1he emf lnduced ln each coll on Lhe armaLure of a dc machlne alLernaLes wlLh

frequency correspondlng Lo Lhe producL of Lhe speed and Lhe number of palrs of poles WlLh full
plLched coll Lhe emf passes Lhrough zero aL Lhe lnsLanL When Lhe acLlve sldes of Lhe coll pass Lhrough
Lhe magneLlc neuLral poslLlon 1o obLaln dlrecL currenLs ln Lhe exLernal clrculL lL ls Lherefore necessary
Lo reverse perlodlcally Lhe connecLlons of each armaLure coll wlLh Lhe exLernal clrculL and Lhe reversal
should Lake place aL Lhe lnsLanL when Lhe emf lnduced ln Lhe coll ls zero 1he commuLaLor and brushes
comblne Lo form Lhls reverslng swlLch 1hus for Lhe rlng armaLure lor a brlef perlod Lhe commuLaLor
segmenLs [olned Lo Lhe coll ends are brldged or shorLclrculLed by Lhe brush and durlng Lhls brlef perlod
Lhe coll ls Lransferred from Lhe clrculL Lo Lhe rlghL Lo LhaL aL Lhe lefL of Lhe bush lL ls durlng Lhls brlef
lnLerval LhaL currenL ln Lhe coll has Lo be reversed or commuLaLed 1he wave wlndlng however Lhe brush
ln brldglng Lwo ad[acenL segmenLs wlll shorL clrculL all Lhe colls LhaL are connecLed ln serles Lhose
segmenLs
1he commuLaLlon of Lhe currenL ln a coll of a dc armaLure Lhe problem ls compllcaLed
by Lhe facL LhaL Lhe clrculL ls by no means of conLacL reslsLance owlng Lo Lhe naLure of Lhe brush
conLacL reslsLance
8rush conLacL reslsLance wlLh dc machlnes Lhe maln reslsLance ln Lhe clrculL of Lhe coll undergolng
commuLaLlon occurs aL Lhe brush conLacLs
1hls conLacL reslsLance ls noL consLanL buL depends largely upon Lhe currenL denslLy aL Lhe
conLacL surface decreaslng ln marked manner as Lhe currenL denslLy ls lncreased Lhe volLage drop aL
brush conLacL varles wlLh Lhe currenL denslLy a relaLlvely flaL curve ls obLalned wlLh normal carbon
brushes 1he normal worklng currenL denslLles and lL wlll be seen LhaL Lhe varlaLlon ln Lhe volLage drop
ls qulLe small
1he conLacL drop ls lnfluenced sllghLly by Lhe perlpheral speed of Lhe
commuLaLor and depends Lo small exLenL upon Lhe pressure of Lhe brush upon Lhe commuLaLor
lurLher Lhe drop has noL qulLe Lhe same value









CalculaLlon of ampereLurns and number of Lurns for lnLer pole wlndlng As Lhe alr gap under Lhe lnLer
pole ls relaLlvely large and Lhe lron parLs of lnLer pole magneLlc clrculL are worked well below saLuraLlon
polnL Lhe relucLance of Lhe lron can ln general be neglecLed
1aklng flrsL sLralghL llne commuLaLlon
lf
gcp
Lhe alr gap under Lhe lnLer pole
K
gcp
Lhe cenLer gap coefflclenL

u
Lhe armaLure reacLlon ampereLurns per pole

I
c
z
c
4p


cp
com pole ampereLurns
1hen
cp

u
796K
gcp

cp

gcp

6

and
cp

u
+796K
gcp

cp

gcp

6
*
lrom Lhe value of Lhe full load currenL Lhe number of Lurns necessary for lnLer pole wlndlng are Lhen
readlly obLalned
8y sllghL ad[usLmenL of Lhe gap dlmenslon Lhls number of Lurns can very readlly be made lnLo
convenlenL WlLh large heavy currenL machlnes Lhe number of Lurns requlred ls very small and
someLlmes lL may be a convenlence Lo arrange LhaL Lhe lnLer pole wlndlngs conslsL of Lwo clrculLs ln
parallel each carrylng one half of Lhe LoLal currenL
uependlng upon Lhe raLlo
I
Icp
, Lhe dlmenslon
gcp
and Lhe proporLlons of Lhe machlne
generally Lhe ampereLurns necessary for Lhe lnLer pole work ouL Lo from abouL 123 percenL Lo 130
percenL of Lhe armaLure ampereLurns
1o obLaln a commuLaLlon curve of Lhe Lype le havlng
d
dt
0 aL Lhe beglnnlng and end of
commuLaLlon lL becomes necessary Lo lncrease Lhe denslLy of Lhe reverslng fleld durlng Lhe mlddle of
Lhe Llme of commuLaLlon and Lo reduce lL pracLlcally Lo zero aL Lhe beglnnlng and end 1hls effecL can
approxlmaLely be obLalned by worklng wlLh a relaLlvely narrow shoe on Lhe lnLer pole and a relaLlvely
long alr gap so LhaL Lhere ls an appreclable frlnge Lo Lhe pole 1he raLlo of Lhe maxlmum flux denslLy ln
Lhe gap Lo Lhe denslLy already calculaLed for sLralghL llne commuLaLlon wlll depend upon Lhe acLual fleld
dlsLrlbuLlon unless Lhe shoe ls shaped Lhe raLlo wlll noL approach LhaL obLalnlng for slnusoldal
dlsLrlbuLlon le137 normally Lhe raLlo may be Laken Lo vary from abouL 12 Lo 14 accordlng Lo Lhe
acLual dlmenslons chosen for Lhe alr gap and pole shoe lor sLralghLllne commuLaLlon lor an
approxlmaLlon Lo slnusoldal commuLaLlon Lhe ampereLurns requlred are lncreased owlng Lo Lhe
lncrease ln Lhe maxlmum flux denslLy ln Lhe gap and may be Laken Lo be for a relaLlvely narrow shoe
and long gap

cp

u
+14(0796K
gcp

cp

gcp
)
6

LffecL of lnLer poles upon flux dlsLrlbuLlon ln yoke and armaLure core 1he resulLlng flux dlsLrlbuLlon ln
Lhese parLs of Lhe machlne can be deLermlned by conslderlng separaLely Lhe maln flux and Lhe lnLer
pole flux and summlng Lhelr values for varlous parLs of Lhe magneLlc clrculLs
1he porLlon of Lhe yoke beLween Lhe S lnLer pole and Lhe n maln pole
Conslderlng Lhelr effecLs separaLely boLh Lhe lnLer pole flux and Lhe maln flux wlll Lraverse Lhls porLlon
from C Lo u same dlrecLlon le lefL Lo rlghL lor Lhe porLlon A8 however Lhe lnLer pole flux ls passlng
from rlghL Lo lefL where as Lhe maln flux passes from lefL Lo rlghL 1he neL resulL ls LhaL beLween A and 8
Lhe flux carrled ls Lhe dlfference beLween Lhe fluxes and beLween C and u Lhe fluxes add up

Maln ulmenslons
1he armaLure dlameLeru And armaLure core lengLhL
1oLal loadlngs
1oLal magneLlc loadlng 1he flux around Lhe armaLure perlphery aL Lhe alr gap ls called Lhe magneLlc
loadlng
1oLal magneLlc loadlng C
1oLal LlecLrlc loadlng 1he LoLal number of ampere conducLors around Lhe armaLure perlphery ls called
Lhe LoLal elecLrlc loadlng
1oLal LlecLrlc loadlng I
z
Z
Speclflc loadlngs 1wo Lypes of loadlngs are speclfled
Speclflc magneLlc loadlng 1he average flux denslLy over Lhe alr gap of Lhe machlne ls known ls known
as Speclflc magneLlc loadlng
Speclflc magneLlc loadlng

u

totuI ]Iux uound thc u gup
ucu o] ]Iux puth ut u gup

P
nL

Speclflc LlecLrlc loadlng 1he number of armaLure ampere conducLors per meLer of armaLure perlphery
aL Lhe alr gap ls known as Speclflc LlecLrlc loadlng
Speclflc LlecLrlc loadlng ac
1otuI umutuc umpcc conductos
umutuc pcphc ut u gup

Izz
n

uLpuL equaLlon
uC Machlne ower developed by armaLure ln kW

u
generaLed emf armaLure currenL
-3
LI
u

-3

8uL LCZn
p
o
I
u

-3

As I
z

I
c
u

u
(pC)( I
z
Z)n
-3


u
(LoLal magneLlc loadlng)(LoLal elecLrlc loadlng) speed ln rps)
-3