EXPERIMENT 7

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS

7.1 AIM:
(i) To become familiar with modelling aspects of synchronous machines and network for
transient stability analysis of multi-machine power systems.

(ii) To become familiar with the state-of-the-art algorithm for simplified transient stability
simulation involving only classical machine models for synchronous machines.

(iii) To understand system behaviour when subjected to large disturbances in the presence of
synchronous machine controllers.

(iv) To become proficient in the usage of the software to tackle real life problems
encountered in the areas of power system planning and operation.

7.2 OBJECTIVES
(i) To assess the transient stability of a multimachine power system when subjected to a
common disturbance sequence: fault application on a transmission line followed by fault
removal and line opening.

(ii) To determine the critical clearing time.

(iii) To observe system response and understand its behaviour during a full load rejection at a
substation with and without controllers.

(iv) To observe system response and understand its behaviour during loss of a major
generating station.

(v) To understand machine and system behaviour during loss of excitation.

(vi) To study the effect of load relief provided by under frequency load shedding scheme.

7.3 SOFTWARE REQUIRED

MULTIMACHINE TRANSIENT STABILITY module of AU Powerlab or equivalent

7.4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

7.4.1. Multimachine Transient Stability

Transient stability analysis is essential both for power system planning and operation. The
ability of the generators to remain in synchronism under conceivable disturbance scenario must
be assessed. Also, transient stability simulations are essential for proper design of protection
system. This calls for accurate modeling of the components such as generators and their control
systems, static var compensators etc., involved in the dynamics triggered by a disturbance. The
machines and their control systems are characterized by differential equation while the
transmission system is represented by algebraic equations.
7-1
7.4.2. Modeling of Components for Transient Stability Simulation
Assumptions for Simplified Transient Stability Simulation
(i) Generator saliency neglected i.e, Xd = Xq, Xd’ = Xq’, where the unprimed quantities are the
synchronous reactances and the primed quantities are transient reactances.
(ii) Generators are represented by constant internal voltage behind transient reactance.
(iii) The turbine mechanical power outputs are assumed to be constant. That is, the governor
corrective action is ignored.
(iv) All resistances are neglected.
(v) Damping is neglected.
(vi) Loads are represented as constant admittances evaluated at the initial load flow solution.
Dependence of load on voltage and frequency is ignored.
(vii) The system is balanced during normal operation and disturbance and after disturbance has
been removed.

Generators
The equivalent circuit for classical model of the generator is given in Fig.7.1.a. This equivalent
circuit is the Thevenin form. The Norton form of the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7.1.b

Ra + jXd' I
V V
I
E' INorton
YNorton

E'= V + (Ra+jXd') I INorton= YNortonV + I

(a) Thevenin equivalent (b) Norton equivalent

Fig. 7.1 Modelling of Generators and Representation for Network Solution

INorton in the above figure is the Norton current source. The expressions for the current source and
the admittance is given by

INorton = E'/(Ra+jXd') (7.1)

YNorton = 1 / (Ra+jXd') (7.2)

Loads
The loads are modelled as admittances. The admittances are computed from the initial load flow
solution as shown below.
YL = ( PL – j QL) / |VL|2 (7.3)

7-2
where,
PL and QL are the active and reactive powers of the load
|VL| is the magnitude of the voltage of the load bus computed by load flow analysis
YL is the load admittance and it gets added to the diagonal of bus admittance matrix Y
corresponding to the node where the load is connected.

Transmission lines



    
  !"!# $ %
-circuits using positive sequence parameters: series
resistance, series reactance and half line charging.

Transformers
Transformers are modeled by a series reactance, which is nothing, but its leakage reactance if
the
&')( turns ratio is unity. For nonunity turns ratio i.e, for off nominal turns ratio, they are modeled
-*+-,
*/.+103254/6780:9<;=;>";@?A;6 0B25C<DE09;GF HI
JLKBM<N<OPRQ-STNVUWS KXPYJZP:H[)I
H\PRQSV]T^ he model for transformers
is also identical to that for load flow analysis.

Network equations
The algebraic equations (7.4) describe the network performance
YV=I (7.4)
where,

Y is the bus admittance matrix with following modifications:

a. Admittances representing the loads are added to the diagonal elements corresponding to the
buses where the loads are connected
b. The Norton admittances of the generators (see Fig.7.1.b) which are represented by classical
machines are added to the diagonal elements corresponding to buses where generators are
connected.

V is the vector of bus voltage phasors

I is the vector of Norton current injections occurring in the Norton equivalent of the generators.
The vector I contains nonzero entries corresponding to generator nodes and zero’s for
nongenerator nodes

7.4.3. Rotor dynamics and the swing equation

The fundamental equation for the angular acceleration of the rotor is given by
J p2 _ m = Ta = Tm - Te (7.5)

J : Moment of Inertia in kg.m2

θm : angular displacement of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis in mechanical
radians
t : time in seconds
Tm : mechanical shaft torque supplied by the prime mover less retarding torque due
to rotational losses in Nw-m
Te : the net electrical torque in Nw-m : output + I2R loss in stator
Ta : accelerating torque in Nw-m.
p : the operator d/dt
7-3
Sign convention
Consider Fig.7.2, for generator action Tm and Te `a3bdce$fgih-j b@a3b/jk<e gihml:h1n boqp m is positive in the
direction of rotation shown.

Te ° °
Tm Tm
Te
(a) (b)
Fig.7.2. Mechanical (prime-mover/ shaft load) and electrical (alternator) torques; (a): motor action
(b): generator action

rBsutwv
x$yRzx|{}~ m is reckoned from a stationary reference axis and hence an absolute quantity. It keeps
on increasing as t increases even at constant speed. In stability studies rotor speed relative to
synchronous speed is of interest. Rotor angular position is measured with respect to a reference axis
that rotates synchronous speed.

~ m =  sm €‚ ƒ m (7.6)

where, „ sm …-†ˆ‡‰ Š=†

‹Œ<\‰ Ž$Œ<$‘†’†“ŠŠ/”u •–‡‰<Š˜—)™/@‰<…1Œ<ŠG…Œu—šŠ‰ ™\Œ<…"™/›<Ž™!”…™Œ†w“ Š@Žw†œŠ$Œ<”u™@Œ<” ƒ m is the
angular displacement of the rotor from the synchronously rotating reference axis.

Hence,
“ m = ωsm žŸ“ ƒ m (7.7)

and
p2 m = p2ƒ m (7.8)
 B¡8¢w£¤¦¥R§¤ §¨R©Zª<«
m represents the deviation of rotor speed from synchronous speed.
From Eq. (7.5) and (7.8),

«
J p2 m = Ta = Tm - Te Nw-m (7.9)

Eq.(7.5) is the torque form of the acceleration equation. The power form of the equation is obtained
by multiplying both sides by ωm ¬š­<® m

(Jωm) p2¯ m = Pa = Pm - Pe Watt (7.10)

where,
Pm = shaft power input to the machine less rotational losses
Pe = electrical power crossing the air gap
Pa = accelerating power

7-4
 Jωm = angular momentum of the rotor. At synchronous speed angular momentum
is called the inertia constant, M; unit of M is Joule-seconds per mechanical
radian. We will assume that ωm = ωsm

Therefore, M p2δm = Pa = Pm - Pe Watt (7.11)

Note:
(i) In general M is not constant.
±R²"²-³´¶µ<·\¸L¹µ ·5ºš»¼@µ²1¸ ·Z²"½w½3¹¾»@¿À-·/Á$ Â
≈ sm m
(iii) Since power is convenient in calculations, Eq. (7.11) is preferred.

In machine data supplied for stability studies, another inertia-related constant is encountered. It is
called H-constant and is defined as:

Stored kinetic energy (KE) in mega joules at synchronous speed

H = seconds
Machine rating in MVA

i.e, H = Ã
Ä#ÅÇÆˆÈ sm
2
/ Smach É ÊÌËÎÍ sm / Smach (7.12)

where, Smach is the three-phase rating of the machine in mega volt-amperes. Note that H is
expressed on machine rating.

Hence, ÏÑÐAÒ:ÓTÔÖÕV×
sm) . Smach (7.13)

Note that the unit of M is now Megajoule-sec/ mechanical radian

From Eq. (7.11) and (7.13) we get

Ò:ÓTÔ#Õ×
sm) p2Ø m = Pa / Smach = (Pm - Pe) / Smach (7.14)

If Pm and Pe are the powers expressed in per unit of Smach, in terms of per unit quantities Eq (7.14)
becomes
Ò:ÓTÔÖÕV×
sm) p2Ø m = Pm - Pe (7.15)

Note:
(i) Both sides of the above equation are dimensionless quantities. They are valid on the
electrical side if the angle and the synchronous speed are expressed in electrical radians and
electrical radians per second.
(ii) Pm and Pe ٚÚÛÝÜßÞ<àGáTâ8ܾãà=Ûiä/ٚàZÞ<ä!Ûià=ä!Ûwåçæèéàëê‚ìííÚÛià=î=äâïuð s to denote angle and
synchronous speed on the electrical side.

With angle and speed on electrical side,

ñRò
å¶óßð s) p2î = Pm – Pe (7.16)

7-5
If the system frequency is fs hertz,

ô s = õ8öu÷ s (7.17)

and Eq. (7.16) becomes

ø¾ù#ú ö‚÷ s ) p2û üþý m - Pe (7.18)

ÿ
 
 
!"
! 3"45!
#"$&%('!)+*,'.-/021

(H /180 fs ) p2687:9 m - Pe (7.19)

Equations (7.16), (7.18) and (7.19) are different forms of swing equation since it describes the
swing of the generator rotor with respect to a synchronously rotating reference frame. We can write
Eq.(7.16) as two first order equations:

)<;=?>(@ s0 @ = Pm - Pe (7.20)

pδ = ω - ωs (7.21)

CD
E FGH(EIJ3K E HHN,OPQR 

6ML
AB B B swing curve. The plot of swing curves of all
machines tells us information whether machines will remain in synchronism after a disturbance.

(iii) In system studies one common base MVA is chosen for the entire system, which may
consist of several machines whose H-constants, will be on the base of respective machines. To
convert the H-constant to the common system base, equate the total KE stored, i.e,

KE = H (system base) x Ssystem = H (machine rating base) x Smach

where,
Ssystem = common system base MVA

Hence,
H(system base) = H(machine rating base) x (Smach / Ssystem) (7.22)

(iv) M is rarely used since it varies over a wide range whereas, H has a much narrower range
when the machine rating is chosen as base. Typical values for H are 3-9 seconds for turbo
units, 2-4 seconds for waterwheel generators.

7.4.4. Solution of Network and Differential equations

Solution of Network Equations

In transient stability simulation the transmission network along with the generation and loads
are described by the set of linear complex algebraic equations (7.23) which is repeated below:
7-6
 YV=I (7.23)

The simulation is in time domain and the simulation interval which is the difference between
final (maximum) time and initial time is divided into number of step widths bounded by time
instants which, in general, need not be equidistant. We will take initial time as zero and denote
final time as tmax. Also, we will assume that the time instants are equallSUTV,W"XYZ []\_^a`b!cd(e^
apart. The algebraic and differential equations are solved at each of the time instant starting
fhgjikmlGnpo]qrnpsGo truwvx yhz
{}|G~Gyr}y
max. That is, y.€
transient stability simulation provides “ snap-shot”
‚ƒ"„<…p,†ˆ‡ ‰
ŠD‹_‰ŒŽ’‘“‰.,Œ"”aŒ•‘“&–—˜”
‰hŽ—ŒD”š™š›˜ŠGœ˜Š ž,Ÿ 
pictures of the system at time instants at in
is solved iteratively for changing right hand side. Hence, a number of solutions of Eq. (7.23)
without advancing time is required.

Eq.(7.23) is a set of linear algebraic equations with complex coefficients. There are several
methods for numerical solution of linear algebraic equations but ideal method for computer
implementation is the Gauss elimination method.

Numerical Solution of Differential Equations

Consider a simple first order differential equation of the form

px = f(x,t) (7.24)
with a specified initial condition x(t0) = x0.

The commonly used numerical methods belong to a class of methods based one or the other
of two approaches:

Taylor Series Expansion Approach or Polynomial Approximation Approach

The methods based on Taylor series expansion approach are usually called Runge-Kutta
methods. They are explicit methods since the value of the unknown x at the next time step
depends on the value of the right hand side f(x,t) at the current time step. That is, xn+1 depends
only on f(xn,tn). Examples of these methods include forward Euler and Runge-Kutta method.
Explicit methods are called open type or forward methods.

In contrast, in implicit methods the value of the unknown at the next time step tn+1depends both
on f(xn,tn) and f(xn+1,tn+1). Hence, the implicit methods are called closed type or iterative
methods..

The numerical methods based on polynomial expansion approach can either be explicit or
implicit. Here, we restrict ourselves to the most popular implicit method in this category,
namely, trapezoidal rule. In general, implicit methods have superior numerical stability
properties. They use interpolation between successive time instants as illustrated later in the case
of trapezoidal rule. Explicit methods suffer from "minimum time constant barrier". That is, the
step size ¡£¢p¤¥¦w§¨ª©«¬®­<¯°!¯±¢&²’©E¢<³(¥G´µ²5¶ st be chosen considerably smaller than the smallest time
constant of the system whose differential equations are being integrated.

The formulas for the trapezoidal rule to compute the unknown at time t+·]¢F§¸¸¶G²’¯¨,¹º¢r³,§E¢»¢r³©
solution has been found up to time t are given below.

7-7
Trapezoidal Rule
As mentioned earlier, trapezoidal rule is an implicit method. If we set t = tn then t+ ¼£½2¾’½ n+1.
Then we can write
tn+1
x(tn+1) = x(tn) +∫ f(y,t)dt (7.25)
tn

Interpolation is used for the integral in the above equation. To be specific Trapezoidal Rule (TR)
uses linear interpolation which means that area under the curve shown in Fig.19 is approximated
by a trapezium:

f(x,t)

t
tn tn+1

Fig. 7.3. Illustrating Trapezoidal Rule

Area of the trapezium = base x average of the heights

= (tn+1- tn) x ½[ f(xn,tn)+ f(xn+1,tn+1) ]
¾À¿hÁ Â<Ã.ÄÆŚÇ2È
ÉrÊ n,tn)+ f(xn+1,tn+1) ]

Hence, we get the formula for trapezoidal rule as

Ê®É.ÂhËÍ̚ÂrÅÍκʮÉ.ÂrÅËÏÉhÌ]ÂÃrÄOÅpÇ®ÈHÉ.Ê®É.ÂhÅHÐÑÂ.Å˪ÈHÉ.Ê®ÉrÂ.Ë£Ì]Â.ÅHÐÒÂ.ËÌ Ó.Ô£Õ Ö×®Ø Ù,ÚÔ

In the above equation the term

Û
Ö.ÓrԍܪÖrÝ t/2 ) f[x(t),t] = xH(t) (say) (7.27)

is called the past history term since it contains terms that depend on the previous time step "t".
Knowing the initial value of x, x(0), the past history term is initialised since the form of f(x(t),t)
is known. This must be done before the value of x at the first time step is found. Even then,
Û Û,é(êë ë ê ìíë êê ë ê é Û
ÖrÓ.Ü£Ý]Ó.ÔßÞ!àáGá(â"ÓQã(äUåâæGáçèä Þ Ó áíà Þ!à!îaä"îRî  á ÞäJÓ<ï,ä à!îjÓðÓräñòóçGä äá,çîRâá Ö.ÓrÜÝ ôrõaö÷,ø
normally an approximate vù!úû,üýøþ£ÿ
.ô]ô.õ 
þ  jô£þ+øûHüôø5ù•ô,ü !ô "aû#ü%$ûüGôhú
corrected using some accuracy criterion.

We will first apply trapezoidal rule to "discretise" the differential equations of transient stability.
Specifically, equations (7.20) and (7.21) will be integrated using trapezoidal rule.

Integration of mechanical system equations using trapezoidal rule

The equations (7.20) and (7.21) are repeated here for convenience.

'&(*),+ s-
õ + = Pm - Pe
7-8
 pδ = ω - ωs

Rewriting Eq.(7.20),
.#/ /
021 s/2H) (Pm - Pe)

Applying trapezoidal rule,

/ / /
1434560 / 1'3 -7 '3 598:1 7 3 / s/ 4H) [Pm(t) – Pe(t) + Pm(t-7 '3 5 – Pe(t-7 3'5<;
0 '1 3 -7 3'9 5 8=1 7 3 s/ 4H) [2Pm(t) – Pe(t) – Pe(t-7 43 5<;?>
since Pm is constant
/ / /
i.e, (t) = - (@ t s/ 4H) Pe(t) 8 H(t- @ t) (7.28)

where, / / /
H(t-7 3'5A0 1'3 -7 345A8=1 7 3 s/ 4H) [2Pm(t) – Pe(t-7 B'C<D E
FG HIC
is the past history term.

Applying trapezoidal rule to Eq. (7.21)

δ(t) = δ(t-∆t) + (∆t/2) [ JKE'B'C – J s + JLE'B -∆t) – J s]

= δ(t-∆t) + (∆t/2) [ JKE'B4C + K J EB -∆t) – 2J s] (7.30)
M#NO,P N P
BRQSB B QTUV
WXYJLE'B'CYVRX<W[Z]\^,G_E?F,Ga`bC9c Td QSZ!e,f QV4gQTUihjkUjB

δ(t) = - (∆t2 J s / 8H) Pe(t) + α(t-∆t) (7.31)

where, the past history term is given by

α(t-∆t) = δ(t-∆t) + (∆t2 J s / 8H) [2Pm – Pe(t-∆t)] + ∆B<lJ (t-∆t) –J s] (7.32)

m P P P P
ZnjTBRQWTjdojc XpfQqj XprsB'tjuec k B t,Q BRWXRgvBRjX
Z V?WX-JwcTdyx z|{!},~p€‚„ƒq…ƒS
ƒq†%‡ƒqˆ%‚%‰v€‚%Š?‹Œ<‚:Ž‚%†…
"advance" the integration from t = 0 to t = ∆t. For this purpose we can use equations (7.28) and
(7.31) to get

‘ H(- ’ ) “”‘K•?–—A˜=•R’™‘ s/ 4H) Pe(0) (7.33)

α(-∆t) = δ(0) + (∆t2 ‘ s / 8H) Pe(0) (7.34)

They have to be updated at t = ∆t to advance the integration to t = 2∆t and so on. For this
purpose use equations (7.29) and (7.32)

Initialisation
Before starting the time-step solution we must make sure that following tasks are completed.
(i) initialisation of voltages behind transient reactances
(ii) computation of Norton sources representing generators. The current sources will be kept
constant throughout the simulation.

7-9
(iii) building bus admittance matrix including Norton admittance of generators and load
admittances and factorizing into lower L and upper U triangular matrices
(iv) initialisation of rotor angle and speed. The initial values of rotor angles are the phase angles
of voltages behind transient reactances. The initial value of rotor speed equals synchronous
speed since we assume that the system is in the steady state initially.
(v) initialisation of past-history terms for rotor angle and speed using Eq.(7.33) and Eq.(7.34)

∆t to t
Time – step solution: Algorithm to advance simulation from t-∆
Following are the step wise computations to be performed to advance simulation by one time
step:

1. Predict rotor angle for all generators:

As mentioned earlier, there will be a need for prediction if we use an implicit method of
integration such as the trapezoidal rule. The commonly used predictor [7,Dommel & Sato] is the
Dahl's formula [9,OGC Dahl] which assumes that (a) the electrical power computed at the
beginning of an interval remains constant from the middle of the previous interval to the middle
of the current interval, (b) the angular velocity computed at the middle of an interval remains
constant over that interval. With these assumptions it can be shown that the predictor formula is
given by
δpred(t) = 2δ(t-∆t) - δ(t-2∆t) + (∆t2 š s / 2H) [Pm - Pe(t-∆t)] (7.35)

This predictor is sufficiently accurate for step sizes up to 5 cycles.

2. Form the right hand side of network equations for all generators:
The difference between δpred(t) and δ(t) is the angle by which the rotor has moved since the
previous time step. Hence, the angle of the internal voltage phasor E'has also changed by that
amount and since the Norton current source is proportional to E', its phase angle should also
change by the same amount. The current source phasor rotated by the change in angle is given
by:

INorton = (E'/ j Xd') exp{δpred(t)} (7.36)

where, "exp" denotes exponentiation.

Remember E'
 is kept constant through out the simulation interval t = 0 to t = tmax (maximum
time).

3. Solve the network equations for approximate values of the voltage:

With the the approximate values for the right hand sides known we can solve the network equations

YV=I (7.37)

This requires only a repeat solution, i.e, a downward operation on I and a back substitution for
V. This step gives approximate values of all bus voltages including generator terminal voltage,
Vapprox.

4. For all generators compute approximate value of active power output using voltages
computed in step 3.
7-10
This is done as follows:

Iapprox = INorton – YNorton Vapprox (7.38)

Peapprox = Re{(Vapprox) (Iapprox)*} (7.39)

where, Re denotes the real part and * denotes conjugation.

5. Solve the mechanical system equations to obtain corrected value of rotor angles:
Use the equation obtained by trapezoidal integration of mechanical system differential equations
as the corrector, Eq.(7.31):

δcorr(t) = - (∆t2 › s / 8H) Peapprox(t) + α(t-∆t) (7.40)

6. Check for convergence of rotor angle:

That is, check how close is the value of rotor angle computed in step 5 to the previous value. For
the first iteration, previous value is the value predicted in step1. For subsequent iterations, the
predicted value would be the corrected value computed in step 5 during previous iteration. We
ask the following question

Is δcorr(t) - δpred(t) œ εδ ? (7.41)

with δpred(t) from step1 for first iteration and δpred(t) = δcorr(t) from step 5 during previous
iteration. εδ is the tolerance for angle convergence. If the expression (7.41) is satisfied then
angle has converged, go to next step. Other wise replace δpred(t) by δcorr(t) and go to step 2.

7. Calculate and/or record values of generator variables:

These could be the converged values of rotor angle, and corresponding values of voltage,
current, active and reactive power, speed etc. These are write in a file along with current time so
that they can be plotted later. Following expressions can be used to calculate current, active and
reactive power and speed:

I = INorton – YNorton V (7.42)

Pe= Re{(V) (I)*} (7.43)

Qe= Im{(V) (I)*} (7.44)

where, Im denotes the imaginary part.

 (t) = - (ž t  s/ 4H) Pe(t) Ÿ  H(t- ¡ t) (7.45)

8.Update past-history terms:

¢L£¤¦¥#§¨R©«ª
H(t) and α(t) using equations (7.29) and (7.32). They will be required in the next time
step.

7-11
9. Advance time:
That is, set t = t + ∆t. Stop if t > tmax; else go back to step 1.

The above algorithm is complete as far as "normal" time advance is concerned, i.e, if there are no
disturbances. If there are disturbances, the above algorithm requires a slight modification as
explained below.

Handling network discontinuities

By discontinuities we mean any disturbance that causes a change in the admittance matrix, e.g,
fault, line trip etc. To simulate disturbance, the data for type of disturbance and time of
application of disturbance must be given as input. In such a case, complete step 6,i.e,
convergence of rotor angle. Then

(i) At the end of step 6, if the current time is equal to or greater than the time of application of
the disturbance as specified in the input data, modify bus admittance matrix Y to simulate the
disturbance.
(ii) Refactorise Y, i.e, compute new LU factors
corresponding to the changed admittance
matrix

(iii) Solve the network equations for post- Solution (td-)

disturbance voltage without advancing time. First
This solution is non-iterative since there are no t
V Second
discontinuities allowed in rotor angle δ. Solution(td+d+)
However, the algebraic variables such as
voltage, current, active and reactive power can
change instantaneously as illustrated in Fig.20.

The pre-disturbance solution at a discontinuity is t

called the first solution and the post-disturbance td - Å Æ td td+Ä t
solution is called the second solution.
Fig.7.4 Handling network discontinuities;
dots denote the points computed by the
(iv) After the second solution is obtained, algorithm
calculate all the required generator variables and
re- ¬­¬q®¬¯±° ¬ ²´³L®'µ³·¶¯±²p®
µ¬ ² ®4¸[¹
º®4³¹?» ² ¼,½'¾ d¿9ÀÁŽà ½'¾ d) using equations (7.29) and (7.32).

Let us consider the following disturbance scenario for the sake of explanation:
• At time td1 a fault occurs on a bus.
• At time td2 the fault is cleared.
• At time td3 a between the faulted bus and an adjacent bus is opened.
Then at time instants td1, td2 and td3 all the four steps described above must be executed.

7.5. EXERCISES
7.5.1. Transient stability analysis of a 9-bus, 3-machine, 60 Hz power system described in
Annexure 7.1 with the following system modelling requirements:

i. Classical model for all synchronous machines, models for excitation and speed
governing systems not included.
7-12
 ii. Constant admittance model for loads

(a) Simulate a three-phase fault at the end of the line from bus 5 to bus 7 near bus 7
at time = 0.0 sec. Assume that the fault is cleared successfully by opening the
line 5-7 after 5 cycles ( 0.083 sec) . Observe the system for 2.0 seconds

(b) Obtain the following time domain plots:

- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 with respect to machine 1
- Angular speed deviations of machines 1, 2 and 3 from synchronous speed
- Active power variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.
(c) Determine the critical clearing time by progressively increasing the fault clearing
time.

7.5.2. Repeat exercise 7.5.1 (a) with the three phase fault occurring at the end of line 5-7, near
bus 5. Comment on the severity of this fault with that in 7.5.1 by comparing
the maximum rotor swing and the critical clearing time.

7.5.3. Determine the transient stability margin (MW) for the 9 bus system at the operating
condition and fault given in exercise 7.5.1. by increasing generation and load
progressively, performing load flow for each increase and running stability as per
disturbance sequence given in 7.5.1.

7.5.4. (a) With the system modelling as in 7.5.1 simulate a full load rejection at bus 5 and
observe the system behaviour for 10.0 seconds. Record your observations by taking
time plots of
- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 with respect to machine 1
- Angular speed deviations of machines 1, 2 and 3 from synchronous speed
- Active power variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.
- Terminal voltages of machines 1, 2 and 3.

(b) Repeat 7.5.4 (a) with the following system modelling:

- Two-axis model for machine 2
- IEEE Type 1 excitation on machine 2
- Steam governor on machine 2
Compare the results from 7.5.4 (a) and 7.5.4 (b) and give your comments.

7.5.5. (a) With the system modelling as in 7.5.1 simulate a loss of the generating unit
connected to bus 3 and observe the system behaviour for 10.0 seconds. Record your
observations by taking time plots of
- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 with respect to machine 1
- Angular speed deviations of machines 1, 2 and 3 from synchronous speed
- Active power variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.
- Terminal voltages of machines 1, 2 and 3.

(b) Repeat 7.5.5 (a) with following system modelling:

- Two-axis model for machine 2.
- IEEE Type 1 excitation on machine 2
- Steam governor on machine 2

Compare the results from 7.5.5 (a) and 7.5.5 (b) and give your comments.

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• With the system modelling as in 7.5.5 (b) with controllers simulate a loss of excitation
on generating unit connected to bus 2 and observe the system behaviour for 10.0
seconds. Record your observations by taking time plots of

- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 w.r.t machine 1

- Reactive power variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.
- Terminal voltages of machines 1, 2 and 3.

• With the system modelling as in 7.5.1 and assuming that a frequency actuated load
shedding provided for bus 8 at time = 0.0 second., simulate a load recovery of 50.0
MW at bus 8. This will cause the angular speeds of all machines to reduce and hence the
system frequency. Decline in system frequency will activate the under frequency relay
which will shed the specified load at bus 8. Observe the system for 10.0 seconds.
Record your observations by taking the speed deviations of all machines and comment
on them.

Note:

• These exercises are optional and not mandatory

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 ANNEXURE 7.1

9-BUS 3-MACHINE POWER SYSTEM

1. Single Line Diagram

BUS7 BUS8 BUS9

~

BUS2 BUS3

BUS5 BUS6

BUS4

BUS1

2. Load Flow Data

The sample system and the associated data are taken from [1].

2.1 Branch Data

All Parameters On System Base MVA = 100 MVA; X and B/2 frequency = 60 Hz
From To R X B/2 Remarks
BUS1 BUS4 0.0 0.0576 0.0 Transformer
BUS2 BUS7 0.0 0.0625 0.0 with nominal
BUS3 BUS9 0.0 0.0586 0.0 taps
BUS4 BUS5 0.010 0.085 0.088
BUS4 BUS6 0.017 0.092 0.079
BUS5 BUS7 0.032 0.161 0.153
BUS6 BUS9 0.039 0.170 0.179
BUS7 BUS8 0.0085 0.072 0.0745
BUS8 BUS9 0.0119 0.1008 0.1045

2.2 Generation Schedule

Bus name Volt.mag (pu) Volt.angle (deg) P(MW) Remarks
BUS1 1.040 0.0 - Slack bus
BUS2 1.025 - 163.0 P-V bus
BUS3 1.025 - 85.0 P-V bus

2.3 Loads
Bus name P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS5 125.0 50.0
BUS6 90.0 30.0
BUS8 100.0 35.0

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3. Stability Data
The sample system and the associated data are taken from [1].

3.1 Generator data

Reactance values on 100 MVA, time constants in seconds
Generator BUS1 BUS2 BUS3
Rated MVA 247.5 192.0 128.0
KV 16.5 18.0 13.8
Power Factor 1.0 0.85 0.85
Xd 0.1460 0.8958 1.3125
Xd ' 0.0608 0.1198 0.1813
Xq 0.0969 0.8645 1.2578
Xq ' 0.0969 0.1969 0.25
Tdo' 8.96 6.00 5.89
Tqo' 0.0 0.535 0.600
Stored energy at
rated speed(MW-s) 2364 640 301

3.2 Excitation System Data

The data for excitation system parameters are given as per symbols used in the respective block
diagrams. (Refer User Reference Manual)

IEEE Type 1 system

TR = 0.06, TA = 0.2, TE = 0.5, TF = 0.35 (all in seconds).
KA = 25.0 KE = -0.044, KF = 0.0805 (all in p.u).

3.3 Governor-turbine data

Steam governor-turbine (Refer User Reference Manual)
T1 = 0.1, T2 = 0.03, T3 = 0.01, T4 = 0.31, T5 = 0.5,T6 = 0.64 (all in seconds).
KHP = 0.28, KIP = 0.34 KLP = 0.39, K = 20.0 (all in p.u)
Rate limits : -0.1 to 0.1; position limits = 0.8 to 2.5

4. Load Flow results

Bus name Volt.mag Volt.angle Pgen Qgen Pload Qload
(p.u) (deg) (MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)
BUS1 1.040 0.0 71.6 27.0 0.0 0.0
BUS2 1.025 9.3 163.0 6.7 0.0 0.0
BUS3 1.025 4.7 85.0 -10.9 0.0 0.0
BUS4 1.026 -2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
BUS5 0.996 -4.0 0.0 0.0 125.0 50.0
BUS6 1.013 -3.7 0.0 0.0 90.0 30.0
BUS7 1.026 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
BUS8 1.016 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 35.0
BUS9 1.032 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

[1] PM Anderson, AA Fouad, Power System Control and stability, Iowa State University press,
Ames, Iowa, 1978, pp37-39.
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