Principles o Llectronic

Communication Systems
Second Edition
Louis Frenzel
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies
!rinciples of Electronic
Communication Systems
Second Edition
Chapter 10
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Transmitting two or more signals simultaneously can
be accomplished by running multiple cables or setting
up one transmitter-receiver pair Ior each channel, but
this is an expensive approach.
A single cable or radio link can handle multiple
signals simultaneously using a technique known as
multiplexing.
Multiplexing permits hundreds or even thousands oI
signals to be combined and transmitted over a single
medium.
Topics Covered in Chapter 10
Multiplexing Principles
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Pulse-Code Modulation
Multiplexing !rinciples
Multiplexing is the process oI simultaneously
transmitting two or more individual signals over a
single communication channel.
t increases the number oI communication channels
so more inIormation can be transmitted.
An application may require multiple signals.
Cost savings can be gained by using a single channel
to send multiple inIormation signals.
Multiplexing Applications
Three communication applications that would be
prohibitively expensive or impossible without
multiplexing are:
Telephone systems
Telemetry
Broadcasting (Radio and TV)
Concept of Multiplexing
requency Division Multiplexing
n Irequency division multiplexing (FDM) multiple
signals share the bandwidth oI a common
communication channel.
All channels have speciIic bandwidths
A wide bandwidth can be shared Ior the purpose oI
transmitting many signals at the same time.
Transmitter-Multiplexers
n an FDM system each signal to be transmitted Ieeds a
modulator circuit.
The carrier Ior each modulator is on a diIIerent
Irequency.
The carriers are equally spaced Irom one another.
These carriers are reIerred to as subcarriers.
Each input signal is given a portion oI the bandwidth.
Transmitter-Multiplexers
(Continued)
The modulator outputs containing the sideband
inIormation are added algebraically in a linear mixer.
The resulting output signal is a composite oI all the
modulated subcarriers.
This signal can be used to modulate a radio
transmitter, or can itselI be transmitted over a single
channel
The composite signal can alternatively become one
input to another multiplexed system.
#eceiver-Demultiplexer
n an FDM system a receiver picks up the signal and
demodulates it, recovering the composite signal.
The composite signal is sent to a group oI bandpass
Iilters, each centered on one oI the carrier
Irequencies.
Each Iilter passes only its channel and rejects all
others.
A channel demodulator then recovers each original
input signal.
Telemetry
Sensors in telemetry systems generate electrical
signals which change in some way in response to
changes in physical characteristics.
An example oI a sensor is a thermistor, a device used
to measure temperature.
A thermistor`s resistance varies inversely with
temperature.
Telemetry (Continued)
The thermistor is usually connected into a resistive
network, such as a voltage divider or bridge.
The thermistor is also connected to a DC voltage
source.
The result is a DC output voltage which varies in
accordance with temperature.
This voltage is transmitted to a remote receiver Ior
measurement, readout, and recording.
The thermistor becomes one channel oI an FDM
system.
y Definition.
The varying direct or alternating current changes the
Irequency oI an oscillator operating at the carrier
Irequency. Such a circuit is called a voltage-
controlled oscillator (VCO) or subcarrier oscillator
(SCO).
Most VCOs are astable multivibrators whose
Irequency is controlled by the input Irom the signal
conditioning circuits.
A system that uses FM oI the VCO subcarriers as
well as FM oI the Iinal carrier is called FM/FM.
M/M Telemetry #eceiver
Telephone System
For decades, telephone companies used FDM to send multiple
telephone conversations over a minimum number oI cables.
The original voice signal, in the 300- to 3000-Hz range is used
to modulate a subcarrier.
Lower sideband (LSB) SSB AM was used.
Each subcarrier is on a diIIerent Irequency, and those
subcarriers are then added together to Iorm a single channel.
The FDM system has been replaced by an all-digital time
multiplexing (TDM) system.
Cable TV
n a cable TV system, TV signals, each in its own 6-
MHz channel, are multiplexed on a common coaxial
or Iiber-optic cable and sent to homes.
Each 6-MHz channel carries the video and voice oI
the TV signal.
Coaxial and Iiber-optic cables have an enormous
bandwidth and can carry more than one hundred TV
channels.
Many cable TV companies also use their cable
system Ior nternet access.
M Stereo roadcasting
n recording original stereo, two microphones are
used to generate two separate audio signals.
Two microphones pick up sound Irom a common
source, such as voice, but Irom diIIerent directions.
The separation oI the two microphones provides
suIIicient diIIerences in the two audio signals to
provide a realistic reproduction oI the original sound.
FDM techniques are used to transmit these
independent signals by a single transmitter.
Time Division Multiplexing
n FDM, multiple signals are transmitted over a
single channel, each signal being allocated a portion
oI the spectrum within that bandwidth.
n time division multiplexing (TDM), each signal can
occupy the entire bandwidth oI the channel.
Each signal, however, is transmitted Ior only a brieI
period oI time.
TDM can be used with both digital and analog
signals.
TDM Concept
!AM Multiplexer
The simplest time multiplexer operates like a single-
pole multiple-position mechanical or electronic
switch that sequentially samples the multiple analog
inputs at a high rate oI speed.
The switch arm dwells momentarily on each contact.
This allows the input signal to be passed to the
output.
t then switches quickly to the next channel, allowing
that channel to pass Ior a Iixed duration.
The remaining channels are sampled in the same way.
Simple #otary-Switch Multiplexer
our Channel !AM Sampling
Four diIIerent analog signals can be sampled by a PAM
multiplexer. Signals such as:
Signals A and C are continuously varying analog
signals.
Signal B is a positive-going linear ramp.
Signal D is a constant DC voltage.
our-Channel !AM Time Division
Multiplexer
Electronic Multiplexer
n practical TDM/PAM systems, electronic circuits are
used instead oI mechanical switches or commutators.
The multiplexer itselI is usually implemented with
FETs.
FETs are nearly ideal ON-OFF switches and can turn
oII and on at very high speeds.
Time Division Multiplexer Used to
!roduce !AM
!AM Demultiplexer
Once the composite signal is received, it must be
demodulated and demultiplexed.
The signal is picked up by the receiver.
The signal is sent to an FM demodulator that recovers
the original PAM data.
The PAM signal is then demultiplexed into the
original analog signals.
Demultiplexing !AM Signals
Demultiplexer Circuit
Once the composite PAM signal is recovered, it is applied to a
demultiplexer (DEMUX).
The demultiplexer is the reverse oI a multiplexer.
t has a single input and multiple outputs.
Most demultiplexers use FETs driven by a counter-decoder.
ndividual PAM signals are sent to op amps, where they are
buIIered and ampliIied.
They are then sent to low-pass Iilters, where they are
smoothed into the original analog signals.
The main problem encountered in demultiplexing is
synchronization.
y Definition.
Clock recovery circuits used to generate the
demultiplexer clock pulses are used to remedy the
synchronization problem.
AIter clock pulses oI the proper Irequency have been
obtained, it is necessary to synchronize the
multiplexed channels.
This synchronization is achieved by using a special
synchronizing (sync) pulse applied to one oI the input
channels at the transmitter.
!ulse-Code Modulation
The most popular Iorm oI TDM uses pulse-code
modulation (PCM).
ith pulse-code modulation, multiple channels oI
digital data are transmitted in serial Iorm.
Each channel is assigned a time slot in which to
transmit one binary word oI data.
The data streams Irom the various channels are
interleaved and transmitted sequentially.
!CM Multiplexer
hen PCM is used to transmit analog signals, the
signals are sampled with a multiplexer.
The signals are then converted by an A/D converter
into a series oI binary numbers.
Each number is proportional to the amplitude oI the
analog signal at various sampling points.
These binary words are converted Irom parallel to
serial Iormat and then transmitted.
!CM System
!CM Demultiplexer
At the receiving end oI the communication link, the PCM signal
is demultiplexed and converted back into the original data.
The PCM baseband signal may come over a cable.
I the PCM signal has modulated a carrier and is being
transmitted by radio, the RF signal will be picked up by a
receiver and then demodulated.
The original serial PCM binary waveIorm is recovered and Ied
to a shaping circuit to clean up and rejuvenate the binary
pulses.
The original signal is then demultiplexed by means oI a digital
demultiplexer using AND or NAND gates.
!CM #eceiver-Demultiplexer
enefits of !CM
PCM is reliable, inexpensive, and highly resistant to
noise.
n PCM, the transmitted binary pulses all have the
same amplitude and can be clipped to reduce noise.
Even when signals have been degraded because oI
noise, attenuation, or distortion, all the receiver has to
do is determine whether a pulse was transmitted or
not.
PCM signals are easily recovered and rejuvenated.
Digital Carrier Systems
The most widespread use oI TDM is in the telephone
system.
ears ago, the telephone companies developed a
complete digital transmission system called the T-
carrier system.
The T-carrier system deIines the range oI PCM TDM
systems with progressively Iaster data rates.
The physical implementations oI these systems are
reIerred to as T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-4.
T-Carrier Systems
T-1 systems transmit each voice signal at a 64-kbp/s
rate. They are also used to transmit Iewer than 24
inputs at a Iaster rate.
T-2 systems are not widely used except as a
steppingstone to Iorm DS3 signals.
T-1 and T-3 lines are widely used by business and
industry Ior telephone service as well as Ior digital
data transmission.
T-2 and T-4 lines are rarely used by subscribers, but
they are used within the telephone system itselI.