AU Powerlab

USER REFERENCE MANUAL

FOR
TRANSIENT STABILITY- SMIB
AND
SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS-SMIB
DOCUMENT NO. ANTSSS – URM – 1.0

MAY 2004
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 025
 CONTENTS

Page No.

1. ABOUT THE PROGRAM

1.1 Introduction 1-1

1.2 Utility of the Program 1-1

1.3 Features of the Program 1-1

1.3.1 Methods used and computational details 1-1

2. GETTING STARTED
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Opening the Menu Screen 2-1
2.3 Operations Using the Menu Screen 2-3
2.3.1 Creation of a new data file 2-3
2.3.2 Modifying an existing data file 2-5
2.3.3 Selecting a file for running the program 2-6
2.3.4 Running the program 2-6
2.3.5 Viewing output file 2-6
2.3.6 Manuals 2-7
2.3.7 Exit 2-7

3 DETAILS OF INPUT

3.1 Data Requirements 3-1

3.2 Input Through Console 3-1
3.3 Input Through File 3-2

4 SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY

4.1 Single-Line Diagram and Data 4-1
4.2 Sample Input Data File 4-1
4.3 Sample Output File 4-1
ANNEXURES

I Single-Line Diagram and Data for Transient and Small A-1

Signal Stability Analysis

II Sample Input Data File for Transient and Small Signal A-2
Stability Analysis

III Interactive Queries and User Response for Transient A-2

Stability Analysis

IV Interactive Queries and User Response for SS Stability A-3

Analysis

V Output File and Plots for Transient Stability Analysis A-4

VI Output File and Plots for SS Stability Analysis A-7

 CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THIS PROGRAM

1.1 Introduction

Transient and small signal stability analysis are to be carried out to assess whether the
system can maintain stability or not when subjected to large and small scale
disturbances respectively. The program consists of two modules, one for transient
stability analysis and another for small signal stability analysis. Both the modules are
developed to analyse single machine connected to infinite bus system and study the
fundamentals concepts and factors related to stability of power system. The two
modules are independently developed and could be run separately.

1.2 Utility of the Program

The transient stability program can carryout the following.

(i) Transient stability analysis using conventional machine model and modified Euler
method for numerical integration

(ii) Transient stability analysis using conventional machine model and R.K method
for numerical integration

(iii) Plot of machine swing, frequency deviation and real power generation of
generator with respect to time

For small signal stability, the non-linear swing equation is linearised around an
operating point and the linearised equation is analysed both in time domain and S-
domain. The program has facilities for computing the following.

1. Roots of the characteristics equation

2. Damped frequency of oscillation
3. Undamped natural frequency
4. Damping ratio



     !#"
$%"&"(')*+,$-"
"./$1023! 546!7'8".$ 9;: < =,>@? ACBED
5. Force-
FG+H/IGJGKMLNFPO QR STVUWS

1.3 Features of the Program

1.3.1 Methods used and computational details

For transient stability analysis, the machine is represented by a constant voltage
source behind transient reactance and the effect of controllers are not considered. The
system is characterised by non-linear differential equations. Three faults namely three
phase fault at the end of one line near the generator bus, three phase fault at middle of
one line and line opening and closing can be analysed with the program. The module
is provided with features either to use modified Euler method or R.K method for
numerical integration. A plot of machine swing, frequency deviation and generator
output can be obtained.

1-1
For small signal stability the non-linear swing equation characterising the system is
linearised around the operating state and the Laplace transform of the linearised
equation is used for analysis. The roots of the characteristics equation, damped
frequency of oscillation, damping ratio and undamped natural frequency are obtained.
Force free respons XZY[V\^]_`a[ Yb#c
d%cE_c.eJf%gJYd%hci_c5Ydkj%X3b_l6b m%e8_c5Ydon;\P] p,`qsrCcEdth6XJu/bXXJvwedh
n;x y z,{M|}~,€,ƒ‚J|
„…†k€6‡1‚3ˆ%|
„‰1|.„6Š%…3‹Œ}…Ža‚‘.‚’J…“‹”‚3„%}–•~‹ —˜~•V™…š…+›œ%‚8|(~„%}’3™‚3‹‚’8ƒ…‹”|(}–|
„‰
5™…†/‡6„%‚3—ž|.’}M~•sŸ ‚„%†P¡ ¢

1-2
 CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED

2.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the procedure for accessing the specific program modules
Transient Stability and Small Signal Stability modules in the AU Powerlab software
package. Both the modules have features for creating new data file, editing already
stored sample system data, running the program and viewing the results. The details
of the procedure to use the features are given in the following sections.

2.2 Opening The Menu Screen

Once the AU Powerlab software package is installed, the AU Powerlab icon will
appear on the desktop.

1. Click the AU Powerlab icon on the desktop, then a window carrying Anna
University frontage will appear on the screen and will disappear within few
seconds. Then the Student Log-on Window will appear (Fig 2.1)

Fig 2.1 Student Log – on Window

2. Enter the student information in the respective boxes. After entering all
information, click Enter button. Then the Opening Window for AU Powerlab
will appear (Fig 2.2)

2-1
 Fig 2.2 Opening Window for AU Powerlab

3. Click the button, ‘Transient / SS Stability – SMIB’ in the Opening Window. Then
another window containing the title of the sub- modules ‘Transient stability and
Small Signal Stability’ will appear (Fig 2.3).

Fig 2.3 Window for Title of Transient / SS Stability – SMIB

2-2
4. Click the button ‘Transient Stability’ or the button ‘Small Signal Stability’
depending upon the module you require. Then the Menu Screen for this module
will appear (Fig 2.4)

Fig 2.4 Menu Screen for Transient Stability

The following are the operations that can be performed under this module.
i. Create New File
ii. Modify Existing File
iii. Select File for Running
iv. Run
v. View Output
vi. Manuals
vii. Exit

The operations Run and View Output will be activated only after the operation ‘Select
file for Running’ is carried out.

2.3 Operations Using the Menu Screen

The details of operations that can be performed using the Menu Screen are given
below

2.3.1 Creation of a new data file

1. Click the button ‘Create New File’. Then the window for entering the input data
file name will appear (Fig. 2.5). Enter the file name (maximum eight alphabetic
characters) and then click the button ok. The text editor (wordpad) window will
appear (in Fig 2.6).
2-3
Fig 2.5 Window for Entering Input File Name

Fig 2.6 Text Editor(Word Pad ) Window

2-4
2. Enter the input data in the same sequence as given in chapter three of this manual.

3. After entering all the input data, save the file, close the text editor window and
control will return to Menu Screen.

4. If the whole data could not be entered in one sitting, then the file created with
partial data can be saved. The remaining data can be entered in the next sitting by
accessing the saved file using the procedure explained in the next section.

2.3.2 Modifying an existing data file

1. Click the button ‘Modify Existing File’ on the Menu Screen, Then the file-open
dialogue window will appear (Fig 2.7)

Fig 2.7 File-Open Dialogue Window

2. Select the desired file and then click the button open. The desired data file
appears on the wordpad. (Fig 2.8). The necessary modifications are carried out
and the modified file is saved either in the original name or in a new file name.
Then close the text editor window.

2-5
 Fig 2.8 The Desired Data File

2.3.3 Selecting a file for running the program

Click the button ‘Select File for Running ’. Then the file -open dialogue window will
appear (Fig 2.7). Select the required file and click the button open. Then the control
will return to Menu Screen. Now the buttons run and view output will be enabled.

2.3.4 Running the program

1. Click the button Run. Then the ‘Transient Stability’ module or ‘Small Signal
Stability’ module as the case may be, will be executed and a message ‘Stop
program terminated’ will appear. Close the DOS prompt window by entering
‘Exit’ and pressing return key. Then the control will return to Menu Screen.

2.3.5 Viewing Output File

1. Click, the button View Output. Then the output file will appear in a text editor
(Fig 2.9). A print of this result can be taken if desired. When this window is
closed, the control will return to Menu Screen.

2-6
 Fig 2.9 Window for Input Data File

2. Click the button view plot. A drop down menu with machine swing, frequency
deviation and P-generation will appear. Select the required plot and click the
button. Then the plot will appear. (Fig 2.10 – machine swing). A print of this
result can be taken if desired .

Note: It may be noted that the output of the previous run will be erased and the output
of the latest run will be stored in the output file. The output of the latest run will also
be erased when the session is completed and the user quit the program.

2.3.6 Manuals
Click the button Manuals. Then a dropdown menu with User Manual and Laboratory
Manual will appear. Click the button, Laboratory Manual. Then the Laboratory
manual for the experiment Transient and Small Signal Stability Analysis - SMIB will
appear. If you click the button User Reference Manual, then the ‘User Reference
Manual’ for Transient and Small Signal Stability program modules will appear. Click
either of the buttons to view the relevant part of the respective Manual.

2.3.7 Exit
To quit from the operations performed under the Menu Screen click Exit button

2-7
 CHAPTER 3 DETAILS OF INPUT

3.1 Data Requirements

The data required for the modules Transient Stability and Small Signal Stability can
be broadly classified into two groups

i. Data to be fed through console

(a) Transient stability

Informations regarding the specific method of numerical integration to be used out of

modified Euler and R.K. methods for transient stability analysis, the type of fault
chosen from among the three type of fault specified, fault application and clearing
time are to be entered through console. The details are given in section 3.2

(b) Small signal stability

Information regarding initial condition perturbation of £ ¤o¥§¦¨w©Eª¬«,­®¯­+­°±ª«t«6±²³©Eª®
co-efficient are to be entered through console.

ii. Data to be fed through a stored data file

Data to be fed through the stored data file is same both for transient stability analysis
and small signal stability analysis, since the same SMIB system is used for both the
study. Hence only a single data file is created for both the study.

Before running the modules, a data file should be created containing all the required
data and in the specified sequence given in section 3.3. This file can be created using
the editor facility as explained in chapter 2 of this manual.

The following data should be compiled from the single line diagram and data of the
SMIB power system to be studied.

(a) System details

(b) Generator data
(c) Transformer and transmission line data

The user is urged to refer to chapter 4 on sample system study for illustration.

3.2 Input Through Console

(a) Transient stability
When the transient stability module is run on the computer, four interactive queries
appear on the screen, requiring the response of the user. The user should enter the
respective index value depending upon the choice of option. The details of queries
that appear on the screen and the sequence in which they appear are given below
along with required explanation.

Statement 1: ‘Enter the Index for integration:

(Enter 1 for modified ‘Euler’ method, 2 for ‘Runge Kutta’ method)

3-1
Statement 2: ‘Enter the case number of fault:
( Enter 1 for opening and closing of line No-2.
Enter 2 for three phase to ground fault near the generator bus on line no-2
Enter 3 for three phase to ground fault at middle of line no-2.)

Statement 3: ‘Enter the time of fault application in seconds:

Statement 4: ‘Enter the time of fault clearance in seconds:

Small signal stability

When the small signal stability module is run on the computer, two queries appear on
the screen, requiring the response of the user. The user should enter the required
input data. The details of queries that appear on the screen and the sequence in which
they appear are given below

Statement 1: ‘Enter the initial perturbation in degrees’:

It is assumed that the system is subjected to a small disturbance, because of which
there is a small perturbation in machine angle in degrees. Enter the perturbation in
degrees

Statement 2: ‘ Enter the damping co-efficient in p.u.’

Enter the value of KD in p.u. (change in power in p.u. / change in speed in p.u.)

3.3 Input Through File – (Common for transient and small signal stability analysis)
The data file to be created should contain the following groups of data in the sequence
indicated. As this data is to be read in free format, each data should be separated by a
blank space.

Group 1: Student information

This group consists of the following six sub-groups
(i) Title of the Experiment
(ii) Case Title
(iii) Name of the Student
(iv) Roll Number
(v) Semester Number
(vi) Date of Experiment

The subgroup (i) consists of two lines of data, character string (upto 80 characters per
line) bearing the title of the experiment.

Each one of the sub-groups (ii) to (vi) consisting of one line of data, character string
(up to 80 characters) bearing the respective information

3-2
Group 2 : General system data
System data consists of one line of four data as given below

1 2 3 4
Real Real Integer Integer

Where
1: Step size for numerical integration in seconds
2: Total time of simulation in seconds
3: Frequency in Hertz
4: Base MVA

Group 3: Generator data

1 2 3 4 5
Real Real Real Real Real

Where,
1 : Active power generation in p.u.
2: Power factor
3: Xd’ of Generator in p.u.
4: MVA rating of generator
5: H constant of generator in seconds

Group 4: Transformer and transmission line data

1 2 3
Real Real Real

Where,
1: Transformer reactance in p.u.
2: Transmission Line-1 reactance in p.u.
3: Transmission Line-2 reactance in p.u.

3-3
 CHAPTER 4 SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY

4.1 Single-line Diagram and Data

Single-line diagram and the data of a single machine connected to an infinite bus
system taken as sample system is given in Annexure - I

4.2 Sample Input Data File

The sample input data file prepared for running the modules Transient Stability and
Small Signal Stability is given in Annexure II. The interactive queries appeared on
the screen and the response of the user while running Transient Stability module and
Small Signal Stability module using the data file in Annexure II are given in
Annexure III and Annexure IV respectively.

4.3 Sample Output Data File

The sample output file generated by running the Transient Stability module using the
input data file data given in Annexure -II is given in Annexure V. The plots of the
output are also given. The small stability program was run using the same input file
in Annexure II and the corresponding output file is given in Annexure V. The plots of
the output is also given.
 4-1

ANNEXURE I Single – Line Diagram and Data for Transient and Small
Signal Stability Analysis

L.T Transformer

G
Infinite Bus
Et
P + jQ
EB

Fig.1 Single-line Diagram

(a) Plant data

No. of units =4
Capacity of each unit = 550 MVA
Generator Voltage = 24kv

(b) System data

The data for the system in p.u on a base of 2220 MVA, 24kv is given below
Machine transient reactance X’d = 0.3 p.u
Inertia constant H = 3.5 MW-S/MVA
Frequency f = 60 Hz frequency

Transformer reactance = X = 0.15 p.u

Line 1 reactance = X = 0.5 p.u

Line 2 reactance = X = 0.93 p.u

(c) Plant operating condition

Real Power generation P = 0.9 p.u
Power factor = 0.9 lagging
Generator terminal voltage Et = 1.0 p.u.

A-1
 ANNEXURE II Sample Input Data File for Transient and Small Signal
Stability Analysis

0.01 5.00 60 2220

0.9 0.9 0.3 555 3.5
0.15 0.50 0.93

ANNEXURE III Interactive Queries and User Response for Transient

Stability Analysis

A-2
 ANNEXURE IV Interactive Queries and User Response for Small Signal
Stability Analysis

Note ; The value for the damping co-efficient may be chosen as

Range of value: 1.0 to 20.0

A-3
 ANNEXURE – V – Output File and Plots for Transient Stability Analysis

-----------------------------------
AU POWERLAB

Single Machine Infinite Bus System - Transient Stability Analysis

-----------------------------------

Date & Time: 06-05-2004 & 15:41:15

*********************************************************************

INPUT DATA
-----------

GENERAL DATA
-------------

Step width of simulation is : 0.010000000 in Sec

Total time of simulation is : 5.0000000 in Sec

System frequency is : 60.000000 in Hz

System base MVA is : 2220.0000

MACHINE DATA
-------------

Real Power Generation : 0.90000000 in p.u.

Power Factor : 0.90000000

Xdp of Machine : 0.30000000 in p.u.

MVA rating of the Machine : 555.00000 in MVA

H constant of machine : 3.5000000 in Sec

SYSTEM DATA
------------

Reactance of Transformer : 0.15000000 in p.u.

Reactance of Transmission line1 : 0.50000000 in p.u.

Reactance of Transmission line2 : 0.93000000 in p.u.

FAULT DATA
-----------

The fault applied is : Three phase to ground fault at

end of line 2 near HT bus

Time of fault application is : 1.0000000 in Sec

Time of fault clearing is : 1.0500000 in Sec

A-4
 Plots:

Time Vs Machine Swing Plot

84.7087

M
/
c

S
w
i
n
g

D
e
g.

31.0781
0.0000 Max. 84.7087 5.0000
Min. 31.0781 Time sec

Time Vs Frequency Deviation Plot

0.4177

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

D
e
v.

Hz

-0.4177
Max.417727
0.0000 TIME sec 5.0000
Min. 41772

A-5
 Time Vs Real Power Generation Plot

1.0977
P

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
I
o
n

pu

0.0000
0.0000 Max. 1.09772 5.0000
TIME sec
Min. 0

A-6
 ANNEXURE VI Output File and SS Stability Analysis

-----------------------------------
AU POWERLAB

Single Machine Infinite Bus System - Small Signal Stability Analysis

-----------------------------------

Date & Time: 06-05-2004 & 15:43:28

*********************************************************************

INPUT DATA
-----------

GENERAL DATA
-------------

Step width of simulation is : 0.01000000 in Sec

Total time of simulation is : 5.000000 in Sec

System frequency is : 60.00000 in Hz

System base MVA is : 2220.000

MACHINE DATA
-------------

Real Power Generation : 0.9000000 in p.u.

Power Factor : 0.9000000

Xdp of Machine : 0.3000000 in p.u.

MVA rating of the Machine : 555.0000 in MVA

H constant of machine : 3.500000 in Sec

SYSTEM DATA
------------

Reactance of Transformer : 0.1500000 in p.u.

Reactance of Transmission line1 : 0.5000000 in p.u.

Reactance of Transmission line2 : 0.9300000 in p.u.

FAULT DATA
-----------

The disturbance applied is : Line - 2 opening and closing

The initial perturbation : 5.000000 in degrees

The damping co-efficient is : 3.0 in p.u.

A-7
*********************************************************************
 OUTPUT DATA
------------

Roots of the characteristic equation are,

Root1 : -0.1077091+j7.365728

Root2 : -0.1077091-j7.365728

Undamped natural frequency of oscillation(Wn) : 7.366516 in Hz

Damped natural frequency of oscillation(Wd) : 7.365728 in Hz

Damping ratio (ZEETA) : 0.01462145

Plot:

Time Vs Machine Swing Plot

46.7717
M/
c
S
w
i
n
g

D
e
g.

36.9978

0.0000 Max 46.7717 TIME sec 5.0000

Min 36.9978

A-8
 Time Vs Frequency Deviation Plot

0.0955
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

D
e
v.
Hz

-0.1000
Max. 0966076
0.0000 TIME sec 5.0000
Min. 100006

Time Vs Real Power Generation Plot

0.9844
P
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

p
u

0.8130
0.0000 Max. 984394 TIME sec 5.0000
Min. 81302

A-9