Q1.Define a DBMS? Explain the Components of DBMS? Ans.

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other database objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security. COMPONENT Data dictionary: A data dictionary is a reserved space within a database which is used to store information about the database itself. A data dictionary is a set of table and views which can only be read and never altered. Most data dictionaries contain different information about the data used in the enterprise. In terms of the database representation of the data, the data table defines all schema objects including views, tables, clusters, indexes, sequences, synonyms, procedures, packages, functions, triggers and many more. This will ensure that all these things follow one standard defined in the dictionary. The data dictionary also defines how much space has been allocated for and / or currently in used by all the schema objects. A data dictionary is used when finding information about users, objects, schema and storage structures. Every time a data definition language (DDL) statement is issued, the data dictionary becomes modified.

A data dictionary may contain information such as:

Database design information

Stored SQL procedures User permissions User statistics Database process information Database growth statistics Database performance statistics Data Querry: A relational database consists of many parts, but at its heart are two major components: the storage engine and the query processor. The storage engine writes data to and reads data from the disk. It manages records, controls concurrency, and maintains log files. The query processor accepts SQL syntax, selects a plan for executing the syntax, and then executes the chosen plan. The user or program interacts with the query processor, and the query processor in turn interacts with the storage engine. The query processor isolates the user from the details of execution: The user specifies the result, and the query processor determines how this result is obtained. The query processor components include DDL interpreter DML compiler Query evaluation engine Select * from << table name

Data Definition: helps the user create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database. Create Alter Drop

Data Manipulation: helps the user to add, change, and delete information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary interface between user and the information contained in a database. It allows the user to specify its logical information requirements. Insert Update Delete

Application Generation: contains facilities to help users develop transaction-intensive applications. It usually requires that the user

perform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilitates easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.

Data Administration: helps users manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change management. There are two types divided into revoke & invoke.

Revoke taking the grants back which have been provided to the user earlier-stop audit. Invoke giving the grants to the user such as such audit.

Data Transaction Controls Entries: in this type of language specially we make of notation for working in the database. The transaction controls the events and element in database.

Q2.Explain Data Model? Ans. A data model in software engineering is an abstract model,that documents and organizes the business data for communication between team members and is used as a plan for developing applications, specifically how data is stored and accessed."A data model is a way finding tool for both business and IT professionals, which uses a set of symbols and text to precisely explain a subset of real information to improve communication within the organization and thereby lead to a more flexible and stable application environment." A data model can be sometimes referred to as a data structure, especially in the context of programming languages Types of data models

Hierarchical model: In this model data is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single upward link in each record to describe the nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order in each same-level list. Network model: This model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records and sets. Records contain fields, and sets define one-to-many relationships between records: one owner, many members. Relational model: is a database model based on first-order predicate logic. Its core idea is to describe a database as a collection of predicates over a finite set of predicate variables, describing constraints on the possible values and combinations of values. The relational are possible only if you have some common fields in the table other name for relational is also called table.

Q3.Explain Entity Relationship Model?

Ans. The entity-relationship model is a given in high-level conceptual data model developed by chin in 1976 to facilitate database desing. A conceptual model is a set of concepts that describe the structure of a database and the associated retrieval and update transactions on the database. Furthermore, a conceptual data model is independent of the particular DBMS and hardware platform that is used to implement their database. The basic concepts of the ER model include entity types, relationship types and attribute. Entity type is an object or concept that is identified by the organization as having an independent existence. Entity type represents a set of objects in the real world with the same properties. The entity type has an independent existence and can be an object with a physical existence such as employee, book, manager, customer, etc. or a conceptual existence like sale, inspection, satisfaction and so on. Q4.Define the following term:Ans. Attribute: An entity is consumed of additional information which describes the entity. The components of an entity or the qualifiers that describe it are called attributes or data item of the entity, an attribute is a single atomic unit of information that describes something about its named entity. Entities: The fundamental item in any data model is the entity. An entity is viewed as the atomic real world item. An entity is an instance of an entity type that is uniquely identifiable. Each uniquely identifiable instance of an entity occurrence or entity instance. We identify each entity type by a name and a list of properties. Domain: A domain name is a identification label that defines a realm of administrative are set that defines autonomy, authority or control in Internet. All the values that appear in a column of a relation(table) most be taken from the same domain. A domain is a set of values that may be assigned to an attribute. A domain definition usually consists of the following components: Domain name Meaning Data Type Size or length

Relationship: The entity attribute definitions only capture the static meaning of the real world items. But is the real world, items have relationship to one another. There are three possible relationship between related entities or tables. They are:

 One to One One to many Many to many Relational Database are designed to work most effectively with one to many relationship between tables and expressed using primary and foreign keys. Integrity: Integrity is a term used for accuracy, consistency and corrections of date. They are four types of integrity are:Entity integrity - A row in table which is uniquely identified Domain integrity Each and every domain of a field should be unique Referential integrity it keeps a record and tracks of relation of the tables of database User-defined integrity Very rare it consist of rules in a business transaction Keys- A key uniquely identifies a row in a tables. There are two types of key intelligent and non intelligent keys. An intelligent key based upon data values such as a date , a last name of or a combination of values . An nonintelligent key is completely arbitrary, having no function or meaning other than identification of the row. The primary key value should not be respective and it should not be entity. The other attributes are dependent on this key. The composite key two more primary key. The foreign key which relates/has reference to other table in database. Constraints: Constraint an element factor or a subsystem that works as a bottleneck. It restricts an entity ,project ,or system from achieving its potential with references to it goal. Theory of constraint in business management. Q5. Explain Normalization? Ans. Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored. The Normal Forms

The database community has developed a series of guidelines for ensuring that databases are normalized. These are referred to as normal forms and are numbered from one (the lowest form of normalization, referred to as( first normal form or 1NF) through five (fifth normal form or 5NF). In practical applications, you'll often see 1NF, 2NF, and 3NFalong with the occasional 4NF. Fifth normal form is very rarely seen and won't be discussed in this article. Before we begin our discussion of the normal forms, it's important to point out that they are guidelines and guidelines only. Occasionally, it becomes necessary to stray from them to meet practical business requirements. However, when variations take place, it's extremely important to evaluate any possible ramifications they could have on your system and account for possible inconsistencies. That said, let's explore the normal forms. First Normal Form (1NF) First normal form (1NF) sets the very basic rules for an organized database:

Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table. Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a unique column or set of columns (the primary key).

Second Normal Form (2NF) Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicative data:

Meet all the requirements of the first normal form. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys.

Third Normal Form (3NF) Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further:

Meet all the requirements of the second normal form. Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key.