temperature ranges
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Areas such as enterprise carpeted office environments where aesthetics are important
When the temperature range will not exceed 0 to +40C
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You have a desire to extend coverage in two different areas with each radio servicing an independent area - for example 2.4 GHz in the parking lot and 5 GHz indoors
Requirement for outdoor or greater range Bridging application (aIOS version) Requirement for WGB or mobility application where the device is in the vehicle but antennas need to be mounted external
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AP-3500i and AP-3500e have the very latest Cisco features such as Clean Air Ciscos spectrum intelligence AP-1140 and AP-1260 are of similar design less Cisco Clean Air features and can also run autonomous code (aIOS) for stand alone or Workgroup Bridge applications.
Note: 3500 Series does not support the older aIOS autonomous mode
All the Access Points were designed to have similar coverage for ease of deployment
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AP3500i
AP3500e
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Operational simplicity
Web Email
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1 for 1 replacement
AP1140, 3500i reuses existing AP1130 T-Rail Clip
ABG ABG
ABG ABG
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Access Point has six integrated 802.11n MIMO antennas 4 dBi @ 2.4 GHz 3 dBi @ 5 GHz
Antenna element
Note: Metal chassis and inverted F antenna elements were designed to benefit ceiling installations as the signal propagates downward in a 360 degree pattern for best performance
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Antenna Patterns
Azimuth and Elevation Patterns for 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz
5 GHz Azimuth
5 GHz Elevation
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Wall mounting is acceptable for small deployments such as hotspots, kiosks, etc but radiation is better on ceiling
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Best for enterprise deployments as coverage is more uniform especially for advanced features such as voice and location
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Cisco has options to mount to most ceiling rails and directly into the tile for a more elegant look
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Locking enclosures and different color plastic skins available from third party sources such as www.oberonwireless.com www.terrawave.com
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Object in Signal Path Plasterboard wall Glass wall with metal frame Cinder block wall Office window Metal door Metal door in brick wall
Signal Attenuation
3 dB 6 dB 4 dB 3 dB 6 dB 12 dB
6 dB
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If the ceiling rail is not wide enough or too recessed for the T rail this can be resolved using the optional clips
Part number for ceiling clips is AIR-ACC-CLIP-20= This item is packaged in 20 pieces for 10 Access Points
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11n
Client Adapters Make sure adapter is 11n Draft 2.0 or better certified by WiFi Alliance - http://www.wi-fi.org 802.11n adapters have a major influence on performance levels that can be achieved Built-in 11n adapters out perform add-on
USB and PCMCIA 11n adapters have less than optimal antenna placement as those form factors have less then ideal antenna spacing
Not realistic to upgrade most older laptops with internal 11n adapters
Need three antennas connectors
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Cisco-Intel relationship means that the Intel 11n adapter with Ciscos APs have had the most test time
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WCS Planner
1140 and 11n Support
Set AP type Select Enable 11n support Select protocol 802.11a/n, b/g/n Select optimize for HT Select Voice & location if desired
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WCS Planner
Data Rate Heat Map
Add APs to map Set Heat Map type to Data Rates Set Cutoff to desired minimum data rates
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WCS Planner
Proposal
Use proposal with survey to create final install AP count and placement design
Recommend survey to validate and calibrate proposal results
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Airmagnet
EDX Ekahau Helium Networks Wireless Valley and many others
Tip: Survey and use Cisco antennas If you contract this out, some companies use their own antennas and then lock you into them saying thats what we surveyed with if in doubt use Cisco Advanced Services as they also perform site surveys
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Site Survey
Site Survey Recommendations
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Range
10-15% increase in maximum range versus a non-N AP Recommended 1:1 replacement of an 802.11a/g deployment
Coverage
10-20% increase in 802.11a/g high data rate coverage
Capacity
Largest gain for 802.11n capable clients
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48 Mbps Coverage
86 Feet
102 Feet
Note the more uniform coverage of high (green) data rates 18% Increase in 802.11g Coverage
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802.11n Deployment
Designing Around 5GHz 40MHz Channels
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Radar
5 GHz Frequency
UNI 1 UNI 2 UNI 2 Ext. UNI 3
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1350Mbps
1350Mbps
600Mbps 300Mbps
US
Europe
US
Europe
Meru/Aruba Cisco Cisco
Theoretical
Cisco
Meru/Aruba
United States
11n 5GHz 20MHz 11n 5GHz 40MHz 11n 5GHz 20MHz 11n 5GHz 40MHz
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The 40MHz mode of 802.11n provides the highest throughput with data rates of 300Mbps
Should not be utilized in the 2.4GHz band Not enough channels for 40 MHz mode
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Mixed Mode
Performance
Mixed mode experiences slight performance impact due to ABG clients
WLAN Controller
11n clients still transmit at full performance PHY and MAC for 11n provides coexistence and protection for ABG clients
11n
54 Mb
300 Mb
11g
11n
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If there is a hard requirement to mount carpeted or rugged Access Points using dipoles above the ceiling This can be done however uniform RF coverage becomes more challenging especially if there are metal obstructions in the ceiling
Tip: Try to use rugged Access Points and locate the antennas below the ceiling whenever possible
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Installing Access Points above the ceiling tiles should be done only when mounting below the ceiling is not an option. Such mounting methods can be problematic for advanced RF features such as voice and location as they depend on uniform coverage
Try to find open ceiling areas away from metal obstructions (use common sense)
Tip: Mount antennas either below ceiling tile or the AP as close to the inside of the tile as possible
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Dipole antennas up against a metal box create a patch like antenna - that plus metal pipes create unwanted Multipath Destructive Interference
Tip: Try to get Access Points close to the actual users This antenna is radiating forward high in the ceiling where there are no users - try to avoid these types of installs
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Antennas cannot radiate well with all this mess someone went to a lot of trouble to mount this -- just to encounter even more connectivity trouble.
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Patch antenna - Shooting across a metal fence Put it on a cross arm away from fence or find a better location
Mount the box lid down with the antennas pointing downward Tip: Antennas do not work well against metal
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I guess most dry wall guys are not radio engineers Exactly how did this happen?
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Antennas for Rugged Access Points 802.11n options for ceilings and walls
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AIR-ANT2451NV-R
2.4 GHz (2.5 dBi) & 5 GHz (3.5 dBi) dual band ceiling omni
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AIR-ANT2460NP-R
2.4 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
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AIR-ANT5160NP-R
5 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
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New 3 in 1 Antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Gain should be 4 dBi for each antenna but may be higher depending on how much gain we can achieve.
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Outdoor weatherproofing
Coax-Seal can be used with or without electrical tape. Taping first with a quality electrical tape like Scotch 33+ vinyl allows the connection to be taken apart easier. Many people tape then use Coax-Seal then tape again this allows easy removal with a razor blade. Note: Always tape from the bottom up so water runs over the folds in the tape. Avoid using RTV or other caustic material.
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www.coaxseal.com
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Links
Cisco Antenna Reference Guide http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps7183/ps469/product_d ata_sheet09186a008008883b.html
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Q and A
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Dont forget to activate your Cisco Live Virtual account for access to all session material, communities, and on-demand and live activities throughout the year. Activate your account at the Cisco booth in the World of Solutions or visit www.ciscolive.com.
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