Mobile Lab Manual

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).
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PRACTICAL # 1
AIM: To study the various components of GSM kit and understanding RF module APPARATUS: Dual band GSM antenna, Connectors, Test points & boards, GSM-EVAL kit GSM-EVAL kit includes following components: Evaluation board (A2D/F35/C2D) F35-A-2: TC35 Module with IMEI No. A2D/F35/C2D evaluation board PCB GSM antenna and cable with coaxial plug (30 cm) RS-232 9 pin serial cable. Head set with RJ-45 plug Wall mount paper adapter A2D- test software and hyper terminal windows s/w Other extra accessories THEORY: 1. Evaluation Board (A2D/F35/C2D) The evaluation board below called EVAL board consists of two main components first; one Changed withis theDEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS the hands off (http://www.cadkas.com). with GSM modthe F35 module, which is not part of PDF-Editor extras. The communication ule is made by serial links using the GSM at command set. The A2D and F35 modules have their own SIM cardholder. Module has an antenna connector and a 40-pin connector. The second main component is the real EVAL board connectors at the front side. One of them is a 9-pin plug socket for terminal connection and the other one is an 8pin connector for a head set. The last one is the power connector. The connection to the module can be done by an adaptor PCB, the corresponding connector is at the top of the EVAL board. Technical data: Dimensions: 17011040 mm Power supply: 10.8+0.18 v Current consumption: Max 20mA (at 12V w/o module) Operating Temperature: 0 to +40C Storage: -40 to +85C SIM cardholder for small SIM cards Audio interface for loudspeaker and microphone RS 232 / V24 2. F-35-A-2:TC35 module with IMEI number The GSM module (Global system for mobile communication) F-35 is a mobile station for transmission of voice & data calls as well as short messages (SMS- short message service) in GSM network.
EC - 705 Mobile Communication
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Technical data: GSM data service: 300-1400 Bps, asynchronous, transparent and non-transparent. (V.1, V.22, V.23, V.22 bis, V.26 ter, V.32, V.34, V.110) Dimension: (LXWXH in mm) 83 50.511.4(dimension with mounting brackets) 8250.511.4(dimension without mounting brackets) Weight (in gm): 54(without i chip) 59(with i chip) Temperature range (in C): Operation: -20 to +55 Operation with I chip: 0 to +55 Storage: -25 to +70
3. RF characteristics: Receiver: EGSM sensitivity: <-104dBm DCS sensitivity: <-100dBm Selectivity@200 kHz: >9dBc Selectivity@400 kHz: >41dBc Dynamic range: 62dB Intermodulation: >-43dBm C-channel rejection: >9dBc Transmitter: Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). Max. o/p power (EGSM): 33dBm +/-2dB Max. o/p power(DCS): 30dBm +/-2dB Min. o/p power(EGSM): 5dBm+/_5dB Min. o/p power(DCS): 0dBm+/_5dB H2 level: <-30dBm H3 level: <-30dBm Noise in 925-935 MHz: <-30dBm Noise in 935-960 MHz: <-79dBm Noise in 1805-1880 MHz: <-71dBm Phase error at peak power: <5RMS Frequency error: +1-0, 1PPM max Supply voltage(in VDC): 3.6-5.0 Avg. current consumption(in mA/5v nominal) 22 mA*/5v power mode1 (idle) 260 mA*/5v power mode2 (power level 5i max) 21 mA*/5v power mode3 (power level 7)
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4. GSM antenna & cable with co-axial plug (30 cm) (Operating freq.: 900/1800 MHz) Your modem is actually a low power radio transmitter and receiver. It seems out & receiver radio freq. energy. When you use your modem, the cellular system handling your call controls both the radio frequency & the power level at your cellular modem.
5. RS-232 9 pin serial cable: CCITT 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 125 Pin 5 3 2 7 8 6 4 1 9 Description Signal GND TxD RxD Request to sent Clear to send Data set ready Data terminal ready Data carrier detect Ring indicator Direction In Out In Out Out In Out Out
Default transfer parameter Transfer rate 9600bps Echo on Changed with the DEMO none parity, of stop Bit 8 Bit VERSION 1 CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 6. Head set with RJ-45 plug Specifications of RJ-45 Vcc 12 DC RxD(optional) TxD(optional) GND Speaker OUT+ Speaker OUT Microphone In+ Microphone InCONCLUSION:
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PRACTICAL # 2
AIM: To study the GSM Architecture THEORY: As shown in the figure, the GSM system comprises of the following units: Base Transceiver Stations Base Station Controllers Mobile Switching Centre A set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions All signaling between the MSC and the various registers as well between various MSCs take place using the signaling system 7 (SS7) network with the application level messages using the mobile application protocol (MAP) designed especially for GSM. Mobile Stations (MS): The GSM mobile stations are portable radiotelephony. Units can be used on any GSM systems as vehicular and / or hand held terminals power levels supported by the GSM mobile station currently range from 0.8 to 8.0 Watts and power supply techniques are used on the air interface to extend battery life. At the time of manufacture, an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), which cannot be altered or reprogrammed easily, is fed into the terminal. A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is required to activate and operate a GSM terminal. The Changed with the DEMO VERSION ofthe MS or it may be a removable unit that can be changed by the user. SIM may be contained within CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). In the later case, any GSM terminal can become the users MS upon plugging in the SIM card. The IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) is programmed in the SIM at the time of service provisioning along with the appropriate security parameters and algorithms. Base Station System (BSS): The base station system (BSS) comprises of a base station controller (BSC) and one or more subtending base transceiver station (BTS). The BSS is responsible for all functions related to the radio resources (i.e. channel) management. These include the management of radio channel configuration with respect to the speech, data or signaling channels, allocation and release of channels for all setup and release of channel control of frequency hopping and transmit power at the MS. The ranges of functions performed by the BSS therefore include the following. Radio Resource Control: Configuration of radio channels Selection, allocation and de-allocation of radio channels Monitoring radio channels busy / idle status Encryption of radio interface Frequency hopping and power control: Assignment of frequency hop sequence and start time Assignment of effective radiated power (ERP) to mobile station
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Call Hand-off management: Collect signal data from adjacent BSS Analyze signal quality data and determine hand-off need Keep MSC informed regarding call hand-off activity Digital Signal Processing: Trans-coding and rate adaptation Channel coding and decoding The BSS functions are partition into a BSC & a BTS. Table given lists some of the functions and / or physical elements located in the BSC and BTS. Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Status (BTS) BSC processors control BTS radio resource BTS processors radio transceiver equalizers management hand channel codes. Trans-coders encryption unit interleaving add / interleave combine pro selectors Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): The mobile switching centre (MSC) for GSM can be viewed as a local ISPN switch with additional capabilities to support mobility and management functions like terminal registration, location updating & hand-off. Further, unlike a local switch in a fixed network, the MSC does not contain the mobile subscriber parameters. Thus, the MSC performs the following major functions: Call setup, supervision and release Changed with the DEMO collection &of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). Digit VERSION translation Call routing Billing information collection Mobility management o Registration o Location updating o Inter BSC and inter MSC call hand-off Paging and altering Management of radio Resources during a call Manage collections of BSS, other MSC and PSTN / ISDN Interrogation of appropriate registers (V / HLR) Home Location Register (HLR): The HLR represents a centralized database that has a permanent data fill about the mobile subscribers in a large service area. The HLR is kept updated with the current locations of all its mobile subscribers, including those who may have roamed to another network within or outside the country. The routing information is obtained from the serving VLR or a call by call the HLR queries the servicing VLR for a MSRN.
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Besides up to date location information for each subscriber, which is a dynamic, the HLR maintains the following subscriber data on a permanent basis: International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Service Subscription Information Service Restrictions Supplementary Services Mobile Terminal Characteristics Billing and accounting information Visiting Location Register (VLR): The VLR represents a temporary data store and generally there is one VLR per MSC. These registers contain information about the mobile subscribers who are currently in the service area covered by the MSC / VLR. The VLR also contains info about locally activated functions such as call forward on busy, etc. Thus, the temporary subscriber information resident in a VLR includes: Features currently activated Temporary mobile station identity (TMSI) Current location information about the MS Authentication Centre (AC): Generally associated with the HLR, the authentication centre contains parameters that can be used on initial location registration updates and on each call setup request from the MS. In case of GSM, the AC maintains the authentication keys and algorithms and provides the security triplets to the VLR; so that the user authentication and radio channel encryption produces may be carried at or within the visited network. The authentication centre of a GSM network contains security modules Changed withauthentication keys and the CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). and A8 respecfor the DEMO VERSION of authentication cipher key generation algorithms A3 tively.
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PRACTICAL # 3
AIM: To observe various parameters concerning modern & SIM card hardware by giving AT commands. APPARATUS: GSM trainer kit, RS-232 cable, windows software, SIM card THEORY: Mobile Station & Subscriber Identity Module: Mobile station consists of user independent hardware for software & user identity module, which stores all user specific data. Mobile station can be identified by IMEI no. user specific operations are SIM dependent & without is only emergency calls are possible. SIM Card contains: Identifiers & tables List of subscribed services Personal identification no. PUK Authentication key IMSI No. Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). PIN: 4 digits & PUK: 8 digits On entering wrong PIN in succession, MS will lock. Then PUK is used for unlocking. Some MS can be comprises or other vendor specific functions like fingerprints. Network & Switching Subsystem: Every communication system in telecom depends on efficient network & switching subsystem. For GSM systems, MSC is important. It is used for inter network connection & via intra network connection as well every call from MS has to be route through MSC MSC has several functions &stores some imp information about every activated MS of area for that MSC. For this several database are connected to MSC. One such permanent database is the HLR. It stores all users info like MSI SDN No. Authentication keys, etc. It updates location area of MS every time billing & account information VLR is associated to MSC & is a dynamic database. It gives info about current location of MS by which HLR updates location area information Equipment Identity Report (EIP) is another database which stores IMEI NO. & other equipment related info. Such as MS characteristics etc. are stored in EIR IMSI: Assigned to a MS at subscription time. It uniquely identifies a given MS. It is a 15 digit no. It includes Mobile Country Code: 3 Digits Mobile Network Code: 2 Digits MSIN & NMSI (National Mobile Subscriber Identity) IMEI: It uniquely identifies the MS equipment contain 15 digits. EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
It carries: Type Approval Code (TAC): 6 DIGITS Final Assembly Code (FAC): 2 DIGITS The Serial No.: 6 digits A Sparse (SP): 1 digits MSI SDN: Standard for Mobile Subscriber International Subscriber Dialing Network No. It is of 10 digits RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator It detects the reverse voice channel signal strength, used to control power of each user, used to eliminate near-far end problems. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. Command & Interpreta- Possible Response Actual Response No. tion 1 AT+CGMI Falcon - A2D - V101 AT+CGMI = ? OK (Gives Manufacture Information) 2 AT+CGMM Multiband 900E 1800 AT+CGMM = ? OK (Gives GSM Model In-of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). Changed with the DEMO VERSION formation) <Version Number> 3 AT+CGMR AT+CGMR = ? OK (Gives GSM Model firmware Revision Information) 4 AT+CGSN <IMEI> AT+CGSN = ? OK (Gives IMEI Information) 5 AT+CIMI <IMSI> AT+CIMI = ? OK ( IMSI No.) 6 AT+CCID +CCID : < id > Defined Value: AT+CCID = ? OK (EF - CCID File Informa- <Td>:EF - CCID File in Hextion) adecimal Format 7 AT+CPIN +CPIN : < code > AT+CPIN = ? OK (Command is used to send Defined Values : the PIN to the Modem < code > : Which is needed to Regis- :Ready; Modem is not ter in to GSM n/w) Pending for any Password. :SIM PIN; Modem is waiting sim pin to be given. :SIM PUK; Modem is waiting EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
AT+CREG
AT+CREG?
AT+CREG=?
(Command is used to show the n\w registration status & to control the - > <n>: 0 : disable n/w regispresentation of an unsolitration unsolicited result code cited result code +CREG: 1 : enable n/w registra<stat> when there is a ><stat>: change in the n/w tion unsolicited result code registration status ) 2 : enable n/w registration unsolicited result code with <lac> & <ci> - > <stat> : 0 : not registered, ME Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). is not currently searching a new operator to register 1 : registered, homework 2 : not registered, but ME is currently searching a new operator to register 3 : registered denied 4 : unknown 5 : registered, roaming - > <lac> : string type, two byte location area code in hexadecimal format ( e.g. 00C3 equals 193 in decimal ) - > <ci> : string type, two byte cell ID in hexadecimal format OK + COPS : Page No.:
simpuk to be given. OK Unsolicited result codes: +CREG: <stat> if <n> equals 1 +CREG: <stat>,<lac>,<ci>, if <n> equals 2 +CREG: <n>,<stat> (n=1) +CREG: <n>, <stat>, <lac>, <ci> (n=2) +CREG: (list of supported <n>s> ) Defined values:
AT+COPS=[<mode> [,<format> [,<oper>]]] AT+COPS?
AT+COPS=? (Command is used to show the current & available PLMNS. It is also used to select a PLMN manually or automatically)
<mode>[,<format>,<oper>] +COPS list of supported ( <stat>, <long alphanumeric oper>, <short alphanumeric oper>, <numeric oper> ) Defined values : - > <mode> : 0 : automatic [<oper> field is ignored] 1 : manual [<oper> field shall be present )
- > <format> : 0 : string type, GSM locationared identification number which consists of a three BCD digit country code. Coded as in ITUTE.212 annex A[10], plus a two BCD digit n/w code, which is Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). administration specific. - > <stat> : 0 : unknown 1 : available 2 : current 3 : forbidden 10 AT+CSQ +CSQ : <rssi>, <ber> AT+CSQ=? +CSQ : ( list of supported (Command is used to ask <rssi>s ), (list of supfor the n/w field strength ported <ber>s ) & the current bit error rate ) Defined values : <rssi> : 0 : -113 dBm or less 1 : -111 dBm 2 - 30 : -109.-53 dBm 31 : -51 dBm or greater 99 : not known or not detectable <ber> (inpercent) : 0-7 : as RXQUAL values in the table in GSM 05.08 [20] sub clause 8.2.4 99 : not known or detectable
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PRACTICAL # 4
AIM: (a) To study call information and call setting commands. (b) To study various commands related to phone book. APPARATUS: GSM trainer, RS-232 cable THEORY: Supplementary services:GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can complement & support both telephone & data services. Supplementary services are defined by GSM & are characterized as revenue generating features. A partial listing supplementary services is as follows:Call forwarding: The service gives the subscribe, the ability to forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, busy, does not reply, or if forwarding is allowed unconditionally. Barring outgoing calls: This service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls. Barring incoming calls: This CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). Changed with the DEMO VERSION offunction allows the subscriber to prevent incoming call. The following two conditions for incoming call barring exists. Barring all incoming calls & barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN. Advice of charge (AOC): The AOC service provides the subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. These are two types of AOC information: one that provides subscriber with an estimate of the bill & that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AOC for data calls is provides on the basis of time measurement. Call hold: This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call & then subsequently reestablish that call. The hold service is only applicable to normal telephone. Call waiting: The service enables the subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject or ignore the incoming call. Its applicable to all GSM telecommunication services using a circuit switched connection. Multiparty service: This service enables the subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation i.e. a simultaneous conversation between 3 & 6 subscribers. Applicable only to normal telephony. Calling line identification presentational restriction: This services supply the called party with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) of the calling party. The restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. Restriction over rides the presentation. Closed user grounds (CUGS): CUGS are generally comparable to a PBX. They are a group of subscribe who are capable of only calling themselves & certain numbers.
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OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. Command & InterpreNo. tation 1 AT+CR=[ ]0 AT+CR = 1 AT+CR ? AT+CR = ? (Command controls whether or not intermediate result mode +CR:<serv> is return from modem during connect negotiations of data call) Possible Response Ok ok +CR:<mode> +CR:<list of modes> <mode>: 0; disable reporting 1; enable reporting <serv>: chronous ASYNC; asynchronous non transparent Ok ok +CRC:<mode> +CRC:<list of modes> <mode>: 0; disable reporting 1; enable reporting ASYNC; asyntransparent REL Actual Response
AT+CRC = [ ]0 AT+CRC = 1 AT+CRC ? AT+CRC = ? (It controls whether or not normal RING msg of call indication using unsolicited result) <type>: ASYNC; (http://www.cadkas.com). Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor asynchronous transparent, REL ASYNC, asynchronous non transparent voice, normal voice 3 AT+ILRR = [ ] 0 Ok AT+ILRR = 1 ok AT+ILRR ? +ILRR:<mode> AT+ILRR = ? +ILRR: <list of mode> (It is used to report the local DCE-DTE rate in control format in any incoming or outgoing call before CONNECT msg) AT+CCFC = <reasons>, <mode>, [<number>] <mode>; 0; disable reporting 1; enable reporting
ok when ,mode> = 2 +CCFC : <status>, <class> or +CME ERROR : <err> +CCFC : (list of supported reasons) <reasons> : 0; unconditions
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1; mobile busy 2; no reply 3; not reachable 4; all call forwarding 5; all conditional call forwarding <mode>: 0; disable 1; enable 2; query status 3; registration 4; erase
<number>: Telephone number to call forward to <class>: ers a class of information Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 1; VOICE 2; DATA 3; FAX <status>: 0; not active 1; active Is the sum of integeach representation
AT +CCWA ? AT +CCWA=? (it is used to set call waiting supplementary service
OK when <mode>=1 +CCWA:<status>, <class> Or CME Error <err> +CCWA :<n> +CCWA :(list of <n>s) <n>:(set/shows) the result code presentation status O; disable 1 ;enable 2;querry status <mode>:(when modes parameter is not given ,n/w is not interrogated) O; disable 1 ;enable 2;querry status Page No.:
<class>: 1;VOICE 2;DATA 3;FAX <status> :0;not active 1;active OK +CLIP=<N>,<M> +CLIP:(list of supported <N>s) <m>:(parameter shows the subscriber CLIP services ) 0;CLIP not provisional 1;CLIP provisional 2; unknown <number>:storing type phone no. of format specified by <type> <type>:type of address octet in integer format 7 AT+CLIR=[<N>] OK AT+CLIR? +CLIR :<N>,<M> AT+CLIR=? +CLIR:(List of supported <n>s) (It is used to set <n> :parameter sets the adjust&request the set of call- ment for outgoing calls ing line identification O; presentation indicator is used Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). restriction service) according to the subscription of CLIR services 1;CLIR invocation 2;CLIR;suppression <m> :(parameter shows the subscriber CLIR service status in the n\w O;CLIR is not provisional 1;CLIR provisional in permanent mode 2;unknown 3;CLIR temporary mode presentation restricted 4;CLIR temporary presentation allowed 8 AT+COLP=[<N>] OK AT+COLP=? +COLP:<N>,<M> AT+COLP=? +COLP:(List of supported <n>s) (It is used to receive the <n>: parameter sets the adjustset of calling line outment for outgoing calls going presentation serO; presentation indicator is used vice) according to the subscription of CLR services 1;COLP invocation 2;COLPsuppresion EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.: 6 AT +CLIP=[<n>] AT+CLIP? AT +CLIP=? (It is used to set & request the status of the calling line identification presentation service)
<m>:(parameters show the subscriber colp service status in the n/w) O;COLP not provisional 1;COLP provisional in permanent mode 2;unknown 3;COLP temporary mode presentation restricted 4;COLP temporary mode presentation allowed 9 AT+CPBS=<SM> OK AT+CPBS=? +pbs :storage >[<used >,<total>] AT+CPBS=? +pbs:(list of supported <storag(It is used to set es) &request the status of <storage>:sm; SIM abbr. dialthe connected line identi- ing phonebook fication &presentation) FD;SIM fixed dialing phonebook on; sim own me phone book <used >: integer type value indicator indicating the no. of used location in selected memory <total>: Integer type value indicating the nos. of locations in Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). selected memory 10 AT+CPBR=<index1>, +CPBR: <in[<index2>] dex1>,<no.>,<type>, <text>,<CR>,<LF> +CPBR: <index2>,< no.>,<type>, <text> or AT+CPBR=? CME error: <err> (Command is used to +CPBR: (list of supported <inread a special entry or dex>) range of entries from the <nlength>,<+length> phonebook memory stoor rage) CME error: <err> <index1>,<index2>,<index>; Integer type value in the range of location no. of phonebook memory. <number>: string type no. of format <type> <type>: Type of address octet in integer format. <text>: string type field of max. length <+length>,charactervset as specified by command selects TECH set+CS. <nlength>: Integer type value EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
indicating the max. length of field <number>. <+length>: Integer type value indicating the max. length of field <text>. 11 AT+CPBF=? AT+CPBF (Command is used to find a phone book entry using a search string) Error <n>: 0; disable 1; enable <index1>,<index2>: integer type value in the range at location of the phonebook OK +CPBW: <index>, <nlength>, <type>, <text>, <tlength>
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AT+CPBW=<index>,<n o.>,<type> AT+CPBW=? (Command is used to write a phonebook entry to a specified place in the phonebook memory storage)
Define Values: <index>: integer type value indicating the range of location of no. of phonebook <nlength>: integer type value indicating the max. length of the Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). field <type>: type of address octet in integer format <text>: string type field of max. length <tlength>: integer type value indicating the max length of the <text>
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PRACTICAL # 5
AIM: To study call flow control commands APPARATUS: GSM trainer, RS 232 Cable, windows software, SIM card, computer terminal THEORY: The typical signal flow sequence covers the following area: o Location updating o Mobile call origination o Mobile call termination They also include authentication and ciphering and inter MSC call hand off. Location Updating: As users move about within and outside their home service area, the home system must know the locations of all active mobile stations in real time in order to deliver incoming calls. The location updating feature is invoked when can active MS User mover from one location area to another or when MS tries to access in the n/w and it is not already registered in the serving VLR for its present location. Local areas generally consists of multiples, continuous cells and are identified by location area identifies (LAI). In GSM, the MS continuously monitors the transmission from the surrounding base staChanged with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). tion. When it determines that, it has moved to new location area, it initiates signaling sequence, which assumes the monitoring is now done by a different BSS, MSC and VLR.
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Location updating sequence 1. The MS sends a location update requires to the new VLR via the BSS and MSC. 2. The VLR sends a location update message to HLR serving MSC, which includes the address of VLR and the IMSI of Smithies updating of HLR is not required if the new LA is served by same VLR as the LA 3. The service and the security related data for the ms is downloaded to the new VLR. 4. The MS is sent an acknowledgement of successful location update. 5. The HLR requests the old VLR to delete data related to relocate MS. Mobile Call Origination: 1. Initially user enter the called no& press the send key, MS establishes a signaling connection to the BSS on a radio channel. This may involve authentication and ciphering. Once this has been established the call setup procedure will take place according to sequence shown. 2. The MS sends dialed number indication service to the MSC 3. The MSC checks from the VLR if the MS is allowed the requested service if so MSC asks the BSS to allocate necessary resources for the call 4. If the call is allowed MSC routs the call to GMSC 5. The GMSC routs call to local exchange of called user 6. The LE alerts the call terminal 7. Answer back from called back to MS through serving MSC which also completes speech path to MS
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Mobile Call Termination: A typical sequence for call originating in the PSTTN and terminating at an MS in a GSM network. 1. The PSTN user dials MSISDN of called user in GSM. 2. The LE routes the call to GMSC of called GSM user. 3. The GSM uses a dialed MSISDN to determine the servicing HLR for the GSM user and interrogates it to obtain required routing no. 4. The HLR requests the current serving VLR for the called MS for a MSRN so that call can be voted to the correct MSC. 5. The VLR passes the MSRN to HLR 6. HLR passes MSRN to GMSC 7. Using MSRN GMSC routes call to the serving MSC. 8. The MSC interrogates the VLR for current location area identity for the MS. 9. The VLR provides the current LAI for the MS. 10. The MSC pages MS via the appropriate BSS. The MS responds to the page and setup the necessary signaling links. 11. When the BSS has established the necessary radio links MSC is informed and call is delivered to MS. 12. When MS answers the call connection is completed to the calling PSTN user.
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Authentication and Encryption: The authentication and ciphering function in GSM are closely linked and are performed as a single procedure between MS and n/w the security procedure in GSM is based on so-called Private Key mechanism, which requires that a secret key be allocated and programmed into each mobile station. An authentication algorithm and an encryption algorithm are also programmed into MS at the time of service provisioning the relevant call flows are as shown. 1. At terminal location update VLR sends IMSI to HLR. 2. HLR returns security triplet (RAND, SRES, KC) to the VLR. 3. For authentication and ciphering the VLR sends RAND to the MS. 4. Using stored A3 algorithm and secret key Ki stered in the SIM and RAnd provided by the VLR, the MS calculates SRES and returns it to the VLR using the A8 algorithm and Ki the MS also calculates the cipher key KC. 5. If the SRES returned MS matches the stored in SREC in the VLR, the VLR sends cipher key KC to the BTS, which uses KC for ciphering radio path. The MC uses its KC to cipher radio path using encryption algorithm AS.
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Inter MSC Handoff: Cellular system must be able to provide the capability to handoff calls in progress from channel to another. Handoff calls from one channel to another may be invoked for one of the following reasons: To avoid dropped calls when a subscriber crosses the boundary of one cell and moves into a neighboring cell. To improve the global interference levels. To improve load balancing between adjacent cells. The main criterion for all handoff to avoid dropped calls is the quality of transmission for the ongoing connection both uplink and downlink TX quality corresponds to each neighboring cell to which MS could potentially be handed over .Handoffs for traffic and balancing are det by BSC and MSC based information on congestion in various cells under their controls such handoffs represent top-down decisions and may have involved a no. of MSS and cells within system.
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The TX performance measures that can be used for handoff decisions of the two types include BER. In GSM the MS takes measurement of received transmission quality on channels within serving cell, as well as on channels in neighboring cells which are then reported to the serving BSC for handoff decisions. The handoffs may be inter MSC handoff is as shown. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. BSC A informs MSC A that MS needs handover from BTS A to BTS B. MSC A informs MSC B that a handover from BTS B is underway. MSC A commands BSCA/BTSA to proceed with handover to BTS B. BTS A commands MS to change to a specific channel on BTS B MS informs BTS B that it is on specific channels on DTS B. BTS B informs BSCA/MSCA that handover is complete. MSC B informs MSC A that no. is complete MSC A continuously maintains control of call routing and connection.
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
OK; If call is established BUSY; If called party is in another call NO ANSWER; If called party doesnt accept a call NO CARRIER; If there are problems to establish a call Defined values: <number>: Telephone number to dial 2 AT + VTS = ? List of supported <tone>s Defined values: <tone>: A single ASCII character, in the set 0-9, #, *, A-D. 3 AT + VTD = <4> OK AT + VTD = ? +VTD:<n> AT + VTD = ? List of supported <n>s AT + VTD = 5 Defined values: AT + VTD ? <n>: Tone of duration <n>* 100 ms Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 4 ATDL; CONNECT<speed>; If call is esCommand is used to redi- tablished al the last number) OK ; If voice call is established BUSY; If called party is in another call NO ANSWER ; If called party doesnt accept a call NO CARRIER ; If there are problems to establish a call <speed> ; link baud rate between the modem and network. 5 ATA OK ; If incoming call is a voice call (Command is used to ac- CONNECT<speed>; If incoming cept an incoming call) call is a data call <speed> : see ATD command 6 ATSO = 000 OK ATSO ? <n> (The SO parameter con<n>; Automatic answer after <n> trols the automatic ansrings. A value of 0 disables auto wering of an incoming answering. call) ATSO = 005 ATSO ? 7 ATH OK or error (Command is used to EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
COMMANDS AND SR. NO. INTERPRETATION 1 Mobile originated call ATD 9879549606 (Command is used to establish a voice call)
POSSIBLE RESPONSE
ACTUAL RESPONSE
terminate a call) AT + CBST = [<speed>, 0, [<ce>]] AT + CBST ? AT + CBST = ?
OK + CBST:<speed>, 0, <ce> + CBST:(list of supported <speed>s, o, list of supported <ce>s) <speed>: 0;Auto bauding (Automatic selection of the speed) 1 ; 300 bps (V.21) 2 ; 1200 bps (V.22) 4 ; 2400 bps (V.22 bis) 6 ; 4800 bps (V.32) 7 ; 9600 bps (V.32) 8 ; specific 12 ; 9600 bps (V.34) 14 ; 14400 bps(V.34) 65 ; 300 bps (V.110) 66 ; 1200 bps (V.110) 68 ; 2400 bps (V.110) 70 ; 4800 bps (V.110) 71 ; 9600 bps (V.110) 75 ; 14400 bps (V.110)
AT + CBST = 7,0,1 (Command is used to select the barrier service type and transparent mode for data connection)
AT + CBST = 14,0,1 AT + CBST = ?
<ce> : 0 ; transparent Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 1 ; non-transparent 2 ; transparent preferred 3 ; non-transparent preferred
CONCLUSION:
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PRACTICAL # 6
AIM: To study message handling commands. APPARATUS: GSM trainer, RS 232 cable, Windows software, SIM card, Computer terminal THEORY: There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: 1) Telephony (Teleservices) 2) Data (Bearer services) Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit the appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following subscriber services are supported by the GSM: Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF): DTMF is a tone signaling scheme often used for various control purposes via the telephone network such as DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). Changed with theremote control or an answering machine. GSM supports full-originating DTMF. Facimile Group III: GSM supports CCITT group 3 facimile. As standard Fax machines are designed to be connected to the telephone, using analog signals, a special Fax converter connected to the exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSM connected fax to communicate with any analog fax in the network. Short Message Service: A convenient facility of the GSM network is the SMS. A message consisting of 160 alphanumeric characters (max) can be sent to or from a mobile station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber mobile is powered off or has left the coverage area, the message is stared and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile number is powered ON or has re-entered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the message will be received. Cell Broadcast: A variation of the SMS services is the cell broadcast facility. A message of a maximum 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain geographic area. Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings and reports on accidents.
Voice Mail: This service is actually an answering machine within the network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscribers voice-mail box and the subscriber checks for messages via personal security code. EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
Fax Mail: With this service the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. The message are stored in a service centre from which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security code to the desired fax number.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
COMMANDS AND POSSIBLE RESPONSE ACTUAL RESPONSE INTERPRETATION AT + OK CSCA=<SCA>,[;<tosca >] +CSCA:<sca>,<tosca> AT + OK CSCA=919825001002 <sca>:GSM 04.11 RP service ,145 centre address. Address value AT + CSCA? field instring format AT + CSCA =? <tosca>:GSM 04.11 (http://www.cadkas.com). Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-EditorRP service Command is used to set centre address. Type of address a service centre address. octet in int format Mobile originated Message are transmitted through s.c. 2 AT + CMGL = ALL + CMGL:<index>,<stat>, <oa/da>,[<scts>], [<tooa/toda>],<length>, <CR><LF><data> [<CR><LF>] or + CMS ERROR Defined values: <tooa>:GSM 04.11 TP origination address <length>:Integer type value indicating the length of message body <data> in characters <data>:GSM 03.40 TP User-Data in text mode responses
SR. NO. 1
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+CMGL:(list of supported <stat>s) <stat>:string type indicates the status of msg in memory REC UNREAD: Received unread msg (i.e.new msg) REC READ: Received read message STO UNSENT: stored unsent message STO SENT: Stored sent message ALL: All messages <index>:Integer type:value in the range of location nos. supported by the associated memory <oa>:GSM 03.40 TP originating Address value field in string format <da>:GSM 03.40 TP destination address <scts>:GSM 03.40 TP service centre Time stamp in time string format <toda>:GSM 04.11 TP destination Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). address type of address octet in int format 3 AT + CMGR=? OK AT+CMGR=[<index>]1 If SMS delivers. 5 +CMGR:<stat>,<oa>, <scts>, Command is used to read [<tooa>,<fo>,<pid>,<dcs>, one message from the <sca>,<tosca>,<length>, SIM card storage. <CR>,<LF>,<data> If SMS submits: +CMGR: <stat>,<da>, [<toda>,<fo>,<pid>,<dcs>, [<VP>]<sca>,<tosca>, <length>]<CR><LF>, <data> Defined values: <fo>:first octet of GSM 03.40 SMS deliver or SMS submit <pid>:GSM 03.40 TP protocol Identifier in integer format (default 0) <dcs>:GSM 03.38 SMS data coding scheme (0 default) <VP>: GSM 03.40 TP validity period in integer(167 default) or time string format <length>:Integer value indicating EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
AT + CMGL =? (It is used to read selected messages from SIM card storage)
length of message body <data> in characters. <data>:GSM 03.40 TP user data in text mode responses 4 AT + CMGS=<da>,[<toda>]< CR> AT + CMGS=9898677388 AT + CMGS =? Command is used to send a msg to a service centre. +CMGS:<mv> OK <mv>:GSM 03.40 TP message reference in integer format
AT + + CMSS:<mv> CMSS=<index>,[<da>[< toda>]] OK AT + <index>:integer type, value in the CMSS=19,9898677388 range of location nos.supported by AT + CMSS=? SIM memory. <da>:TP destination address, Command is used to string format send a message from SIM and storage to the <toda>:GSM 04.11 TP destination service centre address type of address octet in Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). integer format(when 1st character of <da> is +(IRA43) default is 145 else 129) 6 AT+CMGW=<oa\da>,[< + CMGW:<index> tooa>,<toda>, [,<start>]<CR>txt is entered OK <ctrl z| ESC> <oa>:GSM 03.40 TP originating AT + CMGW=? address value field in string forCommand is used to mat. <da>:GSM 03.40 TP destination write a msg to the SIM card storage address <toda>:GSM 04.11 TP destination address type of address octet in int format 7 AT + CMGD=<index> OK AT + CMGD=16 AT + CMGD=? OK Command is used to de- <index>: integer; value in the lete a msg from SIM range of location nos. supported card storage by SIM memory
CONCLUSION:
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PRACTICAL # 7
AIM: To study the message setting commands. APPARATUS: GSM Trainer Kit RS-232 Cable PC with Windows SIM Card OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No. (1) Command And Interpretation Possible Response Actual Response
AT+CSMS=<service>,<m t1>, <mt0>,<pin> OK AT+CSMS=0 +CSMS:<service>,<mt1>,<m AT+CSMS? t0>,<bm> AT+CSMS=? +CSMS:(list of supported (command is used to select <service>s) messaging services. It also Defined Values: Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). shows supported services, <service> : 0,GSM 3.40 & where <mt> stands for 3.41(GSM stands for mobile terminated SMS,cell broadcast) msgs,<mo> mobile origi1.127 Reserved nated & <bm> broadcast 128 Manufacturer specific type messages ) <mt>,<mo>,<bm>:0;type not supported 1;type supported (2) AT+CMPS=<mem1>[,<m em2>[, [,<mem3>]]AT+CMPS= SM, SM, SM AT+CMPS? +CMPS:<used1>,<total1>,<u sed2>,<total2> ,<used3>,<total3> or Error +CMPS: <mem1>,<used1>,<total1> <mem2>,<used2>,<total2> <mem3>,<used3>,<total3> OR
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AT+CMPS=? (command is used To select memory storage that will be used for Reading<mem1>& Writing<mem2> Short msgs to & for writing broadcast<mem3>to:)
Error +CMPS:(list of supported<mem>s), (list of supported <mem3>s) Defined Values: <mem1>: String type; memory from which messages are read & deleted. SM: sim message storage BM: broadcast message storage <mem2>: string type; memory to which writing & sending operations are made. <mem3>: string type; memory to which receive SMS are preferred to be stored. <total1>: integer type; total no. of msg location in <mem1>.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). <total2>: integer type; total no. of msg location in <mem2>.
<total3>: integer type; total no. of msg location in <mem3>. <used1>: integer type; no. of msgs currently in <mem1>. <used2>: integer type; no. of msgs currently in <mem3>. (3) AT+CMGF=<mode> OK AT+CMGF=0 +CMGF: <mode> AT+CMGF? +CMGF: (list of supAT+CMGF=? ported <mode>s) (command is used to select Defined Values: format for incoming & <mode>: 0; PDU mode outgoing messages.) 1; text mode
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(4)
AT+CSMP=[<F0>[,<VP> [,<PID>[,<DCS>]]]] AT+CSMP=17,167,0,240 AT+CSMP? AT+CSMP=? Command is used to set additional parameter for text mode msgs.
OK +CSMP:<F0>,<VP>,<PID>, <DCS>
OK Defined values: <f0>:first octet of gsm03.40 sms Deliver,sms submit integer format <vp>:gsm03.40 tp-validity period either in Integer format or in time string format <pid>:gsm03.40 tp-protocol identifier in integer format <dcs>:gsm03.38 sms data coding scheme in integer format
AT + CSDH = [<SHOW>] Ok AT + CSDH = 0 +CSDH : LSHOW> Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). AT + CSDH ? +CSDH:(list of supported AT + CSDH = ? <SHOWS>s) (command controls wheth<SHOW>: o: Do not show er detailed header informa- header values tion is shown in text mode defined in results ) commands tcsca & tcsmp(<sca>,<tosca>,<fo> <vp>,<pid>&<dcs>)
(5)
(6)
AT+CSCS=[<chset>] AT+CSCS=GSM AT+CSCS? AT+CSCS=? Command is used to set & request the implemented chararter set . Incoming characters are converted to the current used set .
Ok +CSCS:<chset> +CSCS:( list of supported <chset>s) <chset> : GSMGSM default alphabet (GSM 03.38) PCC437PC character set Code page 437.
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(7)
<bm>s,<ds>s,<bfr>s) +CNMI : <mode>,<mt>,<bm>,<ds>,<b fr> +CMS error : <err> Defined values : <mode> o:Buffer unsolicited result codes in the TA. If TA result code buffer is full , indications can be buffered in someother places or the oldest indications may be discarded & replaced with the new received indications . 1; discard indication and reject new received msg . unsolicited result codes when TATE links is reserved (eg in online data mode )otherwise forward them directly to the TE . Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 2:buffer unsolicited result codes in the TA when TATE links is reserved (eg inonline data mode ) and flush them to the TE after the reservation otherwise forward directly to TE. 3: forward unsolicited result code directly to the TETATE links specifin in band technique used embed result codes and data when TA is in online data mode. <mt>: o : no sms deliever indications are rooted to the TE . 1: indications of sms deliver is routed to the TE using unsolicated result code. : TCMIT:<mem>,<index> 2:sms deliver (except class 2 )msg are rooted directly to the TE unsolicated result code . PDU mode enclosed : +CMT EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
AT+CNMI=[<mode>[,<m t>[,<bm> [,<ds>[,<bfr>]]]]] AT+CNMI? AT+CNMI=2,0,1,1,1 (used to select the procedure , how receiving of msg from the n/w is indicated to the TE is active)
+CNMI : (list of supported <mode>s, <bm>
:[<alpha>,<length><CR><LF ><pdu> Text mode enabled (about parameters in italics , refers command show text mode parameters + CSDA ): +CMT :<oa>,[<alpha>],<scts>[,tooa >, <fo>,<pid>,<dcs>,<sca>,<tos ca>,<length>] <cr><data> Class 2 messge result in indications as defined in <mt>=1 3: class3 SMS-DELIVERS are routed directly to the TE using unsolicited result codes defined in <mt>=2. Messages ofted to the TE using other class result in indications as defined in <mt>=1 <bm>:o: No CBM indications of new CBM are routed to the TE 1:Indications of new CBM Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). is routed to the TE using unsolicited result code : +CBMI : <mem>,<index> 2: New CBMS are routed directly to the TE using unsolicited result code : -PDU mode enabled: +CBM : <lenght><CR><LF><pdu> -Text mode enabled . +CBM:<SN>,<mid>,<dcs>,< page>,<CR>, <LF>,<data> 3:class 3 CBMS are routed directly to TEusing unsolicited result codes defined in <bm>=2 msgs of other classes result in indications as defined in<bm>=1. <ds> :o:No sms status reports are routed to the TE . 1: SMS status reports are routed to the TE using unsolicited result code . -PDU mode enabled . EC - 705 Mobile Communication Page No.:
AT+CCSB=[mode] <mids><dcss> OK AT+CSCB =0,1,5,320478,922 +CSCB:<modes>,<mids>,<d AT+CSCB? css> AT+CSCB=? +CSCB: (list of supported <mode>s) Command is used to set Defined values : parameters of how broadcast message one to be re- <modes>: o : message types Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). ceived . specified <mids>and <dcss> are accepted 1 ; message types specified in <mids> & <dcss>are not Accepted . <mids> : string type ; all different possiblep Combinations of BM msg . <dcss> : string type all different combinations of CBM data coding scheme .
(8 )
+CDS: <fo>,<mr>,[<ra>],[<tora>],<s ctc>, <dt>,<st>. <bfr> : o: TA buffer of unsolicited result codes defined within this comm. & is flushed to the TE when <mode>1.3 is entered . (ok response shall be given before flushing the codes ). 1: TA buffer of unsolicited result codes defined within this command is cleared when <mode>13 is entered . OK
CONCLUSION:
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PRACTICAL # 8
AIM: To study various PN Codes in CDMA (A) Barker code (B) MLS code (C) Gold code APPARATUS: DSSS Trainer kit, connecting wires, LA2124 logic analyzer THEORY: PN SEQUENCE: A Pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence is a sequence of binary nos. eg + 1. Which appears to be random but it is in fact perfectly determination. The sequence appears to be random in the sense that the binary values & groups or runs of the same binary value occur in the sequence in the same proportion. They would if the sequence were being generated based on a fair coin tossing experiment. In the experiment, A software or hardware device designed to produce a PN seq. is called PN generator or PN sequence. These are known sequences that exhibit the properties of characteristic of random sequence. They can be used to logically isolate users on the same frequency channel. They can also be used to perform scrambling as well as spreading and despread to use PN sequences were deterministic, and then everybody could access the channel. If the code sequence were truly random on the other hand no one including the intended receiver DEMO VERSION of the channel. Thus using a pseudorandom sequence makes the signal Changed with the would be able to accessCAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). look like random noise to everybody except to the transmitter & the intended receiver.
PN SEQUENCE GENERATION: A PN generator is typically made of N cascaded feedback flip-flop ckts and a specially selected feedback arrangement as shown in fig. The flip-flop ckt when used in this way are called a shift register. Since each clock pulse applied to the flip-flop to be shifted to right. The feedback connections provide the feedback connections input to the left most f/fs, with N binary stages the larges no of different patterns the shift reg can have is 2^N. The all binary zero state, however is not allowed because it would cause all remaining states of the shift register and its outputs to be binary ones provided the no. of f/fs input to the module to adder is even
For eg, starting with the register in state 001 as shown, the next 7 states are 100,010,101,110,111,011 & then 0010 again & the states continue to repeat. The output taken from the rightmost flip-flop 1001011 which repeats with the 3 stage shift register shown, the period is 23-1 or 7. The flip-flops that should be tapped 2 adder are determined by an advanced algebra method that has identified certain binary polynomial called primitive irreducible or infactorable polynomials. Such polynomials
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are used to specify the feedback taps. For eg 1S-95 specifies the in phase PN generator shall be built based on the characteristic polynomial P(X)=X15+X13+X9+X8+X7+X5+1 Picture a 15 stage shift register with the right most stage numbered of the successive stages 1,2,3,.14 then the exponents less than 15. 15 in the above equation tells us that stages 0,5,7,8,9,13 should be tapped and summed in a module 2 adder. The output of a adder 2 is then input to the leftmost stage. The shift register PN sequence generator is shown below.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). PROPERTIES OF PN SEQUENCE: PN signals are deterministic signals. They can be shown to have the following three properties. (a) Balance Property: The no. of zeros & ones of a PN code are different only by one. (b) Run Property: The no. of times the ones & zeros repeat in or runs appear in the same proportion they would if the sequence were actually generated by a coin tossing experiment. For an N bit code there would be N zeroes (or ones) runs. Half of these runs would be of length one.
CORRELATION PROPERTY: The correlation value of two N-bit sequence can be obtained by counting the no of similar Ns & dissimilar Nf bits 7& inserting them into the following equeations:P=PN+(NS.ND) Types of PN Sequences in CDMA: IS-GS uses two PN generators to spread the signal power uniformly over the physical bandwidth of about 125MHZ. The PN spreading on the reverse link also provides nearorthgonality of & hence, minimal interferences between signals from each mobile This allows reuse of the band of frequencies which is a major advantage of CDMA. In IS-G5, two types of Max. length PN sequences of PN codes are used. The short PN code and long PN code.
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Short Code: The short PN code is generated by a 15 stage linear shift registers. Therefore, the max. length of the short PN code is: L = 2N -1 = 215 1 = 32768 1 = 32767 By, implement an extra chip is inserted at end of the sequence yielding a sequence of length L=32768 chips. The short PN code runs at a speed of 1223,800 chips per second. This yields a repetition cycle of 32768/1228800=26.67ms. Long Code: The PN chips from the long code are used to provide several randomizing functions in the 1sg5 system. These include providing chips. For message scrambling on the forward and reverse links, for identifying mobiles & access channels on reverse links by using unique offsets for each entity & for randomizing the location of the power control bits on the forward traffic channels. The long PN code is generated in a 42 stage linear effect. This yields a repetition cycle of 4.4x10 /11228800=41.42 days.
12
The long PN code is generated in a 42-stage linear shift register generator with the O/P of 42nd stages. I/P into the 1st stage & modulo-2 offered with the O/P of stages 1,2,3,5,7,10,16,17,18,19,21,22,25,26,27,31,33,&35.
CALCULATIONS: Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). (1) Chip Rate : (a) 1 MHZ :
(b) 2 MHZ :
(c) 5 MHZ :
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(2) Processing Gain: (a) Barker Code :
(b) MLS Codes :
(c) Gold Code :
(3) Code Selection: (a) Barker Code : (b) MLS Codes :
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). (c) Gold Code :
(4) Polynomial for Gain G1:
(a) For Barker Code :
(b) For MLS Code :
(c) For Gold Code :
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(5) Polynomial for Gain G2: (a) For Barker Code :
(b) For MLS Code :
(c) For Gold Code :
(6) Offset Carrier Frequency:
(7) Maximum Signal Gain:
(8) Noise Gain: Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).
(9) REG 18 (bit 7,bit 6,bit 5,bit 4,bit 3,bit 2,bit 1,bit 0) :-
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(10) REG 19 (bit 7,bit 6,bit 5,bit 4,bit 3,bit 2,bit 1,bit 0) :-
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CODE GENERATION:(a) For MLS Code: (1) G1 = 1+X2+X3
(2) G2 = 1+X2+X4
(b) For Gold Code: (1) G1 = 1+x+x2 & G2 = 1+x2
(2) G1 = 1+x+x2 & G2 = 1+x+x4
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(G1) (1) 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 (2) 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
(+) O/P 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 (1) 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 (2) 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
(G2) (3) 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 (4) 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
CONCLUSION:
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PRACTICAL # 9
AIM: To generate DSSS modulated signal Modulation using internal generation of 2047 bit of PN sequence as modulator and demodulator carrier. APPARATUS: CDMA trainer kit, pc, CRO, connecting wires, probes etc. THEORY: Direct sequence is spread spectrum technique in which the bandwidth of the signal is increased by artificially increasing the bit rate data. This is done by breaking each bit into a number of sub-bits called chips. E.G. if this one s 10, each bit in original signal would be divided into 10 separate bits or chips. This results in an increase in data rate by 10 (b/w) by 107. The signal is divided into smaller bits by means of a PN sequence. Can be done by using a two i/p EX-OR gate; where one i/p is low speed. Data; & other i/p is a high speed PN sequence. The data signal has a narrow power spectrum. The high speed PN code, in comparison, has a wider power spectrum. The result is that the composite signal has same transition rate as the PN sequence (because of wideband power spectrum, but lower amplitude, as total energy is constant.)
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To recover data from this another EX-OR is used where composite data c is applied to one i/p & an identical PN sequence as second i/p. the o/p y is original signal. It is important to note that the recovery process only works when the PN sequence is identical for both spreading & dispreading. One of the main advantages of spread spectrum signal is its tolerance to interference. The received signal is the original signal with very low amplitude noise spread across the entire bandwidth of spread signal. The original signal can be recovered. Hence, by band pass filtering. Since energy s conserved, the magnitude of the interference power is reduced considerably (proportionally) referred to as Process low. Therefore, all users other than the desired signal appear as noise, for k users. CDMA gain = Process gain - Process loss due to K users = 10 log (Bw/Rb) 10 log k = 10 log (Bw / K.Rb)
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CALCULATIONS: For Modulation: Reg 18 (Bit 7, 6 Bit 0) bit 0 0 ; internal c/k 1 ; External c/k 0 ; 2s complement 1 ; unsigned 00 ; BPSK 01 ; QPSK 10 ; 0QPSK
bit 1
bit 3 & bit 2
bit 5 & bit 4
00 ; disabled 01 ; PRBS 10 ; internal generation of 2047 bit periodic Ps udorandow bit seq. as modulator input 10; unmodulated carrier 0 ; off 1 ; on Inverter Q bit
bit 6
(interpalation to max. c / k rate) 0 ; off Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 1 ; on We used For BPSK; (1001 0010) b (g2)H Reg18 (g2)H Reg 19 (Bit 7,6 .. 0) bit 0 0 ; o/p data is pushed to the next module. 1 ; o/p data is pulled by the next module (input format) 0 ; 1 bit serial 1 ; 2 bit parallel 0 ; disabled shaping filter 1 ; enabled shaping filter 0 ; disabled (spectrum) spreading 1 ; enabled spectrum spreading
bit 7
bit 1
bit 2
bit 3
For BPSK (0000 1100) (OC)H Reg 19 OCH
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For Demodulation: Reg 16 (bit 7, 6 ... 0) bit 0 0 ; internal C/K 1 ; External C/K 0 ; 2s complement 1 ; unsigned carrier freq loop gain 00 nominal 01 2 X 100p gain 10 4 X 100p gain 11 8 X 100p gain reserved always 0 spectrum inversion 0 ; off 1; on Reserved always 0
bit 1
bit 3 & bit 2
bit 4 bit 5
bit 6
bit 7 freeze monitoring data 0 ;VERSION monitoring data prior to reading it Changed with the DEMO freeze the of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 1 ; re enable the update Reg 17 (bit 3,2,1,0) bits 1 0 00 ; I / Q Parallel 01 ; I / Q Serial 00 ; BPSK 01 ; QPSK 02 h 01 h (0000 0010) (0000 0001)
bits 3 2
Reg 16 : Reg 17 :
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For Modulation: Gold Gold Code Barker Barker MLS MLS Code Code code G1 = G1=1+x+x2 G1=1+x+x2 Reg 11 bit 13 bit G1 = 1+x2+x4 G2=1+x2 G2=1+x+x4 1+x2+x3 No. 0 66 66 66 66 66 66 1 66 66 66 66 66 66 2 06 06 06 06 06 06 3 0B 0D 07 0F 03 0F 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 5 00 00 00 00 00 00 6 03 03 02 02 01 01 7 00 00 06 0A 03 03 8 00 00 00 00 00 00 9 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 02 09 11 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 13 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 16 FF FF FF FF FF FF Changed with17 DEMO00 the VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 00 00 00 00 00 18 02 02 02 02 02 02 19 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C
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For Demodulation: Gold Gold Code Barker Barker MLS MLS Code Code code G1 = G1=1+x+x2 G1=1+x+x2 Reg 11 bit 13 bit G1 = 1+x2+x3 G2=1+x2 G2=1+x+x4 1+x2+x3 No. 0 66 66 66 66 66 66 1 66 66 66 66 66 66 2 06 06 06 06 06 06 3 0B 0D 07 0F 03 0F 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 5 00 00 00 00 00 00 6 03 03 02 02 01 01 7 00 00 06 0A 03 03 8 00 00 00 00 00 00 9 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 02 09 11 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 13 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 16 02 02 02 02 02 02 Changed with17 DEMO01 the VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 01 01 01 01 01 CONCLUSION:
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PRACTICAL # 10
AIM: To study various code modulation tech. QPSK, BPSK, OQPSK APPARATUS: CDMA trainer kit, PC, oscilloscope, connecting wires, probes. THEORY: There are different types of code modulation techniques employed to modulate the data to be retransmitted the basic QPSK, BPSK, OQPSK. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK): For Binary PSK (BPSK) S0 (t) = A.coswt represents binary 0 S1 (t) = A.cos(wt + ) represents binary 1 For M-ary PSK, M different phases are required, and every n (where M=2n) bits of the binary bit stream are coded as one signal that is transmitted as A.sin(wt+j) j = 1, 2. . . .n Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK & FSK. PSK can be expanded to an M-ary scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different stages. Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading.
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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): If we defined four signals each with a phase shift differing by then we have quadrature phase shift keying. The QPSK transmitter system uses both the sine & cosine at carrier frequency to transmit two separate msg signals: SI(n) & SQ(n) referred as the inphase & quadrature signals. These are simply I & Q gain as function of n. Provided that a coherent receiver system is employed both I &Q signal can be recovered exactly allowing us to transmit twice the signal information at the same carrier frequency. The i/p binary bit stream {dk} dk = 0, 1, .. arrives at modulator i/p at a rate 1/T bits/sec and is separated into two data streams dI and dQ containing odd and even respectively. dI (t) = d0, d2, d4 dQ (t) = d1, d3, d5 QPSK is effective two independent BPSK sys. (I & Q) & this exhibits same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. QPSK can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve excellent band suppression. Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions thus requiring linear amplification. Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK): If the two bit streams I & Q are offset by bit interval, then the amplitude fluctuations are minimized since the phase never changes by this modulation scheme , OQPSK is obtained from QPSK by delaying odd bit stream by half a bit interval with respect to the even bit stream. Thus the the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS (the possibility of a phase shift of Changed withrange of phase transitions is PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). is eliminated) & occurs twice as often, but with half the intensity of the QPSK. While amplitude fluctuations still occur in transmitter & receiver. They have smaller magnitude. The bit error rates for QPSK & OQPSK are same as that for BPSK. When an OQPSK signal undergoes band limiting the resulting inter-symbol interference causes the envelope to drop slightly to the region of phase transition but since the phase transitions of 180 have been avoided in OQPSK, the envelop will never get to zero as it does in QPSK. CALCULATIONS: BPSK: Modulator: Reg 18
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Reg 19
Demodulator: Reg 16
Reg 17
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QPSK: Modulator Reg 18
Reg 19
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Reg 17
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OQPSK: Modulator Offset carrying frequency = Given F sample clock = 32 kHz = 16 kHz So, offset carrier frequency = = (800000)h Reg 13 = (00)h Reg 14 = (00)h Reg 15 = (80)h Reg 18 =
Demodulator: Nominal centre carrier frequency = = = (4194304)d = (400000)h Reg 13 = (00)h Reg 14 = (00)h Reg 15 = (40)h For OQPSK (demodulator) values of Reg 16 & 17 are same as QPSK (demodulator).
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Modulator: Mod tech. Reg no. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 66 66 06 7F 00 00 02 41 00 66 66 06 7F 00 00 02 41 00 66 66 06 7F 00 00 02 41 00 BPSK QPSK OQPSK
9 00 00 00 Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 00 92 0C 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 00 D6 0E 00 00 00 00 00 80 FF 00 DA 0E
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Demodulator: Mod tech. Reg no. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BPSK 66 66 06 7F 00 00 02 41 00
QPSK 66 66 06 7F 00 00 02 41 00
OQPSK 66 66 06 7F 00 00 02 41 00
9 00 00 00 Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 04 00 00 00 00 00 40 22 04
CONCLUSION:
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AT+COPS=[<mode> [,<format> [,<oper>]]] AT+COPS?

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EC - 705 Mobile Communication

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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EC - 705 Mobile Communication

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AT +CCWA ? AT +CCWA=? (it is used to set call waiting supplementary service

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EC - 705 Mobile Communication

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EC - 705 Mobile Communication

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

EC - 705 Mobile Communication

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

EC - 705 Mobile Communication

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