PHONETICS - PART 2 - September 6, 2005

1 Review
Sound classes
• sonorants: vowels + glides + some consonants
• syllabic sounds: vowels + syllabic consonants (m, l, n, etc.)
• long sounds: vowels
• shorter sounds: glides, consonants
• voiced sounds: vowels, English glides, and some consonants
• voiceless sounds: some consonants, non-English glides

2 The articulatory system

Places of articulation and the tongue

3 Places of articulation
Places of articulation

1
 Lips Bilabial [p]it, [b]it, [m]at
Labiodental [f]it, [v]oid
Teeth Dental French [t], [d], [s], [z]
Interdental [D]ere, [T]eorem
Alveolar Alveolar [t]ip, [d]am, [s]it, [z]ip, [l]ip, [n]ip;
ridge Spanish [r]
(Hard) Alveopalatal [S]ow, mea[Z]ure, [Ù]ip, ju[Ã]e
Palate Palatal [j]es
Velum Velar [k]all, [g]uy, ha[N]
Labiovelar [w]et
Glottis Glottal [h]eave

Table 1: English consonants by place of articulation

Other places of articulation

• French uvular [r]

• Regular alveolar [t] versus Alveolar flap [R]
• Arabic pharyngeals

4 Manner of articulation
Manner of articulation - oral vs. nasal

• oral: velum is raised

• nasal: velum is lowered - su[n], su[m], su[N], b[æ]nk, w[I]nk

Major consonant manners of articulation

• stops: complete closure in the oral cavity or glottis - aspirated stops: if there is a
lag in the onset of voicing after the pronunciation of a stop, we get an aspirated
stop - English: only word-initial voiceless stops followed by a vowel are aspirated
Example 1. [ph ] at, [k h ]at, [th ]ap
• fricatives: continuous air flow through the mouth
• affricates: slow/delayed release of closure

English stops by place of articulation

2
 Place of articulation Voiceless Voiced Nasal
Bilabial [p]ot [b]at [m]at
Alveolar [t]ap [d]am [n]ap
Velar [k]it [g]et bri[N]
Glottal [P]h-oh

Table 2: English stops by place of articulation

English fricatives by place of articulation

Place of articulation Voiceless Voiced

Labiodental [f]ox [v]at
Interdental [T]eorem [D]ere
Alveolar [s]ap [z]ap
Alveopalatal [S]irt mea[Z]ure
Glottal [h]orse

Table 3: English fricatives by place of articulation

English affricates by place of articulation

Place of articulation Voiceless Voiced

Alveopalatal [Ù]chip ju[Ã]e

Table 4: English affricates by place of articulation

Other manners of articulation

• stridents/sibilants: noisier affricates and fricatives (includes voiceless sounds)

• liquids: [l], [r] - varieties of [l]: laterals; usually voiced; dental or alveolar -
English [r] = retroflex [ô] - flap (alveolar): butter [b2R@ô]
• glides: rapidly articulated, non-syllabic segments - palatal [j] - labiovelar [w]
• syllabic consonants - English liquids and nasals (sonorants) can under certain
circumstances become syllabic - e.g. funnel [f2nl], button [b2tn]
" "
Strident and non-stridents by place and manner of articulation

3
 Place/Manner of articulation Strident Non-strident
Labiodental fricatives [f], [v]
Interdental fricatives [T], [D]
Alveolar fricatives [s], [z]
Alveopalatal fricatives [S], [Z]
Alveopalatal affricates [Ù], [Ã]
Glottal fricative [h]

Table 5: English stridents among fricatives and affricates

5 Summary
Summary

• the articulatory sytem

• places of articulation for consonants
• manners of articulation for consonants: stops (+aspiration), fricatives, affricates
• other manners of articulation: stridents, liquids, glides

Sources
- for samples of non-English consonants: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/contents.html

- varieties of pharyngeal sounds can be found in this presentation http://ling.ucsd.edu/~rose/Semitic%20Languages/Phonetics.ppt - regular alveolar

[t] versus alveolar flap [R] http://www.antimoon.com/sound/letter_t.mp3 http://www.antimoon.com/sound/letter_flap.mp3