TELECOMMUNICATION

The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the objective. Access to telecommunications is of utmost importance for achievement of the country's social and economic goals. Availability of affordable and effective communications for the citizens is at the core of the vision and goal of the new Telecom policy 1999. Strive to provide a balance between the provision of universal service to all uncovered areas, including the rural areas, and the provision of high-level services capable of meeting the needs of the country's economy encourage development of telecommunication facilities in remote, hilly and tribal areas of the country; Transform in a time bound manner, the telecommunications sector to a greater competitive environment in both urban and rural areas providing equal opportunities and level playing field for all players. Telecommunication means long distance communications. It means Telephony, Telegraphy , Fax , Telemetry, Mobile , and Satellite communication. A telephone is a familiar end instrument in telecommunication switching system. The development of telephone and circuits started around midst 1850. Early 1854 1861 Charles Bourseul discovered the vibration due to speech waves on the sufficiently flexible disc. Also he found this vibration can made and brake current from a battery. Philip Reis, a German physicist found that some membrane attached to the disc cab reproduce the sound wave. Sir Alexander Graham Bell discovered telephone. It contains both transmitter and receiver. It was made of diaphragm and armature for transmitter and receiver section. Berlinear and later Huges, Humming found carbon granules as the most suitable material for transmitter. Thomas Watson, assistant of A.G.Bell invented the ringer

1876

1877 1878

1886 1895 1950

device. Edison improved Hummings Telephone design. Pulse dialing originated. Touch tone dial telephone developed. DEVELOPMENT OF TELEPHONE

HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION
Telecommunication , the process of providing long distance telephonic or telegraphic information was myth about 106 years before, Public reactions to the very idea of telephony in the 1860s and 1870s wavered between fear of the supernatural and the ridicule of the impractical. Hearing voices when there was no one there was looked upon as a manifestation of either mystical communication or insanity. But undaunted by the rebuffs of the people , the great scientists like Graham Bell and Morse the seeds so deep that we have now a beautiful blossoming and ever increasing Tree of telecommunication. We can talk and even see our beloveds sitting thousands of kilometers away. Coaxial, microwave and satellite communication provide effective and efficient global communication. These system can transmit video signals on TV channels also.

THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

The telephone arrived as a practical instrument over a century ago in1876, an outgrowth of experiments on a device to send multiple telegraph signals over a single wire. Alexander Graham Bell, a native of Scotland, while conducting electrical experiments spilled acid on his trousers. His sulphurous reaction , the now famous Mr Watson , come here , I want you, brought Thomas A Watson on the run not only because of his employers distress , but because the words had been carried by electricity into Watsons room and reproduced clearly on his receiving set . In January of 1878 , when the first commercial exchange was operated in New Haven. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated in March of 1885 to manage the explosive growth of the fledging

Telephone network across the United states. The AT & T was allowed to establish , maintain and control a single universal network across the country without any competition as well as provide all telephone sets and switching equipment to the general public. The federal government regulated its policies , practices and fees . This set the groundwork for the development of the most advanced and efficient telecommunications system in the world . The first telephone was used both for reception and generation of sounds. The telephone was alternately held in front of the mouth or the ear. In India at first wall type telephones were made use of. Most of the instruments used in East India Company days were G.E.C , A.T.M and Ericsson . By 1950 , the Indian telephone Industries started producing phone instruments. Bells Telephone system could enable the persons to talk to each other rather than sending their messages in dots and dashes a great step forward. The people who never believed this possibility sooner become more and more anxious to have telephone at their home or work place.

THE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

This led to the idea of a telephone exchange a centralized place with some equipment to make it possible for interconnection of telephone users. The first to come was the MAGNETO system. This used a local battery and the hand generator to call the exchange. The operator in the exchange then connects the calling subscriber to the called subscriber by sending a ringing current on the called subscribers line. Magneto system catered for only a limited number of subscribers. For comparatively large number of subscribers, a central Battery system was developed. The manual telephone exchanges suffered from some disadvantages. To overcome these an automatic at the exchange. The telephone instruments at the subscriber premises was provided with a dial and

the exchange equipment was so designed that it responded to the dialled number and could not connect the calling subscriber to the called subscriber..

Electrical waves

Sound Waves
Transmission line

sound waves

Calling end apparatus

Called end apparatus

Communication of sound waves by a telephone

TELEPHONE WORKS

Today the telephone has become a multinational , multi crore rupee industry employing millions of people and providing services to the people in the metro cities as well as far off remote villages. In the telephone network the subscriber are given telephone instruments. The instrument performs large number of functions. It requests the use of telephone system when the handset is lifted. It indicates that the system is ready for use by receiving dial tone.