EE 179: Introduction to Communications Professor Andrea Goldsmith

Professor Andrea Goldsmith

Outline
Course Information and Policies Course Syllabus Communication Systems Today

Next-generation Cellular Wireless Internet Access Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Smart Homes/Spaces Automated Highways In-Body Networks All this and more

Future Systems Design Challenges

Course Information
(see web or handout for more details)
Instructor: Andrea Goldsmith, Packard 371, andrea@ee, Ext: 56932, OHs: MW 1-2pm and by appt. My background Class Homepage: www.stanford.edu/class/ee179 TA: Aakanksha Chowdhery, achowdhe@stanford, OHs: T 5-6pm,
W 4:30-5:30pm; Th 12:30-1pm, 109 Pack: Email OHs: W 10-11pm

Class Policies
Exam policy:
Exams must be taken at their scheduled times. Exceptions only in very rare circumstances. Midterm will be the week of 2/21 (Presidents Day week):
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Class mailing list: ee179-students (automatic for registered students), ee179-staff for instructor/TAs, guest list available Discussion Section: M 4:30-5:30, room TBD. Book: Modern Digital and Analog Communications Systems Grading: HWs 30%, Midterm 30%, Final 40% Prerequisites: EE102a or equivalent

No class 2/21 (Mon); Regular lecture 2/23 (Wed) Midterm tentatively Wed 2/23; 5-6:30.

Final: 6/9 from 8:30-11:30am.

HW policy:
Assigned Wednesday, due following Thursday at 4pm sharp. Lose 25% credit per day late. Up to 3 students can collaborate on 1 writeup. All collaborators must work out all problems.

Course Syllabus
Communication Systems Today (1) Key Concepts in Communications (1) Fourier Review and Examples (2) Energy/Power Spectral Density/Autocorrelation (2) Probability (1) Random Processes and Signals (2) Amplitude Modulation (3) Frequency Modulation (1) Digital Modulation (3) Course Summary and Hot Topics (1 Bonus Lecture)

Communication Systems
Provide for electronic exchange of multimedia data
Voice, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc.

Communication Systems Today

Radio and TV broadcasting (covered later in the course) Public Switched Telephone Network (voice,fax,modem) Cellular Phones Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet) Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts) Bluetooth

PSTN Design
Local Switching Office (Exchange) Local Line (Twisted Pair) Long Distance Lines (Fiber) Local Switching Office (Exchange)

Cellular System Basics

Geographic region divided into cells Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations (analog systems use FD, digital use TD or CD) Co-channel interference between same color cells. Handoff and control coordinated through cell base stations

Fax Modem

Local exchange
Handles local calls Routes long distance calls over high-speed lines
BASE STATION

Circuit switched network tailored for voice Faxes and modems modulate data for voice channel DSL uses advanced modulation to get 1.5 Mbps

Cell Phone Backbone Network

San Francisco

Local Area Networks (LANs)

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BS

BS

0101

0101 01011011 1011 1011

New York
MTSO PSTN MTSO

LANs connect local computers Breaks data into packets

BS

Internet Internet

Internet

Packet switching (no dedicated channels) Proprietary protocols (access,routing, etc.)

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011 Internet Access Point

Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (Old 1990s)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN cards have all 4 (a/b/g/n)

802.11a/g (Middle Age mid-late 1990s) WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

802.11n (Hot stuff, standard completed in 2009)

Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHzband Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

Wide Area Networks: The Internet

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Data Network Protocols and the OSI Model

Internet
1011

LAN

Bridge

MAN
0101

Bridge

LAN Satellite and Fiber Lines

Many LANs and MANs bridged together Universal protocol: TCP/IP (packet based). Guaranteed rates or delays cannot be provided. Hard to support user mobility. Highly scalable and flexible topology Much work in reinventing Internet for current uses

Multihop Networks with OSI Model

Satellite Systems

Cover very large areas Different orbit heights

GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)

Optimized for one-way transmission

Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting

Most two-way satellite systems went bankrupt

Expensive alternative to terrestrial system Niche applications (airplane Wifi; paging; etc.)

Bluetooth

IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios

Low-Rate WPAN Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps Support for large mesh networking or star clusters

Cable replacement for electronic devices

Cell phones, laptops, PDAs, etc.

Support for low latency devices CSMA-CA channel access Very low power consumption Frequency of operation in ISM bands

Short range connection (10-100 m) 1 data (721 Kbps) and 3 voice (56 Kbps) channels Rudimentary networking capabilities

Future Wireless Networks

Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Everything wireless in one is on Burden for this performancedevicethe backbone network

San Francisco

Next-generation Cellular Wireless Internet Access Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Smart Homes/Spaces Automated Highways In-Body Networks All this and more

- Gbps rates, low latency, 99% coverage indoors and out

skrowten rosnes dna DIFR rewop wol no yliramirp si sucoF

Future Cell Phones

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Internet Nth-Gen Cellular Phone System Nth-Gen Cellular

New York

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Much better performance and reliability than today

Device Challenges
Analog and RF Components A/D Converters Size, Power, Cost Multiple Antennas Multiradio Coexistance
These challenges may someday be solved by a software-defined radio
A/D A/D A/D A/D DSP
BT
FM/XM GPS DVB-H

Green Cellular Networks

Cellular

Apps Processor Media Processor

WLAN

How should cellular systems be designed to conserve energy at both the mobile and base station Why green?
Energy consumption of cellular network growing rapidly with increasing data rates and users Operators experiencing increasing and volatile costs of energy to run their networks, especially in 3rd world countries Push for green innovation in telecommunications

Wimax

Multimedia Throughout the Home Without Wires

Performance burden also on the (mesh) network
802.11n Wifi (Gigabits/sec)

Wireless Sensor Networks

Smart homes/buildings Smart grid Search and rescue Homeland security Event detection Surveillance

Streaming video Blazing-fast data rates Seamless connectivity Coverage in every room

Wireless HDTV and Gaming

Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint Data flows to centralized location (joint compression) Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices

Distributed Control over Wireless Links

Automated Vehicles
- Cars - UAVs - Insect flyers

Comm in Health, Biomedicine and Neuroscience

Body-Area Networks

Doctor-on-a-chip
-Cell phone info repository -Monitoring, diagnosis, intervention and services

The brain as a wireless network

- EKG signal reception/modeling
- Signal encoding and decoding - Nerve network (re)configuration

- Different design principles

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Control requires fast, accurate, and reliable feedback. Networks introduce delay and loss for a given rate.

Cloud

- Controllers must be robust and adaptive to random delay/loss. - Networks must be designed with control as the design objective.

Design Challenges
Hardware Design
Precise components Small, lightweight, low power Cheap High frequency operation
Text Images Video

Communication System Block Diagram

b1b2 ... m (t )
Source Encoder

Focus of this class

x (t )
Transmitter Channel

x (t )
Receiver

b1b2 ... m(t )

Source Decoder

System Design
Converting and transferring information High data rates Robust to noise and interference Supports many users

Source encoder converts message into message signal or bits. Transmitter converts message signal or bits into format appropriate for channel transmission (analog/digital signal). Channel introduces distortion, noise, and interference. Receiver decodes received signal back to message signal. Source decoder decodes message signal back into original message.

Network Design
Connectivity and high speed Energy and delay constraints

Main Points
Communication systems send information electronically over communication channels Many different types of systems which convey many different types of information Design challenges include hardware, system, and network issues Communication systems recreate transmitted information at receiver with high fidelity Focus of this class is design and performance of analog and digital communication systems